Alexandre Yersin

Alexandre Yersin
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin
Haihuwa	Aubonne (en) , 22 Satumba 1863
ƙasa	Faransa Switzerland
Mutuwa	Nha Trang, 1 ga Maris, 1943
Makwanci	Nha Trang
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Alexander Yersin
Karatu
Makaranta	University of Lausanne (en)
Harsuna	Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	likita, bacteriologist (en) , mabudi, agronomist (en) da biologist (en)
Employers	Pasteur Institute (en) Messageries Maritimes (en) Hanoi Medical University (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Leconte Prize  (1927) Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour  (5 ga Augusta, 1939) Grand officer of the Order of the Dragon of Annam  (28 ga Yuni, 1935) French Order of Academic Palms  (ga Yuli, 1890) Commander of the Legion of Honour  (1913)
Ayyanawa daga	gani [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (en) ]] (1901) [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (en) ]] (1904) [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (en) ]] (1908)
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Kitasato Shibasaburō (mul) da Louis Pasteur (mul)
Mamba	Académie des sciences d'outre-mer (en) Académie Nationale de Médecine (en)
Imani
Addini	reformed (en)

Alexandre Émile John Yersin (22 Satumba 1863 - 1 Maris 1943) likita ne kuma masanin ƙwayoyin cuta ɗan ƙasar Switzerland . Ana tuna da shi saboda aikinsa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma ilimin rigakafi . Yersin shine wanda ya gano gubar Diphtheria da Tetanus (1890 tare da Émile Roux ) da kuma bacillus da ke da alhakin annobar bubonic (1894, tare da Kitasato Shibasaburō ). Daga baya aka sanya wa ƙwayoyin cuta suna don girmama shi: Yersinia pestis . Yersin kuma ya nuna a karon farko cewa wannan bacillus yana cikin beraye da kuma a cikin cututtukan ɗan adam, don haka yana nuna hanyoyin da za a iya yaɗa shi.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Yersin a shekarar 1863 a Aubonne, a yankin Vaud, Switzerland, kuma shi ne ƙaramin ɗansa maza uku. Mahaifinsa, wanda kuma aka sani da Alexandre (1825-1863), shi ne shugaban Switzerland mai magana da Faransanci, wanda ke zaune a La Vaux, a kwarin Aubonne, kuma farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar halitta a kwalejojin Aubonne da Morges kuma yana da sha'awar nazarin kwari. Ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini a kwakwalwa jim kaɗan kafin haihuwar Alexandre. Mahaifiyar Yersin, Fanny-Isaline-Emilie Moschell ta renon 'ya'yansu uku (Émilie, Franck, da Alexandre) ita kaɗai kuma ta zauna a Morges, a 11 rue de Lausanne, inda ta buɗe makaranta ga 'yan mata. Daga 1883 zuwa 1884 ya yi karatun likitanci a Lausanne, amma daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Marburg, da kuma Hôtel-Dieu de Paris (1884-1886).

Sana'a

A shekara ta 1886, Yersin ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na Louis Pasteur a École Normale Supérieure, bisa gayyatar Émile Roux, kuma ya shiga cikin haɓaka maganin hana kamuwa da cutar rabies . A shekara ta 1888 ya sami digirin digirgir tare da takardar digiri mai taken Étude sur le Développement du Tubercule Expérimental (Nazari kan Ci gaban Tarin Fuka na Gwaji) kuma ya yi watanni biyu tare da Robert Koch a Jamus.

Domin yin aikin likitanci a Faransa, Yersin ya nemi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa kuma ya sami izinin zama ɗan ƙasar a shekarar 1888. Daga nan ya shiga Cibiyar Pasteur da aka ƙirƙira kwanan nan a shekarar 1889 a matsayin abokin haɗin gwiwar Roux kuma tare suka gano cewa Corynebacterium diphtheriae yana fitar da guba mai narkewa wanda ke da alhakin tasirin diphtheria .

Daga 1890 zuwa 1894, Yersin ya zama likitan jiragen ruwa na kamfanin jigilar kaya na Messageries Maritimes a layin Saigon - Manila sannan kuma a layin Saigon - Haiphong . Ya shiga ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Auguste Pavie . Ya jagoranci balaguro uku a faɗin Indochina ta Faransa (Vietnam, Laos da Cambodia na yanzu) a kudu maso gabashin Asiya . Bai taɓa komawa Turai ba.

A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1894, bisa buƙatar gwamnatin Faransa, aka tura shi zuwa Hong Kong inda annobar ta riga ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 100,000 sakamakon annobar . Kwanaki 15 kacal bayan haka, ya gano cutar bacillus ta Yersinia pestis .

