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Alexis Herman

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Alexis Herman
23. United States Secretary of Labor (en) Fassara

1 Mayu 1997 - 20 ga Janairu, 2001
← Robert Reich (mul) Fassara - Elaine Chao (en) Fassara →
12. Director of the Office of Public Liaison (en) Fassara

20 ga Janairu, 1993 - 7 ga Faburairu, 1997
← Cecile B. Kremer (en) Fassara - Maria Echaveste (en) Fassara →
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Alexis Margaret Herman
Haihuwa Mobile (en) Fassara, 16 ga Yuli, 1947
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ƙabila Afirkawan Amurka
Mutuwa Washington, D.C., 25 ga Afirilu, 2025
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Alex Herman
Karatu
Makaranta Edgewood College (en) Fassara
Spring Hill College (en) Fassara
Xavier University of Louisiana (en) Fassara 1969) B.A. (mul) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa, sociologist (en) Fassara, social worker (en) Fassara da business executive (en) Fassara
Wurin aiki Washington, D.C.
Employers Southern Regional Council (en) Fassara
Cummins (en) Fassara
MGM Resorts International (en) Fassara
Entergy (en) Fassara
Sodexo SA (mul) Fassara
United States Women's Bureau (en) Fassara  (4 ga Afirilu, 1977 -  20 ga Janairu, 1981)
Office of Public Liaison (en) Fassara  (20 ga Janairu, 1993 -  7 ga Faburairu, 1997)
The Coca-Cola Company (mul) Fassara  (2001 -  2006)
Toyota  (2006 -
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Democratic Party (en) Fassara

Alexis Margaret Herman (an haife ta 16 ga Yuli, 1947) ta taba zama Sakatariyar Kwadago ta Amurka ta 23 a karkashin Shugaba Bill Clinton ; ita ce Ba’amurke ta farko da ta rike wannan mukami. Kafin yin aiki a matsayin Sakatare, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kuma darakta a ofishin hulda da jama'a na fadar White House .

Herman ta girma a Mobile, Alabama . Bayan kwalejin, ta yi aiki don inganta guraben aikin yi ga ma'aikata da mata baƙi. Daga nan ta shiga gwamnatin Jimmy Carter, tana aiki a matsayin darekta na Ofishin Mata na Ma'aikata . Ta zama mai ƙwazo a jam'iyyar Democrat, ta yi aiki a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jesse Jackson sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ma'aikata na kwamitin jam'iyyar Democrat a ƙarƙashin Ronald H. Brown . Ta shiga majalisar ministocin Shugaba Bill Clinton a 1997.

Bayan shan kayen da aka yi wa Al Gore a zaben shugaban kasa na 2000, Herman ta ci gaba da taka rawar gani a siyasar dimokuradiyya, ban da shigarta a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, tana aiki a kwamitin kamfanoni kamar Coca-Cola da Toyota .

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Herman a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1947, a Mobile, Alabama, 'yar ɗan siyasa Alex Herman kuma malamin makaranta Gloria Caponis, kuma ya girma a cikin gidan Katolika . [1] Mahaifinta ya zama shugaban gundumar baƙar fata ta farko ta Alabama. [2] Daga baya ta ba da labarin yadda ’yan kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin farar fata, Ku Klux Klan, suka kai wa mahaifinta hari lokacin da take da shekaru biyar. [3] Lokacin da Herman ke girma a cikin Wayar hannu, makarantu sun kasance masu wariyar launin fata . [4] Iyayenta sun zaɓi aika Alexis zuwa makarantar parochial, a wani ɓangare saboda malaman sun haɗa da fararen nuns da firistoci, don haka za su nuna ta ga bambancin. [5]

Herman ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Heart of Mary. A matsayinta na mai karatu na biyu, an dakatar da ita ne saboda nuna shakku kan batun fitar da daliban bakaken fata a gasar addini inda daliban farar fata suka halarta. Bayan sati guda na rashin amincewa daga iyayen abokan karatun Herman bakaken fata, an sake shigar da ita. [6]

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Herman ya halarci Kwalejin Edgewood a Madison, Wisconsin, da Kwalejin Spring Hill a Mobile. Ta koma Jami'ar Xavier ta Louisiana a New Orleans, inda ta zama memba mai ƙwazo na Gamma Alpha Chapter na Delta Sigma Theta sorority [7] kuma ta kammala karatun digiri tare da Bachelor of Arts in Sociology a 1969.

