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Ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ambaliyar bakin teku a lokacin Guguwar Lili a shekara ta 2002 a kan babbar Hanyar Louisiana 1 (Amurka)

Ambaliyar bakin teku tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwan teku ya cika ƙasar da ruwa.[1] Yankin ambaliyar bakin teku shine sakamakon hauhawar ruwan ambaliyar da ke shiga cikin ƙasa wanda ke sarrafawa ta hanyar Yanayin ƙasa bakin teku da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa.[1][2] Ruwan teku na iya ambaliya ƙasar ta hanyoyi daban-daban: ambaliyar ruwa kai tsaye, wucewa ko karya shingen.[3] Ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku[4] galibi abu ne na halitta. Saboda tasirin canjin yanayi (misali hauhawar matakin teku da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi mai tsanani) da kuma karuwar yawan mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku, lalacewar da ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar ya kara tsanantawa kuma ana shafar mutane da yawa.[5]

Yankunan bakin teku wani lokacin ana ambaliya da hawan ruwa mai yawa, kamar hawan Ruwa na bazara, musamman idan manyan iskõki da hawan guguwa suka haɗa su. Wannan shi ne dalilin Ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta 1953 wanda ya mamaye manyan yankuna na Netherlands da gabar gabashin Ingila.[6][7]

Lokacin da mutane suka canza yanayin bakin teku wannan na iya sa ambaliyar bakin teku ta fi muni.[8][9][10][11] Cire ruwa daga tafkunan ruwa a yankin bakin teku na iya haifar da raguwar ƙasar, don haka kara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.[9] Tsarin kariya na injiniya a bakin tekun, kamar Ganuwar teku, suna canza hanyoyin halitta na rairayin bakin teku. Wannan na iya haifar da rushewa a kan iyakar bakin teku wanda kuma ke kara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.[8][11][12][13]

Ana gudanar da raguwa da sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa ta bakin teku ta amfani da hanyoyin tsari don riƙewa ko sake tura ruwan ambaliyar. Hanyoyin da ba na tsari ba sun haɗa da gudanar da bakin teku, amsawar halayyar da kuma ma'aikata don daidaitawa da matakai. Tsaro na halitta sun haɗa da siffofi na zahiri kamar sanduna da tsarin yashi, amma kuma tsarin halittu kamar gishiri, seagrass da mangrove da ke da aikin buffering. Mangroves, wetlands da seagrass praws galibi ana la'akari da su don samar da muhimmiyar kariya daga guguwar guguwa, tsunamis, da kuma yaduwar bakin teku ta hanyar ikon su na rage ƙarfin guguwa.[14][15][16] Don kare yankin bakin teku daga ambaliyar ruwa, ya kamata a kare tsaron halitta kuma a kiyaye su a misali Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). [17]

Nau'o'in

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Ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, wanda kuma ake kira ambaliyar ruwa, yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ambaliyar bakin teku. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru bakwai da suka gabata.[18]

Ruwan teku na iya ambaliya ƙasar ta hanyoyi daban-daban:

  • Ambaliyar ruwa kai tsaye - inda tsawo na teku ya wuce tsawo na ƙasar, sau da yawa inda raƙuman ruwa ba su gina shingen halitta kamar dune ba
  • Overtopping na shingen - shingen na iya zama na halitta ko na ɗan adam-injiniya kuma overtopping yana faruwa ne saboda yanayin kumburi a lokacin guguwa ko manyan raƙuman ruwa sau da yawa a kan budewa na bakin teku.[3] Tsawon raƙuman ruwa ya wuce tsawo na shingen kuma ruwa yana gudana a saman shingen don ambaliya ƙasar da ke bayanta. Overtopping na iya haifar da saurin gudu wanda zai iya lalata adadi mai yawa na ƙasa wanda zai iya rushe tsarin tsaro.[19]
  • Rushewar shingen - kuma shingen na iya zama na halitta (dune yashi) ko injiniyan mutum (bango na teku), kuma fashewa yana faruwa a kan iyakar da aka fallasa ga manyan raƙuman ruwa. Rashin hankali yana faruwa ne lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka rushe ko kuma suka lalata shingen wanda ke ba da damar ruwan teku ya faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa kuma ya ambaliya yankuna

Dalilan da suka haifar

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   Ambaliyar bakin teku na iya haifar da dalilai daban-daban ciki har da guguwa guguwa kamar guguwa da Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, hauhawar matakan teku saboda canjin yanayi da tsunami.