A shekara ta 1895 ya koma Cibiyar Pasteur da ke Paris kuma tare da Émile Roux, Albert Calmette da Amédée Borrel, suka shirya maganin hana annoba na farko. A wannan shekarar, ya koma Indochina, inda ya kafa wani ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Nha Trang don ƙera maganin (a shekara ta 1905 wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje ya zama reshe na Cibiyar Pasteur).

Alamar Kanar a cikin Sojojin Faransa, tare da layuka biyar a kwance.

Yersin ya gwada maganin da aka samu daga birnin Paris a Canton da Amoy, a shekarar 1896, da kuma a Bombay, Indiya, a shekarar 1897, inda ya samu sakamako mai ban takaici.

Bayan ya yanke shawarar zama a Indochina ta Faransa, Yersin ya kafa Institut Pasteur a Nha Trang a shekarar 1895. A can ya yi karatun kiwon shanu (don samar da maganin hana annoba).

Yersin ya gwada aikinsa a fannin noma kuma ya kasance majagaba a fannin noman bishiyoyin roba ( Hevea brasiliensis ) Don wannan dalili, ya sami izini daga gwamnati a shekarar 1897 don kafa tashar noma a Suoi Dau . Ya buɗe sabuwar tasha a Hon Ba a shekarar 1915, inda ya daidaita bishiyar quinine ( Cinchona ledgeriana ), wadda aka shigo da ita daga Andes a Kudancin Amurka, kuma wacce ta samar da magani na farko da aka sani mai inganci don hana da magance zazzabin cizon sauro . Bishiyoyin Yersin sun ba Indochina damar biyan buƙatun quinine a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ya kuma yi nasarar gabatar da koko da kofi a Indochina. Ya shiga cikin himma wajen ƙirƙirar Makarantar Likitanci ta Hanoi A ranar 8 ga Janairu 1902, Gwamna Janar na Indochina na Faransa, wanda zai zama shugaban Faransa na gaba Paul Doumer, ya amince da Yersin a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Likitanci ta Hanoi ta farko.

A shekarar 1934 aka naɗa shi daraktan girmamawa na Cibiyar Pasteur kuma memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa.

Ana tunawa da Alexandre Yersin sosai a Vietnam, inda aka yi masa lakabi da Ông Năm (Mista Nam/Biyar). Wannan laƙabi ne saboda matsayinsa na Kanar a rundunar sojojin Faransa, tare da layuka biyar a kwance a cikin alamun rundunarsa.

Gano Exotoxins

Roux da Yersin sun yi nazarin tacewar ƙwayoyin cuta na Corynebacterium diphtherie da aka samu ta hanyar matatar porcelain da Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) ya kafa, ɗaya daga cikin abokan hulɗa na Pasteur mafi kusa. Wannan hanyar tacewa ta cire ƙwayoyin cuta da kansu daga abubuwan da ke narkewa a cikin tacewar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi. Da zarar an yi allurar a cikin aladu na guinea, tacewar ta haifar da mutuwar dabbobin. Waɗannan binciken sun ba su damar yin iƙirarin cewa ƙwayar cuta da aka sani tana haifar da diphtheria ce ta ƙirƙiri guba. Bugu da ƙari, sun kuma sami irin wannan guba a cikin fitsari da aka tattara daga yara masu fama da diphtheria jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsu. A watan Agusta na 1891, Roux ya sami damar gabatar da ra'ayinsa a lokacin Babban Taron Duniya na Tsabta da Kididdiga na bakwai a London. "Yana da kyau a kammala da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna aiki ta hanyar samfuran sinadarai, guba ta gaske da ta keɓance ga kowannensu, kuma waɗanda ke tantance alamun cutar a cikin mutum da dabbobi. Saboda haka, cutar da ke yaɗuwa guba ce: tushen gubar shine ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin kyallen takarda; tana ƙara wa gubarsa ƙarfi a can ta hanyar kashe mai rai da zai kashe".

Gubar diphtheria ita ce gubar farko da aka gano ta ƙwayoyin cuta. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen da suka yi, Emile Roux da abokan aikinsa sun lura cewa ana iya samar da wannan abu a cikin dawaki sannan a cire shi da yawa ba tare da haifar da rauni ba. Sun yanke shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ga yara da dama da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar diphtheria da sinadarin jini. Yaran da aka yi wa allurar sun tsira sau biyu fiye da yadda aka zata.

Emil von Behring (1854–1917) da Shibasaburo Kitasato (1853–1931) ne suka yi maganin antisera daga gubar diptheria, wanda hakan ya haifar da magani na farko mai inganci ga cutar.