Sana'a

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Bayan koleji, Herman ya koma Mobile don taimakawa wajen raba makarantunsu na parochial, gami da makarantar da kanta ta yi. [8] Sannan ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a tare da kungiyoyin agaji na Katolika a Pascagoula, Mississippi, inda ta ba da shawarar tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin don ba da horo ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata marasa ƙwarewa. [5] Bayan Pascagoula, Herman ta koma Atlanta, Jojiya inda ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Shirin Baƙar fata na Mata na Majalisar Yankin Kudancin, shirin da aka tsara don inganta mata marasa rinjaye zuwa ayyukan gudanarwa ko fasaha.

Daga baya, aiki a kamfanin tuntuɓar RTP na New York, Herman ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don ba da horo ga mata a ayyukan da ba na al'ada ba. A RTP, ta sadu da Ray Marshall . Bayan Jimmy Carter ya lashe Shugaban kasa a 1977, shi da Sakataren Ma'aikata mai shigowa Marshall sun nemi Herman ya zama darekta na Ofishin Mata na Ma'aikata. [8] Lokacin da yake da shekaru 29, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta don riƙe wannan matsayi, [9] wanda ya buƙaci ta yi aiki don inganta damar kasuwanci ga mata. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa kamfanoni don ɗaukar ƙarin mata marasa rinjaye, tare da kamfanoni kamar Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, da General Motors suna ba da fifikon bambancin ra'ayi a tsarin daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin 1981, a ƙarshen gwamnatin Carter, Herman ta bar aikinta a Sashen Ma'aikata kuma ta kafa kamfanin tuntuɓar, AM Herman & Associates. [8] Herman da kamfani sun yi aiki tare da kamfanoni akan batutuwa daban-daban na tallace-tallace da gudanarwa, gami da yadda ake haɓaka shirye-shiryen horo, dabarun talla, da dabarun ƙungiyoyi. [8] Ta gudanar da taron taron na Jesse Jackson a cikin 1984 da 1988 na neman takarar shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat. [8] Matsayinta na aiki don yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jackson ya jagoranci Herman ya zama babban jami'in ma'aikata ga shugaban kwamitin jam'iyyar Democrat Ronald H. Brown, kuma daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban babban taron dimokuradiyya na 1992 . [10] [8]

Daraktan ofishin hulda da jama’a

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Herman yana tafiya tare da Colonnade na Fadar White House tare da Shugaba Bill Clinton a cikin Fabrairu 1995

Bayan nasarar Bill Clinton a zaben shugaban kasa na 1992, Herman ya zama mataimakin darektan ofishin mika mulki na shugaban kasa . [11] Daga nan sai Clinton ta nada darektan ofishin hulda da jama'a na fadar White House, inda ita ke da alhakin huldar gwamnati da kungiyoyin masu sha'awa . [12] A cikin wannan rawar, Herman ya shirya liyafar cin abinci na yau da kullun don ciyar da yunƙurin Fadar White House ko shawo kan manyan ƙungiyoyi. [12] Ta sami goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarinta na wayar da kan jama'a. [8] Har ila yau, Herman ta sami girmamawa daga 'yan kasuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinta na samun goyon baya ga yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Gwamnatin Clinton, Yarjejeniyar Ciniki 'Yanci ta Arewacin Amirka . [8] Lokacinta na darekta kuma ya hada da mutuwar Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci, da tsohon shugaban Herman a Kwamitin Kasa na Democratic, Ronald Brown a cikin wani hadarin jirgin sama. A matsayin darekta, Herman ya yi shiri don baƙin cikin jama'a da na sirri bayan mutuwar. Bala'in ya ƙarfafa dangantakar Herman da Present Clinton, wanda kamar Herman ya kasance kusa da Brown. [10]

