Albedo
 Albedo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
ratio of two quantities of the same kind (en)  |
| ISQ dimension (en) | |
| Defining formula (en) | |
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/ i al-BEE-doh; daga albedo 'fararen') shine ɓangaren Hasken rana wanda J ke nunawa. Ana auna shi a kan sikelin daga 0 (daidai da jikin baƙar wanda ke shan duk radiation da ya faru) zuwa 1 (daidai ga jiki wanda ke nuna duk radiation). An bayyana albedo na farfajiyar a Matsayin Rana na radiosity Je zuwa irradiance Ee (flux a kowane yanki) karɓa ta farfajiya.[1] Adadin da aka nuna ba wai kawai an ƙayyade shi ba ta hanyar kaddarorin farfajiyar kanta, har ma da rarraba bakan gizo da kusurwa na hasken rana da ke kaiwa farfajilar Duniya. Wadannan dalilai sun bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wurin ƙasa, da lokaci (duba matsayin Sun).
Duk da yake ana lissafin ma'aunin ma'auni na ma'aikatar ma'aana don kusurwar abin da ya faru (watau, don matsayi da aka ba Sun), albedo shine haɗin kai na ma'ana a kan dukkan kusurwoyin hasken rana a cikin wani lokaci. Ƙuduri na lokaci na iya kasancewa daga seconds (kamar yadda aka samu daga ma'auni) zuwa yau da kullun, kowane wata, ko matsakaicin shekara-shekara.
Sai dai idan aka ba da takamaiman tsawo (albedo na bakan gizo), albedo yana nufin duk bakan hasken rana.[2] Saboda ƙuntatawa na ma'auni, ana ba da shi sau da yawa don bakan da yawancin hasken rana ya kai saman (tsakanin 0.3 da 3 μm). Wannan bakan ya haɗa da haske mai ganuwa (0.4-0.7 μm), wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa farfajiyar da ke da ƙananan albedo ta bayyana duhu (misali, bishiyoyi suna shan mafi yawan radiation), yayin da farfajiyoyin da ke da babban albedo sun bayyana haske (misali., dusar ƙanƙara tana nuna mafi yawan radition).
Sakamakon Ice-albedo tsari ne mai kyau inda canji a yankin kankara, kankara, da kankara ta teku ke canza albedo da zafin jiki na duniya. Ice yana da matukar tunani, saboda haka yana nuna karin hasken rana zuwa sararin samaniya fiye da sauran nau'ikan ƙasa ko ruwa mai budewa. Ra'ayoyin Ice-albedo suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a Canjin yanayi na duniya.[3] Albedo muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a kimiyyar yanayi.
Albedo na duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Yankin da ke sama | Albaredo na yau da kullun |
|---|---|
| Sabon asphalt | 0.04[4] |
| Tekun budewa | 0.06[5] |
| Asphalt da aka yi amfani da shi | 0.12[4] |
| Dajin Conifer, lokacin rani |
0.08, 0.09 zuwa 0.15 [6] |
| Dajin da ke da itatuwa | 0.15 zuwa 0.18 |
| Ƙasa mai tsabta | 0.17 |
| Ciyawa mai kore | 0.25[7] |
| Yashi na hamada | 0.40 |
| Sabon siminti | 0.55[7] |
| Gishiri na teku | 0.50 zuwa 0.70 [7] |
| Sabon dusar ƙanƙara | 0.80[7] |
| Aluminium | 0.85[8][9] |
Duk wani albedo a cikin haske mai ganuwa ya fada cikin kewayon kusan 0.9 don dusar ƙanƙara zuwa kusan 0.04 don gawayi, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa masu duhu. Ramin da ke da inuwa mai zurfi na iya samun tasirin albedo kusa da sifili na jikin baƙar fata. Lokacin da aka gani daga nesa, yanayin teku yana da ƙananan albedo, kamar yadda yawancin gandun daji ke yi, yayin da wuraren hamada suna da wasu mafi girman albedos tsakanin siffofin ƙasa. Yawancin yankunan ƙasa suna cikin kewayon albedo na 0.1 zuwa 0.4. [10] Matsakaicin albedo na Duniya kusan 0.3 ne. Wannan ya fi girma fiye da teku da farko saboda gudummawar girgije.
Ana kimanta albedo na duniya a kai a kai ta hanyar na'urorin tauraron dan adam na Ruwa da Duniya kamar kayan Yankin NASA na MODIS a cikin tauraron dan Adam na Terra da Aqua, da kayan aikin CERES a kan Suomi NPP da JPSS. Kamar yadda adadin hasken da aka nuna ana auna shi ne kawai don shugabanci ɗaya ta hanyar tauraron dan adam, ba duk shugabanci ba, ana amfani da samfurin lissafi don fassara samfurin ma'aunin hasken tauraron dan Adam a cikin ƙididdigar hasken shugabanci da hasken bi-hemispherical (misali, ). Wadannan lissafi sun dogara ne akan aikin rarrabawar haskakawa na biyu (BRDF), wanda ke bayyana yadda haskakawa da aka ba shi ya dogara da kusurwar kallo na mai kallo da kusurlar hasken rana. BDRF na iya sauƙaƙa fassarar abubuwan lura na nunawa cikin albedo.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Pharr; Humphreys. "Fundamentals of Rendering - Radiometry / Photometry" (PDF). Web.cse.ohio-state.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ↑ Henderson-Sellers, A.; Wilson, M. F. (1983). "The Study of the Ocean and the Land Surface from Satellites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 309 (1508): 285–294. Bibcode:1983RSPTA.309..285H. doi:10.1098/rsta.1983.0042. JSTOR 37357. S2CID 122094064.
Albedo observations of the Earth's surface for climate research
- ↑ Budyko, M. I. (1969-01-01). "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth". Tellus. 21 (5): 611–619. Bibcode:1969Tell...21..611B. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v21i5.10109. ISSN 0040-2826.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pon, Brian (30 June 1999). "Pavement Albedo". Heat Island Group. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ↑ "Thermodynamics | Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center". nsidc.org. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ↑ Alan K. Betts; John H. Ball (1997). "Albedo over the boreal forest". Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (D24): 28, 901–28, 910. Bibcode:1997JGR...10228901B. doi:10.1029/96JD03876. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmarkvart - ↑ Ruhland, Christopher T.; Niere, Joshua A. (10 December 2019). "The effects of surface albedo and initial lignin concentration on photodegradation of two varieties of Sorghum bicolor litter". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18748. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918748R. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55272-x. PMC 6904492. PMID 31822767.
- ↑ "Physical models used > Irradiation models > Albedo usual coefficients". Archived from the original on 2024-10-13. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ↑ "Albedo – from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics". Scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 19 August 2011.