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Ali Mazrui

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Ali Mazrui
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Mombasa, 24 ga Faburairu, 1933
ƙasa Kenya
Mutuwa Vestal (en) Fassara, 12 Oktoba 2014
Karatu
Makaranta University of Manchester (mul) Fassara
Nuffield College (en) Fassara
Columbia University (mul) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Harshen Swahili
Sana'a
Sana'a geopolitical analyst (en) Fassara, mai falsafa, marubuci, Africanist (en) Fassara da Masanin tarihi
Employers Jami'ar Harvard
Binghamton University (mul) Fassara
University of Michigan (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka História geral da África VIII: África desde 1935 (mul) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Mamba The World Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini Musulunci
IMDb nm3039811

Ali Al'amin Mazrui (24 ga Fabrairu 1933 - 12 Oktoba 2014), haifaffen kasar Kenya malami ne, farfesa, kuma marubucin siyasa kan nazarin Afirka da Musulunci, da dangantakar Arewa da Kudu. An haife shi a birnin Mombasa na kasar Kenya. Matsayinsa sun haɗa da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Duniya a Jami'ar Binghamton a Binghamton, New York, da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Afro-Amurka da Afirka a Jami'ar Michigan.[1][2] Ya samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 1980s The Africans: A Triple Heritage.

Rayuwar farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Mazrui a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1933 a Mombasa, Kenya Colony.[3] Shi da ne ga Al-Amin Bin Ali Mazrui, Babban Alkalin Alkalan Musulunci (Qadi) a kotunan Kadhi na kasar Kenya. Mahaifinsa kuma malami ne kuma marubuci, kuma daya daga cikin litattafan nasa Hamza Yusuf ne ya fassara shi zuwa Turanci a matsayin The Content of Character (2004), wanda Ali ya gabatar da kalmar farko. Iyalan Mazrui hamshakan attajirai ne kuma muhimmi a tarihi a Kenya, kasancewar a baya sun kasance masu mulkin Mombasa. Mahaifin Ali shi ne Babban Qadi na Kenya, wanda shi ne mafi girma a shari'ar Musulunci. Mazrui ya yabawa mahaifinsa da ya cusa masa sha'awar yin muhawara ta hankali, domin mahaifinsa ba kawai ya shiga cikin shari'ar kotu ba, har ma ya kasance sanannen mawallafi kuma mai muhawara a cikin jama'a. Mazrui tun yana karami ya kan raka mahaifinsa kotu yana sauraron muhawarar siyasa da dabi'unsa[4]. Da farko Mazrui ya yi niyyar bin tafarkin mahaifinsa a matsayinsa na mai kishin Islama, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'ar Azhar ta kasar Masar[5]. Sakamakon rashin tabuka abin kirki a jarrabawar da aka yi a makarantar Cambridge a shekarar 1949, an hana Mazrui shiga Kwalejin Makerere (Jami'ar Makerere a yanzu), ita ce babbar cibiyar koyar da manyan makarantu a gabashin Afirka a lokacin. Sannan ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Ilimin Musulmi ta Mombasa (Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mombasa a yanzu).[5]

Ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mazrui ya halarci makarantar firamare a birnin Mombasa, inda ya tuna cewa ya koyi turanci musamman don shiga muhawara ta yau da kullun, kafin ya mayar da basirarsa ga rubutu. Aikin jarida, a cewar Mazrui, shine mataki na farko da ya bi ta hanyar ilimi. Ban da Turanci, Mazrui kuma yana jin Swahili da Larabci.[6] Bayan samun tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Kenya, [7] Mazrui ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya sami B.A. digiri tare da Distinction daga Jami'ar Manchester a Burtaniya a 1960, M.A. daga Jami'ar Columbia a New York a 1961, da digirinsa na uku (DPhil) daga Jami'ar Oxford (Kwalejin Nuffield) a 1966.[8] Tunanin Kwame Nkrumah ya yi tasiri a kansa na kishin Afirka da sanin ya kamata, wanda ya zama kashin bayan tattaunawarsa kan “Al’adun Afirka uku” (Afirka, Musulunci da Kiristanci).[9].