Sakataren kwadago

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A cikin 1996, Shugaba Clinton ya bayyana aniyarsa ta nada Herman a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikata don maye gurbin Sakatare mai barin gado Robert Reich . [10] Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun goyi bayan nadin a bainar jama'a, kodayake galibi sun goyi bayan sauran masu zaɓen kamar Harris Wofford, Esteban Edward Torres, da Alan Wheat . [10] An jinkirta tabbatar da Majalisar Dattawan Herman sau biyu. Na farko ya samo asali ne daga tambayoyi game da rawar da ta taka wajen shirya kofi na White House Clinton ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin masu tara kudade. Na biyu kuma shi ne saboda ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican na Majalisar Dattawa sun ki amincewa a kada kuri’a a zaben nata, a matsayin wani bangare na adawa da wani tsari na zartarwa da suka shafi ayyukan gine-ginen gwamnatin tarayya, wanda a karshe Clinton ta yi watsi da shi. Da jinkirin da aka samu, Kwamitin Kwadago na Majalisar Dattijai ya gudanar da sauraron karar ta a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1997. [13] Sannan a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1997, Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kuri’ar amincewa da kuri’u 85-13. [14] An rantsar da Herman a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1997. [15] Ta zama Ba-Amurke ta farko, kuma mace ta biyar, don yin hidima a wannan matsayi. [15] [16]

A matsayinsa na Sakataren Kwadago, Herman ya kula da Ma'aikatar Kwadago, wanda a lokacin ya dauki mutane 17,000 aiki kuma ya yi aiki a kan kasafin kudin shekara na dala biliyan 39. Ma'aikatar Kwadago tana da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idoji iri-iri na wurin aiki, gami da batutuwan tsaro da hana wariya. A zamanin Herman, rashin aikin yi na Amurka ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin shekaru da yawa. [17]

Hoton ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka ta Herman

Ta sami yabo daga takwarorinta saboda yadda ta tafiyar da yajin aikin 1997 United Parcel Service (UPS), yajin aikin mafi girma a Amurka cikin shekaru ashirin. [15] [12] Bayan yajin aikin a watan Agusta, Herman ya sadu da shugaban kungiyar Teamsters da shugaban UPS don tsara batutuwan. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawar, kuma an sasanta yajin aikin bayan kwanaki 15. [12] Rawar da Herman ta taka wajen sasanta yajin aikin ya daga darajar jama'arta yayin da ta fara aiwatar da ajandarta a matsayin Sakatariya.

A matsayin sakatare, Herman ta goyi bayan karuwar 1996 da 1997 zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashi, yana ƙaruwa da $0.90 zuwa $5.15 a kowace awa ta Satumba 1997. [18] Herman ya ce karin albashi ya kara karfin siyan ma'aikata. [18] Daga baya ta yi adawa da wani shirin goyon bayan Republican na 1999 na haɓaka mafi ƙarancin albashi sama da shekaru uku, a maimakon haka ta goyi bayan jadawalin shekaru biyu don haɓakawa. [19] Har ila yau, Herman ya yi adawa da dokar saboda ta hada da rage haraji ba tare da an biya ba.

Daga cikin ayyukan Herman a matsayin sakatare har da aiwatar da dokokin aikin yara . A lokacin aikinta, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ci tarar sarkar kantin sayar da kayan wasan Toys "R" US $ 200,000 saboda keta dokokin da suka takaita nau'in aikin da za a iya yi, da adadin sa'o'in da ma'aikatan da ba su da shekaru za su yi aiki. An gano fiye da ma'aikatan matasa 300 suna aiki fiye da sa'o'i da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba su izini, kuma Toys "R" Us mun amince da dakatar da ayyukan. [20]

Herman ya goyi bayan shigar Amurka cikin Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, yarjejeniyar da aka tsara don kare yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 daga bauta, fataucin, bauta, da sauran cin zarafi. Ta kuma kare goyon bayan da Amurka ta bayar na bayar da damar yin aikin soja na son rai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 18, al'adar da aka amince da ita a Amurka, Birtaniya, Jamus, da Netherlands. Masu adawa, ciki har da sauran ƙasashe, ƙungiyoyin kwadago, da Amnesty International sun bukaci a samar da tsauraran matakai; duk da haka, Herman ya ce ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan yarjejeniyar a kan aikin tilastawa, ba aikin soja na son rai ba.