Hadari na guguwa daga Guguwar Carol a cikin 1954

Guguwa da guguwa

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guguwa, gami da guguwa da guguwar wurare masu zafi, na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar guguwar guguwa wacce ta fi girma fiye da yadda aka saba.[1][20] Idan wani hadari ya faru ya dace da babban hawan sararin samaniya, ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa na iya faruwa.[21] Hawan guguwa ya ƙunshi matakai uku:

  1. saitin iska
  2. Tsarin barometric
  3. saitin raƙuman ruwa

Iska da ke hurawa a kan iyaka (daga teku zuwa ƙasa) na iya haifar da ruwa ya 'tattara' a kan bakin teku; wannan an san shi da saitin iska. Rashin Matsin yanayi yana da alaƙa da tsarin guguwa kuma wannan yana ƙara matakin teku; wannan saitin barometric ne. A ƙarshe karuwar tsawo na raƙuman ruwa yana haifar da matakin ruwa mafi girma a cikin yankin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, wanda shine saitin raƙuman. Wadannan matakai guda uku suna hulɗa don ƙirƙirar raƙuman ruwa waɗanda zasu iya wucewa ta halitta da tsarin kariya na bakin teku don haka shiga cikin ruwan teku fiye da yadda aka saba.[21][22]

Hawan matakin teku

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Ruwan ruwa

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Ruwan ruwa a rana mai haske, a lokacin "king tides" a Brickell, Miami a cikin shekarar 2016
Gidan karshe da ya rage a Tsibirin Holland wanda ya rushe kuma an rushe shi a cikin shekarun 2010 yayin da rushewa da raƙuman ruwa suka kai tushe.
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Raƙuman Tsunami

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Yankunan bakin teku na iya ambaliyar ruwa sosai sakamakon raƙuman Tsunami [23] wanda ke yaduwa ta cikin teku sakamakon motsi na ruwa mai mahimmanci ta hanyar girgizar ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, da ƙuƙwalwar kankara. Har ila yau, akwai shaidu da za su ba da shawarar cewa babbar tsunami ta haifar a baya ta hanyar tasirin meteor a cikin teku.[24] Raƙuman ruwa na tsunami suna da mummunar lalacewa saboda saurin raƙuman ruwa masu zuwa, tsawo na raƙuman ruwan lokacin da suka isa ƙasa, kuma tarkace ruwa yayin da yake gudana a ƙasa na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa.[23][15]

Dangane da girman raƙuman tsunami da ambaliyar ruwa, zai iya haifar da mummunan rauni wanda ke buƙatar tsoma baki na kariya wanda ke hana mummunan sakamako. An ruwaito cewa fiye da mutane 200,000 ne suka mutu a girgizar kasa da tsunami da ta biyo baya da ta mamaye Tekun Indiya, a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, Shekara ta 2004. [25] Ba a ambaci ba, cututtuka da yawa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa ne daga hauhawar jini zuwa cututtukan huhu masu tasowa.[25]

Tasirin

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Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki

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Yankin bakin teku (yankin da ke cikin nisan kilomita 100 daga bakin teku da kuma tsawo na mita 100 na matakin teku) gida ne ga yawancin jama'ar duniya.[26][27] Fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar duniya da kashi 65 cikin dari na biranen da ke da yawan jama'a sama da mutane miliyan biyar suna cikin yankin bakin teku.[28] Baya ga yawan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa, waɗannan cibiyoyin birane na bakin teku suna samar da adadi mai yawa na Gross Domestic Product (GDP) na duniya.[27]

Rayuwar mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci, da ababen more rayuwa na birni kamar hanyoyi, layin dogo, da masana'antu duk suna cikin haɗarin ambaliyar bakin teku tare da yiwuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[29][30][31] girgizar ƙasa da Tsunami na baya-bayan nan a Indonesia a shekara ta 2004 da kuma a Japan a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 a bayyane ya nuna lalacewar ambaliyar bakin teku da za ta iya haifar. Za a iya samun farashi na tattalin arziki na kai tsaye idan rairayin bakin teku masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki sun lalace wanda ke haifar da asarar yawon bude ido a yankunan da suka dogara da kyawawan rairayin kan.[32]

