Alkawari da sake dubawa
 Alkawari da sake dubawa |
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Alkawari da bita hanya ce don sauƙaƙe matakin kasa da kasa game da Canjin yanayi. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe kowannensu yana yin alkawarin kansu game da ayyukan da suke sa ran ɗauka don mayar da martani ga dumamar yanayi, wanda suke miƙa wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wani lokaci bayan an gabatar da alkawuran, akwai tsarin bita inda kasashe ke tantance ci gaban juna don biyan alkawuran. Sa'an nan kuma za'a iya yin ƙarin zagaye na ingantaccen alkawari, kuma tsarin zai iya ci gaba da maimaitawa.[1][2]
Alkawari da bita wani lokacin ana kiransu da hanyar ciniki; lokacin da al'ummai suka fara sanar da alkawuransu bazai saita su a dutse ba. Al'umma na iya ƙarfafa alkawarinta don mayar da martani ga alkawuran da masu fafatawa suka yi, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa ta ta kara burinta na yanayi idan ta ji cewa za ta iya yin hakan ba tare da rasa ƙasa ga abokan hamayyar kasuwanci ba. Bugu da ƙari, wani lokacin al'umma da ke jin barazanar sauyin yanayi na iya yin sulhu da ba na yanayi ba ga abokin ciniki, don dawo da su yin alkawari mai ƙarfi. Babban hanyar da za a kara alkawura, duk da haka, ita ce lokacin da tsarin ya sake maimaitawa bayan matakin bita. Kowace zagaye na gaba na alkawura ya kamata ya haɗa da karuwar matakin sadaukarwa don yaki da canjin yanayi. Saboda haka ana amfani da kwatancin ratcheting up sau da yawa, kamar yadda karfafa alkawura ya kamata ya zama tsari ne na hanya ɗaya.[1][2]
An gabatar da alkawari da sake dubawa a matsayin hanyar da za a iya sauƙaƙe aikin duniya kan canjin yanayi a cikin 1991, duk da haka ba a yi amfani da shi sosai a farkon shekarun 1990. A shekara ta 1995, al'ummomin duniya sun ki amincewa da shi, wadanda a maimakon haka suka fi son yin niyya don rage fitarwa bisa doka. Saboda kalubalen tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don karfafa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da ta samu nasara, an sake gabatar da alkawari da sake dubawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2009. Da farko an gan shi a matsayin mataki na wucin gadi, a shekarar 2015 ya zama babban tsarin kokarin kasa da kasa don karfafa sauyin yanayi. Kodayake a cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015, an watsar da sunan alkawari da sake dubawa; yanzu ana kiran alkawari a hukumance Gudummawar Ƙasa.[1][2][3]
Hanyar aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alkawura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abubuwan da ake tsammani don alkawura sun dogara da takamaiman aiwatar da alkawura-da-review. Alkawarin da aka yi wa manufofi na rage fitar da hayaki na GHG gabaɗaya babban fasalin ne, kodayake jihohi suna da cikakken 'yanci don saita inda wannan manufa take. Jihohi na iya zaɓar bayyana burinsu na raguwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, dangane da raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙarar GHG da aka fitar; don aiwatar da Paris, yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa sun haɗa da irin wannan alkawari. Duk da haka jihohi na iya yin alkawarin rage hayaki na GHG ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar kashi na ci gaban GDP. Kazalika da manufofi na rage hayaki, alkawuran na iya haɗawa da niyyar aiwatar da matakan daidaita yanayin yanayi, da kuma takamaiman manufofin daidaita yanayin masana'antu, kamar tallafi ga nau'ikan samar da Makamashi mai ɗorewa. Ba a taɓa buƙatar jihohi bisa doka don biyan alkawurran a cikin alkawuransu ba, amma ci gaban su yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa.[2][3]
Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daidaitaccen tsarin sake dubawa ya bambanta dangane da takamaiman aiwatarwa, kuma ra'ayin sake dubawa yana aiki a matakai da yawa. Al'ummai suna nazarin alkawuransu lokaci-lokaci, tare da la'akari da hanyar da za a kara da burin. Alkawura, duka matakin sadaukarwar da suke ƙunshe da shi, da kuma ci gaba na gaske wajen cimma wannan, ana kuma sake dubawa a duniya, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin UNFCCC. Duk da yake tsarin sake dubawa na yau da kullun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke gudanarwa yana da niyyar zama ba mai adawa ba, jihohi na iya fuskantar sake dubawa ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wanda zai iya ɗaukar suna da kunya tsarin kunya, kodayake yana iya zaɓar "yabon da ƙarfafa" ƙasashe waɗanda ke yin fiye da takwarorinsu don iyakance canjin yanayi. A cikin aiwatar da alkawarin da aka amince da shi a Paris a cikin 2015, wani matakin bita shine Global stocktake, inda ake kimanta alkawarin da kasashe na duniya suka yi gaba ɗaya.[2][3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Japan ce ta fara gabatar da tsarin alkawari da bita a shekarar 1991. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1990, don mayar da martani ga barazanar canjin yanayi, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Kwamitin Tattaunawa na Gwamnati don Yarjejeniyar Tsarin kan Canjin Yanayi. Ya zama bayyananne cewa samun kasashe[bayanin 1] don yin alkawarin yin amfani da manufofi na fitar da hayaki zai zama mafi ƙalubale ga hayaki na gas (GHG) fiye da yadda ya kasance ga hayaki da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen sulfur da raguwar layin ozone. Tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya da Faransa, Japan ta ba da shawara don tsarin alkawari da bita a matsayin madadin. Kasashe daban-daban sun ki amincewa da ra'ayin, duk da haka, an haɗa nau'in alkawari da sake dubawa ne kawai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a lokacin da aka sanya hannu a taron koli na duniya na 1992. An ki amincewa da tsarin alkawari da sake dubawa a Taron farko na Jam'iyyun (COP) wanda ya faru a Berlin, 1995. An mayar da hankali ga tattaunawar da aka yi niyya don ƙaddamar da ƙarancin fitarwa bisa doka, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997 ta nuna.[1]
Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kawai tana da niyyar sanya manufofi na rage hayaki a kan jam'iyyun Annex (yawanci daidai da kasashe masu ci gaba da masana'antu a ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da wasu daga cikin tattalin arzikin da ke cikin sauyawa). Kasashen da ba na Annex ba, gami da manyan masu watsawa kamar China, ba su da manufofi kwata-kwata. Ko da ƙasashen da aka haɗa ba duk sun yarda da burin ragewa ba, musamman Amurka. A taron koli na Copenhagen na 2009, babban abin da aka mayar da hankali shi ne karfafa burin rage fitarwa. Wannan ya gaza. A matsayin ma'auni na baya, Australia ta ba da shawarar farfado da tsarin alkawari da sake dubawa na son rai. Duk da yake an ki amincewa da tsarin don tallafi gaba ɗaya, kasashe 89 sun gabatar da irin wannan alkawarin, gami da kasashe membobin EU 27 waɗanda suka ba da alkawarin haɗin gwiwa. 47 daga cikin wadannan kasashe ba kasashe ne da ba na Annex ba. Kasashen da suka yi alkawarin Copenhagen sun kasance suna da alhakin kusan 80% na hayakin GHG na duniya, fiye da 25% da aka rufe da manufofin Kyoto a Lokacin sadaukarwa na farko ko 15% da aka rufe ta lokacin sadaukarwar daga baya aka amince da shi a Taron Doha na 2012 [2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Daniel Bodansky (1993). "The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary". Yale University. 18 (2). Retrieved 11 July 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Bodansky1993" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Buhr, Katarina, Susanna Roth, and Peter Stigson (2014). "Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders". Sustainability. 6 (2): 794–811. doi:10.3390/su6020794.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Positions2014" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Milkoreit M, Haapala K (2019). "The global stocktake: design lessons for a new review and ambition mechanism in the international climate regime". Int Environ Agreements. 19: 89–106. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "stock" defined multiple times with different content