Alexander von Falkenhausen

Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen (29 ga Oktoba 1878 - 31 ga Yuli 1966) ya kasance janar na Jamus kuma mai ba da shawara ga Chiang Kai-shek . Ya kasance muhimmiyar mutum a lokacin Haɗin gwiwar Sin da Jamus don sake fasalin sojojin kasar Sin. A cikin 1938, Jamus ta kawo karshen goyon bayanta ga kasar Sin a karkashin matsin lamba daga Japan, kuma an tilasta Falkenhausen komawa gida. Komawa a Turai, daga baya ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja ta Belgium daga 1940 zuwa 1944 a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye. –

Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja

An haifi Alexander von Falkenhausen a Blumenthal, kusa da Neisse (yanzu Nysa, Poland) a lardin Prussian na Silesia, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Baron Alexander von Falsenhausen (1844-1909) da matarsa, Elisabeth . Ya halarci Gymnasium a Breslau (yanzu Wrocław, Poland) sannan kuma makarantar cadet a Wahlstatt (yanzu Legnickie Pole). A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Falkenhausen ya nuna sha'awar Gabashin Asiya da al'ummominta. Ya yi tafiya kuma ya yi karatu a Japan, arewacin China, Koriya da Indochina daga 1909 zuwa 1911.

A shekara ta 1897 an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a cikin 91st Oldenburg Infantry Regiment na Sojojin Imperial na Jamus, yana shiga cikin murkushewar Boxer Rebellion, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in soja a Japan daga 1900 har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na farko. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Pour le Mérite yayin da yake aiki tare da Sojojin Ottoman a Falasdinu. Bayan yakin, ya kasance a cikin Reichswehr (Sojojin Jamus) kuma a 1927 an nada shi ya jagoranci Makarantar Sojojin Dresden.

Mai ba da shawara ga Chiang Kai-shek

Falkenhausen a cikin 1933

A cikin 1930, Falkenhausen ya yi ritaya daga aikin. A shekara ta 1934, ya tafi kasar Sin don shiga cikin masu ba da shawara na soja na Jamus ga sojojin kasar Sin. Ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Chiang Kai-shek, shugaban Jamhuriyar Sin. [1] Von Falkenhausen ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan horar da sojoji. Dukansu sun yi karatu a kasashen waje a Japan, kuma an gudanar da tattaunawarsu kai tsaye a cikin Jafananci. Sun ce abokantakarsu ta zurfafa saboda ba su yi amfani da mai fassara ba.[2] Shirye-shiryen farko na von Seeckt ya yi kira ga raguwar sojojin kasar Sin zuwa ƙungiyoyi 60 masu daraja waɗanda aka tsara akan Wehrmacht. Wannan zai buƙaci rushe wasu dakarun shugabannin yanki, kuma tambayar waɗanne dakarun ƙungiyoyi za a soke su ya kasance matsala.

A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1934 ɗan'uwan Alexander Hans Joachim von Falkenhausen, SA-SS="cx-link" data-linkid="131" href="./Oberführer" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oberführer">Oberführer kuma Shugaban ma'aikatan SA-Gruppenführer Georg von Detten, SS ta kashe shi a cikin Night of the Long Knives .

Jamusawa sun horar da Sojojin kasar Sin 80,000, a cikin ƙungiyoyi takwas, waɗanda suka kafa ƙwararrun sojojin Chiang. Koyaya, China ba ta shirye take ta fuskanci Japan daidai ba. Shawarwarin Chiang na aiwatar da dukkan sabbin sassansa a Yaƙin Shanghai, duk da rashin amincewa daga jami'an ma'aikatansa da von Falkenhausen, zai kashe shi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dakarunsa mafi kyau.[1] Chiang ya sauya dabarunsa don adana ƙarfi don Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin.

Von Falkenhausen ya ba da shawarar cewa Chiang ya yi yaƙi da yaƙi yayin da Falkenhausan ya lissafa cewa Japan ba za ta iya cin nasara a yaƙi na dogon lokaci ba. Ya ba da shawarar cewa Chiang ya kamata ya riƙe layin Kogin Yellow, kuma kada ya kai farmaki har sai daga baya a yakin. Har ila yau, Chiang ya kamata ya bar larduna da yawa a arewacin China ciki har da Shandong. Ya kuma ba da shawarar gina garu a wurare masu mahimmanci don jinkirta ci gaban Jafananci. Falkenhausen ya kuma shawarci Sinawa da su kafa ayyukan 'Yan tawaye da yawa a bayan layin Japan.

A cikin 1937, Nazi Jamus ta haɗa kai da Daular Japan wacce ke yaƙi da Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu da China. A matsayin nuna alheri ga Japan, Jamus ta amince da jihar Manchukuo ta Japan, ta janye goyon bayan Jamus daga China kuma ta tilasta Falkenhausen ya yi murabus ta hanyar barazanar hukunta iyalinsa a Jamus saboda rashin aminci. Bayan wani biki na ban kwana tare da dangin Chiang Kai-shek, Falkenhausen ya yi alkawarin cewa ba zai taba bayyana wani shirin yaƙi da ya shirya wa Jafananci ba.

A cewar wasu kafofin (musamman daga kwaminisanci na kasar Sin a ƙarshen shekarun 1930), Falkenhausen ya ci gaba da hulɗa da Chiang Kai-shek kuma a wasu lokuta ya aika masa kayan alatu da abinci na Turai, gidan Chiang, da jami'ansa. A ranar haihuwarsa ta 72 a shekarar 1950, Falkenhausen ya karbi takardar kudi ta $ 12,000 daga Chiang Kai-shek a matsayin kyautar ranar haihuwar da kuma bayanin kansa da ke bayyana shi "Aboki na China".

A ranar haihuwar Falkenhausen ta 80 a shekara ta 1958, Wang Xiaoxi, jakadan kasar Sin na kasa a Belgium, ya ba shi Grand Cordon na Order of the Sacred Tripod saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen kare kasar Sin.

Gwamnan soja na Belgium

An tunatar da shi zuwa aiki a 1938, Falkenhausen ya yi aiki a matsayin janar na soji a Yammacin Gabas, har sai da aka nada shi gwamnan soja na Belgium a watan Mayu 1940, wannan mukamin da kawunsa Ludwig von Falkenhausen ya rike shekaru 23 da suka gabata a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko. A duk lokacin mulkinsa, Falkenhausen ya yi aiki tare da Eggert Reeder da Dokta Werner Best, don ƙoƙarin amfani da ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Hague a yankin su, sau da yawa ba tare da sha'awa da umarnin shugabannin Wehrmacht da SS ba.

Ko da yake yana adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayi na Nazi ga yawan Yahudawa, ya miƙa wuya ga matsin lamba daga RSHA na Reinhard Heydrich, wanda ya haifar a watan Yunin 1942 zuwa korar Yahudawa 28,900. Mataimakinsa na harkokin tattalin arziki, Eggert Reeder, yana da alhakin lalata "tasirin Yahudawa" a cikin tattalin arzikin Belgium, wanda ya haifar da rashin aikin yi na ma'aikatan Yahudawa, musamman a kasuwancin lu'u-lu'u. Duk da yake aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziki ya haifar da rashin aikin yi na ma'aikatan Yahudawa na Belgium, kokarin Reeder ya adana tsarin gudanarwa na kasa da alaƙar kasuwanci a cikin Belgium da arewacin Faransa a lokacin mamayar Jamus. An tura 2,250 daga cikin wadannan Yahudawa marasa aikin yi na Belgium zuwa sansanonin aiki a Arewacin Faransa, don gina Ginin Atlantic don Organisation Todt.

Don tabbatar da cewa duk mutanen Belgium sun hada kai a cikin mamayar Jamus, Reeder ya tattauna yarjejeniya don ba da damar 'yan asalin Belgium su kasance a Belgium. Wani bangare na wannan shi ne rashin aiwatar da umarnin Babban Ofishin Tsaro na Reich ga duk Yahudawa da za a yi musu alama ta hanyar sanya Star of David a kowane lokaci, har zuwa taron Helmut Knochen a Paris a ranar 14 ga Maris 1942.