Alma Speed Fox
 Alma Speed Fox | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | 18 ga Faburairu, 1923 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa |
Pittsburgh (en)  , 2022 |
| Sana'a | |
Alma Speed Fox (Fabrairu 18, 1923 - Janairu 24, 2022) 'yar Afirka ce Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama wacce aka haife ta a Cleveland, Ohio kuma tana zaune a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . An dauke ta "Uwar" kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Pittsburgh.[1]
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Alma Speed Fox a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1923 ga Beatrice Speed (née Gray) a Cleveland, Ohio . [2] Ta girma tana halartar makarantar fararen fata kuma ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha uku.[3][4] Ta koma Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a 1949 inda ta auri Gerald Fox kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar.[2] Ta fara aiki a Ofishin Ma'adinai a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka a matsayin magatakarda a shekarar 1956. Ta bar aikinta don tayar da 'ya'yanta a shekarar 1966 kuma ta sake shiga Ofishin shekaru goma bayan haka a matsayin Manajan Daidaitaccen Aiki na Yankin Gabas.
Yunkurin fafutuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]NAACP
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fox ya shiga reshen Pittsburgh na NAACP a cikin shekarun 1950. Ta shiga cikin mafi yawan tafiye-tafiye da kungiyar ta shirya da kuma zanga-zangar adawa da Kamfanin Duquesne Light . [2] Ta kasance babban darakta na reshen Pittsburgh daga 1966 zuwa 1971 [2] kuma ta kasance memba na kwamitin kasa. Ta yi aiki tare da wasu mambobin NAACP don kafa Freedom Unlimited a 1968 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar ba da riba ba. [2] Ta kasance mai halarta a kowane tafiya daga Freedom Corner a cikin shekarun 1950 da 60, kuma ta shiga cikin tafiyarta ta farko tana da shekaru 16.
A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1968, a lokacin tashin hankali bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr., ta shirya izini kuma ta sanar da hukumomi game da shirin tafiya na zaman lafiya a ranar makoki ta kasa daga Freedom Corner zuwa Point State Park . [3] [5] Ta tattauna da 'yan sanda don ba da damar ci gaba da tafiya, duk da tashin hankali, kuma ta jagoranci masu zanga-zangar 3,500 a cikin gari. Sun gamu da 'yan sanda a cikin kayan tashin hankali da ke toshe Center Avenue kuma Fox ya shiga ƙarƙashin ƙafafun wani jami'in don ci gaba da tafiya kuma an kama shi. Byrd Brown, shugaban sashen Pittsburgh na NAACP, da David Craig, darektan tsaro na jama'a ne suka tattauna da za a sake ta, kodayake ta ki barin motar 'yan sanda har sai an ba da izinin ci gaba da tafiya.[5][6] Ɗansu, Carl, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsaron ƙasa waɗanda suka yi sintiri a kan titin daga baya a wannan dare.[7]
Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ina Braden da Wilma Scott Heide sun karfafa Fox don shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW) amma da farko ta yi jinkiri yayin da ta ji cewa "ba ta buƙatar wani juyin juya hali". : 190-191 Ta taimaka wajen shirya zanga-zangar a shekarar 1968, tana buƙatar Sears ta hayar karin ma'aikatan baƙar fata kamar yadda shagon a Gabashin Liberty yana da ma'aikatan Black goma sha biyu kawai daga cikin jimlar 500. Fox ya yi aiki tare da NAACP don yin zanga-zanga a shagon, tare da gudanar da zaman tare da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da NOW, Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA) da Mata a cikin Rikicin Birane. Wannan zanga-zangar ta samu nasarar shawo kan Sears don kara yawan ma'aikatanta na Black da kashi 30 kuma ta shawo kan Fox don shiga NOW. [8][2] : 190-191 Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen East Hills na NOW kuma ɗaya daga cikin kujerun ƙungiyar siyasa ta mata ta Pennsylvania. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin kasa da kwamitin Gwen's Girls . Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili na Pennsylvania a taron mata na kasa na 1978.[2]
Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamna Milton Shapp ne ya nada ta a matsayin co-shugaba, tare da Lynn Scheffey, a Hukumar Gwamna kan Matsayin Mata wanda aka kafa a watan Fabrairun 1972 don aiwatar da tanadin Pennsylvania Equal Rights Amendment. ::200">: 200 Tare da Jo Ann Evansgardner, ta kasance shugabar yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Shirley Chisholm a Pennsylvania . [9] : 208 A shekara ta 1975, Fox ya gudu don zama a Majalisar Birnin Pittsburgh don yanki na 13.[9] ::215 Ta kuma kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Hulɗa da Dan Adam ta Pittsburgh na tsawon shekaru talatin tsakanin 1972 da 2002 kuma memba na Hukumar Gidajen Pittsburgh. [10] [11]
Rayuwa da gado na baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Pennsylvania NOW ta girmama ta tare da lambar yabo ta Wilma Scott Heide Pioneer Feminist a shekara ta 2007. [2] An girmama ta a cikin wani nune-nunen da ake kira "In Sisterhood: The Women's Movement in Pittsburgh" a Cibiyar Pittsburgh don Fasaha a watan Janairun 2009. An girmama ta da maɓalli ga birnin Pittsburgh, mafi girman girmamawar farar hula, daga Magajin garin Bill Peduto a wani bikin a watan Oktoba 2018. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi maɓalli daga Peduto.
Fox ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2022, yana da shekaru 98.
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, birnin Pittsburgh ya ba da suna Kirkpatrick Street a cikin Gundumar Hill "Alma Speed Fox Way" [12]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Ingram, Sheldon (2022-01-25). "Alma Speed Fox remembered as 'the mother of local Civil Rights Movement' dies at 98". WTAE (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-11.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Alma Speed Fox". In Sisterhood (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-31. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 Stevens Kane, Kelli (January 28, 2015). "The Chronicle of Alma Speed Fox". Carnegie Museum of Art: Storyboard (in Turanci). Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- ↑ admin. "VFA PIONEER HISTORIES PROJECT: ALMA SPEED FOX". Veteran Feminists of America (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-31.
- 1 2 Ruby, Emily (2013). "1968: The Year that Rocked Pittsburgh". Western Pennsylvania History (in Turanci). ISSN 1525-4755.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:92 - ↑ "Alma Speed Fox". In Sisterhood (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-31.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:62 - ↑ "Local leaders honorarily name street in Hill District after Pittsburgh's 'mother of Civil Rights'". WPXI (in Turanci). 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2024-04-02.