Babban Lauyan Janar Janet Reno ya nada Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta Ralph I. Lancaster Jr., a cikin Mayu 1998, don bincikar Herman bayan dan kasuwa Laurent J. Yene ya yi zargin cewa ta karbi cin hanci yayin da take aiki a Fadar White House. Reno ta yi shakku kan zargin Yene bayan binciken farko na FBI, amma ta yi imanin cewa dokar majalisar mai zaman kanta ta tilasta mata nada majalisa mai zaman kanta inda ba ta iya tabbatar da ikirarin ba tare da cancanta ba. Bayan binciken watanni ashirin da uku, Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta Lancaster ta kammala cewa Herman bai karya wata doka ba kuma ya wanke ta daga duk wani laifi. Ita ce mace ta biyar a majalisar ministocin Clinton da wasu lauyoyi masu zaman kansu suka bincika, kuma ta hudu ta wanke duk wani laifi. Binciken Majalisar Mai Zaman Kanta na mambobin majalisar ya ci dala miliyan 95 kuma bai bankado wani laifi ba, wanda hakan ya sa Majalisar ta ba da damar dokar ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ta kare a watan Yuni 1999 ba tare da sake ba da izini ba.

Herman ya taka rawar gani a yakin Al Gore na 2000 na shugaban kasa. A lokacin sake kirga kuri'un Florida, Herman na cikin tawagar da ke shirin mika mulki zuwa Gwamnatin Gore. ABC News da New York Times sun dauke ta a matsayin dan takarar da zai ci gaba da zama a fadar Gore ta White House idan ya yi nasara. [21] [22] Elaine Chao ta maye gurbinta a matsayin Sakatariyar Kwadago a gwamnatin George W. Bush .

Bayan gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Thomas Perez da Alexis Herman sun shiga cikin tattaunawa ta zagaye na tebur na binciken Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a shekarar 2012 kan aikin tilastawa da fataucin mutane, Satumba 30, 2013

Herman ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat John Kerry ta tawagar mika mulki a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2004 . [23] A cikin 2005, Howard Dean, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Demokraɗiyya na kasa, ya nada Herman da lauya James Roosevelt, Jr. co-shugaban Kwamitin Dokokinsa da Dokokinsa. Matsayin ya sanya Herman da Roosevelt a tsakiyar takaddama tsakanin yakin neman zaben 'yan takara na farko na dimokuradiyya Barack Obama da Hillary Clinton kan ko za su zama wakilai daga Michigan da Florida a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2008 . [24] Herman ya amince da Hillary Clinton a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Majalisar Wakilai a Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 2016 .

Daga 2001 zuwa 2006, Herman ya kasance shugabar kungiyar Task Force Human Resources Coca-Cola Company . A shekara mai zuwa, Coca-Cola ta mai da ita darakta. Herman ya yi aiki a Hukumar Shawarar Diversity ta Toyota . A shekara ta 2006, kamfanin ya nada ta a matsayin shugabar runduna ta musamman don tabbatar da bin ka'idojin yaki da wariyar launin fata bayan da shugabar kamfanin Toyota ta Arewacin Amurka ta yi murabus, bayan da aka nada ta a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a wata shari'ar cin zarafin mata . Herman ya yi aiki a kan allon wasu manyan kamfanoni, ciki har da Cummins, MGM Resorts International, Entergy, Sodexo, kuma shine shugaban da Shugaba na New Ventures, Inc. [25]