Tasirin muhalli

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Ambaliyar bakin teku na iya haifar da tasirin muhalli iri-iri a kan ma'auni daban-daban na sararin samaniya da na lokaci. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya halaka wuraren zama na bakin teku kamar wuraren da ke bakin teku da kuma bakin teku kuma yana iya lalata tsarin dunes.[19][33][32][34] Wadannan wurare suna da halayyar halittu masu yawa saboda haka ambaliyar ruwa ta bakin teku na iya haifar da asarar halittu masu mahimmanci da yiwuwar lalacewar jinsuna.[23] Baya ga wannan, waɗannan siffofin bakin teku sune tsarin kariya na halitta na bakin teku game da raƙuman ruwa; ambaliyar ruwa na bakin teku da hauhawar matakin teku na iya haifar da rage wannan kariya ta halitta ta ba da damar raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa su shiga cikin ƙasa mafi girma wanda ke kara lalacewa da haɓaka ambaliyar bakin teku.[33] "Zuwa Shekarar 2050, ana sa ran ambaliyar ruwa mai "matsakaici" (yawanci mai lalacewa) za ta faru, a matsakaici, fiye da sau 10 sau da yawa kamar yadda yake a yau, kuma abubuwan cikin gida zasu iya karawa. "[35]

ambaliyar ruwa mai tsawo bayan ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da gishiri na ƙasa mai amfanin gona don haka ya haifar da asarar yawan aiki na dogon lokaci.[1][32] Sakamakon salinization na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da matakan teku da ke tashi da kuma bambancin yanayin hazo, yana tasiri ga samar da aikin gona, wanda ke kaiwa ga karancin abinci da ruwa.[36] Ana iya kashe amfanin gona da gandun daji gaba ɗaya ta hanyar salination na ƙasa ko kuma a shafe su ta hanyar motsi na ambaliyar ruwa.[33] Rashin ruwa mai laushi na bakin teku ciki har da tabkuna, lagoons, da ruwa mai lauri na bakin teku na iya shafar shigar Ruwan gishiri.[19][33][34] Wannan na iya lalata waɗannan ruwa a matsayin wuraren zama ga kwayoyin ruwa mai laushi da kuma tushen ruwan sha ga garuruwa da birane.[33][34]

Ragewa da sarrafawa

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Kula da ambaliyar ruwa

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Hanyoyin da ba na tsari ba

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Idan ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi tsarin ɗan adam, ana buƙatar daidaitawa ga yadda wannan tsarin ke aiki a bakin tekun ta hanyar canje-canje na halayyar da na ma'aikata, waɗannan canje-canje sune abin da ake kira hanyoyin da ba na tsari ba na amsawar ambaliyar bakin teku.[37]

Dokokin gini, yanki na haɗari na bakin teku, tsara ci gaban birane, yada haɗari ta hanyar inshora, da haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a wasu hanyoyin cimma wannan ne.[33][37][32] Daidaitawa da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi idan farashin gine-ginen tsaro ya fi kowane fa'ida ko kuma idan matakai na halitta a wannan tsawo na bakin teku sun kara da halayensa na halitta da kyau.[38]

Wani abu mafi tsananin kuma sau da yawa yana da wuyar karɓar martani ga ambaliyar bakin teku shine barin yankin (wanda aka fi sani da janyewar sarrafawa) wanda ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa.[19] Wannan duk da haka yana haifar da batutuwa game da inda mutanen da ababen more rayuwa da abin da ya shafa za su je da kuma irin diyya da ya kamata a biya.

Tsaro na injiniya

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Groynes gine-ginen injiniya ne waɗanda ke da niyyar hana rushewa bakin rairayin bakin teku

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da mutane ke ƙoƙarin hana ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku, yawanci ta hanyar abin da ake kira tsarin injiniya mai wuya kamar shingen ambaliyar, shinge da digues.[38][39] Wannan makamai na bakin teku na al'ada ne don kare garuruwa da biranen da suka bunkasa har zuwa bakin rairayin bakin teku.[38] Inganta hanyoyin ajiya a bakin tekun na iya taimakawa hana ambaliyar ruwa. Tsarin irin su groynes, breakwaters, da kuma na wucin gadi suna inganta zubar da turɓaya a kan rairayin bakin teku don haka taimakawa wajen hana raƙuman guguwa da hawan guguwa yayin da ake kashe ƙarfin motsi a kan motsi a cikin rairayin kan motsi ruwa a cikin ƙasa.[39]

Tsaro na halitta

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Mangroves suna daya daga cikin tsarin kariya na halitta na bakin teku daga guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Babban biomass din su a sama da ƙasa na iya taimakawa wajen kawar da ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa.