Aikin ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mazrui ya fara karatunsa ne a jami'ar Makerere da ke Uganda, inda ya yi mafarkin zuwa tun yana karami.[10] A Makerere, Mazrui ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, kuma ya fara jawo yabonsa a duniya. Mazrui ya ji cewa shekarunsa a Makerere wasu abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci da amfani a rayuwarsa. Ya gaya wa marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa 1967, lokacin da ya buga littattafai guda uku, ita ce shekarar da ya yi shelarsa ga duniyar ilimi "cewa na yi shirin zama ƙwararru - ko mai kyau ko mara kyau!" A lokacinsa a Makerere, Mazrui ya kuma jagoranci shirin Samfuran Tsarin Mulki na Duniya a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, aikin da ya tattaro masana kimiyyar siyasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya don tattauna yadda hanyar kasa da kasa ta zama dauwamammen zaman lafiya.[11].

Mazrui ya nuna cewa an tilasta masa ne wajen barin jami'ar Makerere.[12] Ta yiwu tafiyar tasa ta samo asali ne sakamakon sha’awar da yake da ita na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin malami na tsaka-tsaki a duk fuskar tsananin takura na alakanta girman matsayinsa a matsayin mai zurfin tunani na siyasa da kawai wani bangare na yankin. Bukatarsa ta farko ita ce daga John Okello, jagoran juyin juya halin Zanzibar, wanda ya zo gidan Mazrui a shekarar 1968 don neman Mazrui ya shiga harkarsa. Da farko Okello ya yi kokarin shawo kan Mazrui ya zama mai ba shi shawara sannan kawai ya yi kokarin neman taimakon Mazrui wajen rubuta kundin tsarin mulki na Zanzibar. Mazrui ya shaidawa Okello cewa, duk da yake yana da sha'awar tausayawa lamarin, zai zama cin zarafi ne ga aikin farfesa da malami idan ya shiga wata manufa ta siyasa. Wannan lamarin ya nuna irin martabar duniya da Mazrui ya riga ya tara. Okello ya neme shi ne musamman domin ya san Ali kuma yana ganin kimarsa a matsayin haziki mai adawa da mulkin daular[13].

Daga baya Idi Amin wanda shi ne shugaban kasar Uganda a karshen zamanin Mazrui a Makerere ya tunkari Mazrui. Amin, a cewar Mazrui, ya so Mazrui ya zama mashawarcinsa na musamman. Mazrui ya ki amincewa da wannan gayyata, saboda tsoron kada a yi hadari, kuma ta yin hakan ya rasa matsayinsa na siyasa a Uganda. Wannan zai zama abin da Mazrui ya ji a ƙarshe ya tilasta masa barin Jami'ar Makerere.[14] Mazrui ya sha bayyana cewa zai so komawa Uganda, amma ya bada misali da rashin jituwar dangantakarsa da gwamnatin Uganda, da kuma rashin abokantakar al'ummar Uganda ga wani masanin kimiyyar siyasa na kasar Kenya a matsayin abubuwan da suka sa shi nesanta shi[15].

A cikin 1974, an ɗauki Mazrui a matsayin farfesa a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Michigan. A lokacin da yake Michigan, Mazrui ya kuma yi digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Jos da ke Najeriya. Ya ci gaba da cewa ba da lokaci wajen koyarwa da zama wani bangare na zance a Afirka yana da muhimmanci don kada ya rasa fahimtar yanayin Afirka. Daga 1978 zuwa 1981 Mazrui ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Afro-Amurka da Afirka (CAAS) a Jami'ar Michigan. Duk da yake yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a kujera, kasancewarsa a can yana da mahimmanci don dalilai biyu. Na farko, babban ra'ayi ne na Mazrui cewa dole ne a karfafa dangantakar Amurka da Afirka. Ya yi imanin cewa hanyar da za ta inganta Afirka ita ce ilmantar da 'yan Afirka a harkokin siyasar duniya da kuma karfafa alakarsu da Afirka, duk abin da zai iya kasancewa a karkashin CAAS. Duk da haka ya kuma zama kamar yana shakkar ikon shirin kamar CAAS don cimma wani abu. A cikin shekarunsa na farko a U of M ya soki irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen yana mai cewa, don mayar da martani ga baƙar fata, "wasu jami'o'in sun kafa wani shirin baƙar fata tare da wani nau'i na siyasa mai ban sha'awa wanda na sami wuya in sha'awar, a ce kadan." [16].

Mazrui ya koyar a Jami'ar Michigan har zuwa 1989, lokacin da ya ɗauki hutu na shekaru biyu don karɓar farfesa na Albert Schweitzer a SUNY Binghamton. Tafiyar Mazrui daga U of M bai kasance mai ban al'ajabi ba sai tashinsa daga Makerere. Mazrui ya sanar da murabus dinsa daga Jami'ar Michigan a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1991. Har zuwa wannan batu, an yi yakin neman zaben da aka yada sosai tsakanin U of M da SUNY. An ruwaito, SUNY ta baiwa Mazrui wani kunshin $500,000 wanda ya hada da albashin dalar Amurka 105,000 (idan aka kwatanta da albashinsa na dalar Amurka 71,500 a U of M) da kuma kudade na farfesoshi uku na zaben Mazrui, mataimakan digiri uku, sakatare, da kudin balaguro.[17] An ba da rahoton cewa Jami'ar Michigan ta yi daidai da wannan tayin, amma Mazrui ya yanke shawarar ya yi latti sosai. Ya bayyana cewa bai gamsu da jajircewar U na M na nazarin kimiyyar siyasa a duniya ta uku ba. Dukansu gwamna Mario Cuomo daga New York da Gwamna James Blanchard daga Michigan sun ba Mazrui kira na sirri don shawo kansa ya zaɓi jami'a a jihohinsu. Dukkan lamarin ya haifar da tambayoyi game da kayan masarufi da kuma fitattun malaman jami'a.[18].

Tashinsa kuma ya haifar da tattaunawa game da bambancin launin fata a Jami'ar Michigan; Tattaunawar da ya shafe shekaru goma sha biyar bai kasance mai girma ba yayin da yake kan U of M campus. Duk da kokarin da Jami'ar Michigan ta yi na rike Ali Mazrui, James Duderstadt, shugaban jami'ar a lokacin, ya fuskanci mummunar wuta saboda rashin himma sosai wajen tsare wani babban farfesa bakar fata. An dauki Mazrui aiki ne a shekarar 1974, yayin da jami'ar ke fuskantar suka musamman daga kungiyar Black Action Movement ta biyu, saboda rashin cika alkawuran da ta dauka na bambamta a cikin kungiyar dalibai da kuma tsakanin malamai. Sabanin haka, Duderstadt ya bayar da hujjar cewa, ta hanyar 1989, Jami'ar tana yin kyakkyawan aiki na haɓakawa. Sun kara da ’yan tsiraru 45 a waccan shekarar, 13 fiye da na shekarar da ta gabata kuma Kwalejin Adabi, Kimiyya da Fasaha sun ga “ma’aikata marasa rinjaye suna karuwa.”[19] Ko da har yanzu akwai damuwa cewa jami'a ta mayar da hankali ne kawai wajen daukar 'yan tsiraru, ba wai don sanya su su tsaya ba.[20][21][22].

Alƙawura

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Baya ga nadin da aka yi masa a matsayin Albert Schweitzer Farfesa a fannin Dan Adam, Farfesa a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Nazarin Afirka, Falsafa, Fassara da Al'adu da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Duniya (IGCS), Mazrui ya kuma gudanar da nadin malamai guda uku a lokaci guda a matsayin Albert Luthuli Farfesa-Babban Farfesa a Ilimin Dan Adam da Ci Gaba a Jami'ar Jos a Najeriya, Andrews-Large Farfesa a Jami'ar Jos a Najeriya. Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Cornell, Ithaca, New York kuma shugabar Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta, Nairobi, Kenya. A cikin 1999, Mazrui ya yi ritaya a matsayin Farfesa Walter Rodney na farko a Jami'ar Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana. Mazrui kuma ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Colgate, Jami'ar McGill, Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore, Jami'ar Oxford, Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Jihar Bridgewater, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, da sauran cibiyoyi a Alkahira, Australia, Leeds, Nairobi, Teheran, Denver, London, Baghdad, da Sussex, da sauransu. A cikin 2005, an zaɓi Ali Mazrui a matsayin mutum na 73 mafi girma a duniya a cikin jerin manyan ƙwararrun jama'a 100 na Prospect Magazine (Birtaniya) da Manufofin Waje (Amurka).[23]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Ian (13 October 2014). "Who Was Professor Ali Mazrui?". The Independent (Uganda). Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Daily Nation (13 October 2014). "Professor Ali Mazrui Dies in US". Daily Monitor (Kampala). Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  3. ↑ Cyrus Ombati (13 October 2014). "Professor Ali Mazrui is dead".
  4. ↑ "Ali Mazrui: A Confluence of Three Cultures" from April/May 1982 Research News, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library
  5. ↑ Adem, Seifudein (Spring 2008). "Ali A. Mazrui, Witness to History?". Institute of Global Cultural Studies Newsletter. Binghamton, New York: Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University.
  6. ↑ "Africana Studies and Research Center | Africana Studies & Research Center Cornell Arts & Sciences". africana.cornell.edu.
  7. ↑ Adem, Seifudein (Spring 2008). "Ali A. Mazrui, Witness to History?". Institute of Global Cultural Studies Newsletter. Binghamton, New York: Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University.
  8. ↑ Nabiruma, Diana (19 August 2009). "Ali Mazrui – In His Own Words". The Observer (Uganda). Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Adem, Seifudein (Spring 2008). "Ali A. Mazrui, Witness to History?". Institute of Global Cultural Studies Newsletter. Binghamton, New York: Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University.
  10. ↑ "Ali Mazrui: A Confluence of Three Cultures" from April/May 1982 Research News, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 9, Bentley Library
  11. ↑ Correspondence with Hasu Patel, Conference Organiser, of conference on Africa in World Affairs in the Next Thirty Years, December 1969. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.
  12. ↑ Letter from Ali Mazrui to Merrick Posnansky. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.
  13. ↑ Report to the Principal, Makerere University, 6 November 1968. Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 8, Bentley Library.
  14. ↑ Mitgang, Herbert (5 October 1986). "Looking at Africa Through an African's Eyes". The New York Times.
  15. ↑ Ali Mazrui correspondence with Ann Gourlay, Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.
  16. ↑ Interview with Ali Mazrui, "Race Relations in the United States". Ali Mazrui Papers, Box 7, Bentley Library.
  17. ↑ Julie Wiernik, "African expert quits U-M for SUNY post", The Ann Arbor News, Thurs, 30 May 1991. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  18. ↑ Connie Leslie, "Let's Buy a Physicist or Two", Newsweek, 12 February 1990. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  19. ↑ LS&A’s skyrocketing minority recruitment", Ann Arbor Observer, September 1989. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  20. ↑ Taraneh Shafii, 'U' adds 45 new minority to faculty, Michigan Daily, Monday 2 October 1989. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  21. ↑ Joe Stroud, "U-M can make fitting pledge to pluralism", Detroit News, 5/14/89. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  22. ↑ Karen Grassmuck, "U-M accused of dawdling on diversity", The Ann Arbor News, Friday 15 September 1989. News and Information Services Faculty and Staff Files, Box 85, Bentley Library.
  23. ↑ Jowi, Frenny (13 October 2014). "Kenya's Ali Mazrui: Death of A Towering Intellectual". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
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