A cikin 2010, an nada Herman a kwamitin Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, kungiyar agaji da Bill Clinton da George W. Bush suka kafa don taimakawa Haiti bin girman 7.0 girgizar kasa a watan Janairu na wannan shekarar. Har ila yau, Herman ya kasance tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa. [26] An ba ta digirin girmamawa sama da 20 daga cibiyoyin ilimi. [27]

Rayuwa ta sirri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Herman ita ce Sarauniyar Carnival don Ƙungiyar Mardi Gras ta Waya a cikin 1974. [28] Mahaifinta ya kasance Sarkin Carnival a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. [29]

Herman ya auri likita Charles Franklin Jr. a cikin Fabrairu 2000 a Washington National Cathedral . Franklin yana da 'ya'ya uku daga auren da suka gabata. Ya rasu a shekara ta 2014 bayan ya yi fama da rashin lafiya. [30]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin sunayen farko na Ba-Amurke
  • Jerin Membobin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Ba-Amurka
  • Jerin sunayen mambobin majalisar ministocin Amurka mata

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor"
  2. ↑ name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Alexis Herman recalls her father's beating by the KKK". USA Today (in Turanci). September 21, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  4. ↑ name="Wines, Michael, Friends Helped Labor">Wines, Michael (May 12, 1997). "Alexis Herman: Friends Helped Labor Nominee Move Up, Then Almost Brought Her Down". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wines, Michael (May 12, 1997). "Alexis Herman: Friends Helped Labor Nominee Move Up, Then Almost Brought Her Down". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.Wines, Michael (May 12, 1997). "Alexis Herman: Friends Helped Labor Nominee Move Up, Then Almost Brought Her Down". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  6. ↑ name="Smothers, Ronald, Social-Worker Roots">Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  7. ↑ name="notables">"Notable Deltas". Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.Smothers, Ronald (December 21, 1996). "Alexis Herman: Social-Worker Roots and Political Experience". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Women in Government: A Slim Past, But a Strong Future". Ebony: 89–92, 96–98. August 1977.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Merida, Kevin; Swoboda, Frank (December 21, 1996). "Washingtonpost.com: After Pitched Battle, Herman Wins Out". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 23, 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Merida, Kevin, After Pitched Battle" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ "Clinton Presidential Transition, Dec 7 1992 | Video | C-SPAN.org". C-SPAN.org (in Turanci). December 7, 1992. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Merida, Kevin (August 20, 1997). "Washingtonpost.com: For Alexis Herman, a Proving Ground". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 27, 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Merida, Kevin, For Herman" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ "Secretary Labor Confirmation Hearing, Mar 18 1997". C-SPAN.org (in Turanci). March 18, 1997. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  14. ↑ Harris, John F.; Swoboda, Frank (May 1, 1997). "Washingtonpost.com: Herman Confirmed for Cabinet After Concession by President". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Washingtonpost.com: Politics -- The Administration, Alexis M. Herman". www.washingtonpost.com. 1998. Retrieved 2017-12-24. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ClintonWhitehouse" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ "Alexis M. Herman". clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Taylor, T. Shawn, Secretary of Labor
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Minimum wage jumps to $5.15". www.cnn.com. September 1, 1997. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2 in Cabinet Push
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Associated Press, Toys R Us
  21. ↑ ABC News (December 3, 2000). "Bush Meets Congressional Leaders". ABC News. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Broder, John M, Counting the Vote
  23. ↑ Fournier, Ron (October 21, 2004). "Kerry maps postelection plan - The Boston Globe". archive.boston.com (in Turanci). Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Parsons, Christi, Inside a party's
  25. ↑ "Alexis Herman Former Secretary of Labor". www.energy.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  26. ↑ Venable, Cecilia Gutierrez (16 September 2013). "Herman, Alexis Margaret (1947-- )". www.blackpast.org (in Turanci). Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Diversity Leadership Congress: The Honorable Alexis M. Herman". web.mit.edu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association". www.mamga.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hoffman, Roy, MAMGA queen 1940
  30. ↑ "Charles L. Franklin Jr.'s Obituary on The Washington Post". legacy.com. June 6, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
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