Yankunan bakin teku suna samar da tsarin kariya na halitta don karewa daga ambaliyar bakin teku. Wadannan sun hada da siffofi na zahiri kamar sanduna da tsarin yashi, amma kuma tsarin halittu kamar gishiri, seagrass da mangrove gandun daji suna da aikin buffering. Mangroves, wetlands da seagrass praws galibi ana la'akari da su don samar da muhimmiyar kariya daga guguwar guguwa, tsunamis, da kuma yaduwar bakin teku ta hanyar ikon su na rage ƙarfin guguwa.[14][15][16] Don kare yankin bakin teku daga ambaliyar ruwa, ya kamata a kare tsaron halitta kuma a kiyaye su a misali Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). [17]

Abubuwa masu tsawo da bincike

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Rage hauhawar matakin teku na duniya hanya ce ta hana ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a yankunan bakin teku. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar kara rage hayakin gas. Koyaya, koda kuwa an sami raguwar fitarwa mai yawa, tuni akwai hauhawar matakin teku mai yawa a nan gaba.[33] Manufofin sauyin yanayi na kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Paris suna neman rage tasirin canjin yanayi na gaba, gami da hauhawar matakin teku. Bugu da kari, ana sanya matakan da suka fi dacewa na injiniya da kariya ta halitta don hana ambaliyar bakin teku.

Misalan

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Shingen Thames yana ba da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ga London, Burtaniya.
Babban ambaliyar ruwa a New Orleans sakamakon Guguwar Katrina da gazawar tsarin kariya na ambaliyar gari

Misalan kasashe da ke da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da:

  • Netherlands: Kula da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Netherlands
  • Bangladesh: Ambaliyar ruwa a Bangladesh
  • Biritaniya: Shingen Thames yana daya daga cikin Landan shingen ambaliyar ruwa a duniya kuma yana aiki don kare London daga ambaliyar ambaliyar a lokacin da hawan ruwa da guguwa suka fi girma.[34][40] Za'a iya ɗaga shingen a lokacin babban ruwa don hana ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye London kuma ana iya saukar da shi don fitar da ruwan sama daga tafkin Thames.
  • New Zealand: Ambaliyar ruwa na yankin bakin teku na Kudancin Canterbury Plains a New Zealand na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsawo, wanda zai iya shafar yawan aikin gona na makiyaya na shekaru da yawa.[1]
  • Caribbean: Hawan matakan teku, ci gaban yawan jama'a, da kuma matsanancin yanayi irin su El Niño ana sa ran fallasa mutane sama da miliyan 9 da ƙasa mai yawa da ababen more rayuwa ga ambaliyar bakin teku a ƙarshen karni na 21, yana nuna bukatar gaggawa don daidaitawa da dabarun rage haɗari.[41]

Guguwar Katrina a New Orleans

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guguwa Katrina ta fadi a matsayin guguwa ta rukuni na 3 a kan sikelin iska na guguwar Saffir-Simpson, yana nuna cewa ya zama guguwa mai matsakaici kawai.[22] Koyaya, mummunar lalacewar da ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar shine sakamakon mafi girman guguwar da aka rubuta a Arewacin Amurka.[22] Kwanaki da yawa kafin zuwan Katrina, saitin raƙuman ruwa ya haifar da iskõki masu ɗorewa na juyawa na cyclonic na tsarin. Wannan raƙuman ruwa masu tsawo da aka kafa tare da ƙananan matsin lamba na tsakiya yana nufin an haifar da guguwa mai yawa.[42] Hadarin guguwa ya mamaye kuma ya karya madatsun ruwa da ganuwar ambaliyar da aka nufa don kare birnin daga ambaliyar ruwa.[14][22][42] Abin takaici, New Orleans tana da saukin ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko, yawancin New Orleans yana ƙasa da matakin teku kuma yana da iyaka da Kogin Mississippi don haka kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa daga teku da kogin ya dogara da tsarin injiniya. Canjin amfani da ƙasa da gyare-gyare ga tsarin halitta a cikin Kogin Mississippi sun sa tsaron halitta ga birnin ya zama mara tasiri. An lissafa asarar wuri mai laushi a kusa da murabba'in mil 1,900 (murabba'i kilomita 4,920) tun 1930. