Amawali na Tutankhamun

Amawali na Tutankhamun
	death mask (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1323 "BCE" da 1334 "BCE"
Laƙabi	Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun
Maƙirƙiri	unknown value
Present in work (en)	Pang! 3 (en) da Tutankham (en)
Depicts (en)	Tutankhamun (en) , Neferneferuaten (en) , Uraeus (en) da vulture (en)
Zangon lokaci	Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira	Howard Carter (mul)
Time of discovery or invention (en)	28 Oktoba 1925
Location of discovery (en)	Kabarin Tutankhamen
Location of creation (en)	Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
Fabrication method (en)	repoussé (en)
Wuri
	30°02′52″N 31°14′00″E / 30.047778°N 31.233333°E

Amawalin Tutankhamun wani abin rufe fuska ne na jana'izar gwal wanda mallakar Tutankhamun ne, wanda ya yi sarauta akan Sabuwar Masarautar Masar daga 1332 BC zuwa 1323 BC, a lokacin daular sha takwas. Bayan an binne shi tare da mummy na Tutankhamun sama da shekaru 3,000, an gano shi a cikin 1925 bayan gano kabarin Tutankhamun shekaru uku da suka gabata da masanin kayan tarihi na Burtaniya Howard Carter ya yi a kwarin Sarakuna. Tun daga wannan lokacin ake baje kolin kayayyakin tarihi na Masar da ke birnin Alkahira.

Da yake ɗauke da kamannin Osiris, allahn ƙasar Masar na lahira, abin rufe fuska yana da tsayin santimita 54 (inci 21.3), yana yin nauyi sama da kilogiram 10 (22 lb) ko 321.5 troy ounces, kuma an ƙawata shi da duwatsu masu daraja. An rubuta wani sihiri daga Littafin Matattu a cikin hieroglyphs na Masar a kan kafadunsa. A cikin 2015, dole ne a maido da shi bayan gemunsa mai nauyin kilogiram 2.5 (5.5 lb) ya faɗo kuma ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya suka manne da shi cikin gaggawa.^[1]

A cewar Masanin Masarautar Burtaniya da masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Nicholas Reeves, abin rufe fuska shine "ba wai kawai hoto mai mahimmanci daga kabarin Tutankhamun ba, watakila shine abin da aka fi sani da shi daga tsohuwar Masar da kanta."^[2]

Ganowa

Karin bayani: Gano kabarin Tutankhamun

An gano dakin binne Tutankhamun a Theban Necropolis a cikin kwarin Sarakuna a 1922 kuma an bude shi a 1923. Za a yi wasu shekaru biyu kafin tawagar tonowar, karkashin jagorancin masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Ingila Howard Carter, ya sami damar bude babban sarcophagus dauke da mummy Tutankhamun. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1925, sun buɗe bakin ciki na akwatuna uku don bayyana abin rufe fuska na zinare, wanda aka gani a karon farko cikin kusan shekaru 3,250. Carter ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa:

An cire fil ɗin, an ɗaga murfin. The penultimate scene da aka bayyana - a sosai neatly nannade mummy na saurayi sarki, tare da zinariya abin rufe fuska na bakin ciki amma natsuwa magana, alama Osiris ... da abin rufe fuska bears cewa allah ta halaye, amma kamannin shi ne na Tut.Ankh.Amen - placid da kyau, tare da wannan fasali kamar yadda muka samu a kan mutummutumai da gawa. Maskurin ya fado kadan baya, don haka kallonsa ya mike zuwa sama.^[3]

A cikin Disamba 1925 an cire abin rufe fuska daga kabarin kuma an kai shi kilomita 635 (395 mi) zuwa gidan tarihin Masar a Alkahira, inda ya kasance a kan baje kolin jama'a.^[4]

Zane da abun da ke ciki

Maskin yana da 54 cm (inci 21) tsayi, 39.3 cm (15.5 a) faɗi da 49 cm (19 a) zurfi. An ƙera shi daga yadudduka biyu na babban karat zinariya, wanda ya bambanta daga 1.5-3 mm (0.059-0.118 in) cikin kauri, kuma yana yin awo 10.23 kg (22.6 lb). X-ray crystallography da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2007 ya bayyana cewa abin rufe fuska an yi shi da farko da jan karfe mai karat 23 na gwal don sauƙaƙe aikin sanyi da ake amfani da shi don siffanta abin rufe fuska. An rufe saman abin rufe fuska a cikin wani sirara mai sirari (kimanin nanometer 30) na gwal guda biyu daban-daban: inuwa mai karat 18.4 mai haske don fuska da wuyansa, da zinariya karat 22.5 ga sauran abin rufe fuska.^[5]