Gano Kwayoyin Cutar da Aka Yi

An gano cutar farko a Hong Kong ta hannun likitan Scotland James Alfred Lowson, mukaddashin shugaban Asibitin Gwamnati, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1894. Majinyacin, mai suna "A. Hung", yaron sashen kula da marasa lafiya ne, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana aiki a Asibitin Gwamnati. "A. Hung" ya mutu bayan kwana 5. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 1894, an ayyana birnin a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da ta kamu da cutar.

Gwamnatin Japan ta aika da Kitasato Shibasaburō, wani masanin ƙwayoyin cuta, don yin bincike kan annobar. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Kitasato ta bar Yokohama a birnin SS na Rio de Janeiro tare da tawagar mutane 5, suka isa Hong Kong a ranar 12 ga Yuni. A ranar 14 ga Yuni, Kitasato ta gano cewa bacillus, wanda yanzu ake kira Yersinia pestis, shi ne musabbabin annobar kai tsaye. Duk da haka, yana da shakku game da mahimmancinta domin an yi gwajin gawarwakin sa'o'i 11 bayan mutuwarsa. Lowson, wanda ya goyi bayan aikin Kitasato, ya ba da rahoton bincikensa ga The Lancet. An buga rahotonsa mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga Agusta.

Kwanaki uku kacal bayan isowar Kitasato, Yersin ya isa Hong Kong shi kaɗai a ranar 15 ga Yuni. Yersin ya yi tafiya shi kaɗai daga Indochina ta Faransa, yana ɗauke da na'urar hangen nesa, maganin hana ƙwai, da kayan al'adu a cikin kayansa. An aika shi can don binciken barkewar cutar daga gwamnatin Faransa. Ba kamar Kitasato ba, Lowson bai ba wa Yersin goyon baya ba, domin Lowson ya ɗauki Faransa a matsayin wacce ke fafatawa da Burtaniya a Gabashin Asiya. A asibiti, Yersin zai sami duk gawarwakin da aka ajiye don Kitasato.

Yersin ya sami damar samun samfuran bayan ya ba wa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Ingila cin hanci don zubar da gawarwakin wadanda annobar ta shafa. Yersin ya gano bacillus a ranar 23 ga Yuni. Duk da cewa Kitasato ya yi binciken farko, bayanin Kitasato bai yi daidai ba, kuma rahoton ya cika da shakku da rudani.

An gabatar da abokan hamayyar biyu, amma ba su yi musayar bayanai da yaren Jamusanci ba. Labarin ya ba da labarin cewa, a wani taron su biyun a lokacin wani bincike da Kitasato ke yi, Yersin ya yi mamakin ganin cewa Kitasato yana duba jini maimakon buboes. Yersin ya ba da shawarar ta hanyar wani mai shiga tsakani cewa ya kamata a duba buboes suma, sakamakon haka Kitasato ya duba buboes daga baya. Dukansu sun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da suka ayyana a matsayin musabbabin cutar. Yersin ya bayyana nasa daidai a matsayin Gram-negative, yayin da Kitasato ya dage cewa nasa na Gram-positive ne. Kitasato ya bayyana nasa nasa a matsayin diplococcal kuma nasa na bubo a matsayin bacillary, wanda ya haifar da rudani kuma ya nuna wa wasu cewa al'adunsa sun gurɓata da pneumococcus. A cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, Kitasato ya yi ikirarin cewa nasa nasa ya bambanta da na Yersin.

A lokacin da aka yi masa gwajin gawarwaki na farko a Hong Kong, ya ba da labarin hanyar da ya bi wajen samun ruwa daga bubo, ya ga ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-negative, ya yi wa dabbobin da ya gani sun mutu da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kyallen jikinsu allura, sannan ya rufe samfurin bubo a cikin bututun gilashi wanda aka aika nan da nan zuwa Paris. Albert Calmette da Amedee Borrel ne suka karɓi waɗannan samfuran, waɗanda suka tabbatar da binciken Yersin kuma suka gudanar da bincike tare da ƙwayoyin cuta don samar da maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta. Yersin ya kuma sami damar nuna a karon farko cewa wannan ƙwayar cuta tana cikin beraye da kuma a cikin cututtukan ɗan adam, don haka ya jaddada hanyoyin da za a iya yaɗa ta. An sanar da wannan muhimmin binciken ga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa a wannan shekarar, ta hannun abokin aikinsa Emile Duclaux, a cikin wata takarda mai taken "La peste bubonique à Hong-Kong".