Alice Constance Austin
 Alice Constance Austin | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Chicago, ga Maris, 1862 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Inglewood (en)  , 17 Disamba 1955 |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
designer (en) , Masanin gine-gine da zane da Urbanista (en) |
| Muhimman ayyuka |
Llano Del Rio (en) |
Alice Constance Austin (1862-1955) ƴar Amirka ce mai tsara gine-gine, Mai tsara birni, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ɗan gurguzu, mai zane da kuma utopist . Shahararta mafi shahara a Llano del Rio, ko da yake ba a taɓa cika ta ba, ta yi tasiri sosai ga ƙirar birni da Tsarin gine-gine. A cikin 1935, Austin ta wallafa littafinta The Next Step; How to Plan for Beauty, Comfort, and Peace with Great Savings Effected by the Reduction of Waste, [1] inda ta tattauna tsarin zamantakewa, matsaloli tare da aikin Llano del Rio, da wasu ra'ayoyinta game da tsarawa. Kokarinta na mata a tarihin tsara birni ya kai ga rinjayar ci gaban batutuwan zamani kamar mafi ƙarancin albashi, tsaron jama'a, gidaje masu arha, jin daɗi, da kiwon lafiya na duniya.[2]
Filayen Kogin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Llano del Rio shine aikin da aka fi sani da Alice Constance Austin. An hayar ta a farkon shekarun 1910 ta hanyar Job Harriman, mai gurguzu tare da niyyar gina al'umma mai hadin kai a Palmdale, California. Shirin birni ne na zagaye wanda ya haɗa da gine-ginen gudanarwa, gidajen cin abinci, majami'u, makarantu, kasuwanni, da dai sauransu. Gidajen suna da ƙirar mata ta zamani kuma sun haɗa da tsare-tsare don gidan da ba shi da kicin, wuraren kula da rana na al'umma, kayan ɗaki da aka gina da bene mai ɗumi; wanda zai yi amfani da rage yawan aikin gida da mata ke yi. Ka'idodin mata na Austin sun cika ra'ayoyin gurguzu na Harriman saboda duka hanyoyin biyu sun yi tambaya game da tarihin shugabanci na Matsayi na zamantakewa.[1] Sun yi ƙoƙari su yi la'akari da sabon nau'in birni. Ba a taɓa fahimtar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Llano ba saboda rashin babban birnin da ruwa.
Shirye-shiryen Birni da Tsarin Mata na zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Austin ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da tsarin bututun ruwa don wanki, sabis na isar da abinci mai zafi, masu tafiya, da kuma jigilar kayayyaki da kayayyaki. Wannan zai haifar da karancin aikin gida, sauƙin kula da yara, karancin zirga-zirgar hanya, da kuma 'yanci mata daga ayyukan gida na gargajiya, wanda zai iya ba su damar shiga cikin jama'a, ko kuma duniya ba ta cikin gida ba. Ta kuma haɗa da kayan gida da aka gina, gadaje masu juyawa, da bene mai zafi, wanda zai rage aikin gida kamar wankewa da haɓaka aiki a cikin iyakantaccen sarari.
Ta kuma shirya canza abubuwa da yawa a cikin al'adun gida. Gabatar da ita na gidan da ba shi da kicin, wanda tsarin ramin ke tallafawa, ya kasance mai inganci ga mata saboda ya kawar da dogon lokaci na aiki don shirya abinci ga iyali. Gidan da ba shi da kicin zai iya inganta hulɗar iyali da kulawa.
motsi na birni na lambu na Ebenezer Howard da tasirin mata na Charlotte Perkins Gilman sun taimaka wajen karfafa zane-zanen Austin. A cikin jama'a, Austin ta zaɓi inganta aminci da araha, kamar yadda aka kwatanta ta hanyar shirye-shiryenta na wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da gidaje masu karamin karfi ga mata masu bukata (ko dai saboda cin zarafi, saki, da sauransu). [3] A cikin masu zaman kansu, an tsara ta don ta'aziyya, inganci, aiki, da aikin gida na gida, wanda zai rage aikin gida a gida.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Shirye-shiryen birni
- Dolores Hayden
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hayden, Dolores (1978). "Two Utopian Feminists and Their Campaigns for Kitchenless Houses". Signs. 4 (2): 274–290. doi:10.1086/493607. JSTOR 3173026. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "autogenerated1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "American Utopia: A Brief History of Llano del Rio Cooperative Colony". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ↑ "Utopia in the Backyards". Archived from the original on 2006-05-24. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
1900 da 1910 Ƙididdigar Tarayyar Amurka 3, California (Santa Barbara) 1930 da 1940 Ƙididdigari na Tarayyar Los Angeles
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Mata masu gabatarwa na Gine-gine na Amurka, Alice Constance Austin
- Mata da Shirye-shiryen: Samar da Gaskiya ta Jima'i ta Clara H. Greed