Fuskar tana wakiltar ma'auni na fir'auna, kuma wannan hoton ya samo asali ne daga masu tono a wani wuri a cikin kabarin, musamman a cikin mutum-mutumin masu kulawa. Yana sanye da mayafin sulke, wanda ke da alamar sarauta ta kungoyi (Wadjet) da ungulu (Nekhbet), wanda ke nuna alamar mulkin Tutankhamun na Masarautar Masar da Masar ta Sama. ratsan shudin kan mayafin kai gilashi ne.^[6]

An huda kunnuwa don riƙe 'yan kunne, fasalin da ya bayyana an keɓance shi don sarauniya da yara a kusan dukkanin ayyukan fasaha na Masar da suka tsira. Sai dai masanin ilmin Masar Zahi Hawass, wanda tsohon ministan tarihi na kasar Masar ne, ya shaida wa jaridar Al-Monitor cewa "ka'idar huda kunne ba ta da tushe domin dukkan sarakunan daular ta 18 sun sanya 'yan kunne a lokacin mulkinsu".

An ɗora abin rufe fuska tare da gilashin launi da duwatsu masu daraja, ciki har da lapis lazuli (ido kewaye da gira), quartz (idanun), obsidian (alalibai), carnelian, amazonite, turquoise, da faience.^[7]

Gemu

Lokacin da aka gano shi a cikin 1925, gemu mai nauyin kilo 2.5 (5.5lb) kunkuntar gwal, wanda aka sanya shi da gilashin shuɗi, yana ba shi tasiri mai kyau, ya rabu da abin rufe fuska, amma an sake haɗa shi zuwa ga chin ta amfani da dowel na katako a 1944.^[8]

Manazarta

↑ Reeves 2015, p. 522
↑ Marianne Eaton-Krauss (2015). The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4725-7561-6.
↑ "Howard Carter's excavation diaries (transcripts and scans)". The Griffith Institute. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
↑ "Funerary golden mask of King Tutankhamun". Egyptian Museum Cairo. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
↑ Uda, M.; Ishizaki, A.; Baba, M. (2014). "Tutankhamun's Golden Mask and Throne". In Kondo, Jiro (ed.). Quest for the Dreams of the Pharaohs: Studies in Honour of Sakuji Yoshimura. Cairo: Ministry of State for Antiquities. pp. 149–177. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2021
↑ Tyldesley, Joyce (27 October 2022). TUTANKHAMUN: 100 years after the discovery of his tomb leading Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley unpicks the misunderstandings around the boy king's life, death and legacy. Headline. ISBN 978-1-4722-8987-2.
↑ Alessandro Bongioanni; Maria Sole Croce (2003). The Treasures of Ancient Egypt from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Rizzoli. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-7893-0986-0.
↑ Liam Stack (16 December 2015). "Repaired King Tut mask back on display in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015

[1] Reeves 2015, p. 522

[2] Marianne Eaton-Krauss (2015). The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4725-7561-6.

[3] "Howard Carter's excavation diaries (transcripts and scans)". The Griffith Institute. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.

[4] "Funerary golden mask of King Tutankhamun". Egyptian Museum Cairo. Retrieved 27 December 2024.

[5] Uda, M.; Ishizaki, A.; Baba, M. (2014). "Tutankhamun's Golden Mask and Throne". In Kondo, Jiro (ed.). Quest for the Dreams of the Pharaohs: Studies in Honour of Sakuji Yoshimura. Cairo: Ministry of State for Antiquities. pp. 149–177. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2021

[6] Tyldesley, Joyce (27 October 2022). TUTANKHAMUN: 100 years after the discovery of his tomb leading Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley unpicks the misunderstandings around the boy king's life, death and legacy. Headline. ISBN 978-1-4722-8987-2.

[7] Alessandro Bongioanni; Maria Sole Croce (2003). The Treasures of Ancient Egypt from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Rizzoli. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-7893-0986-0.

[8] Liam Stack (16 December 2015). "Repaired King Tut mask back on display in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015

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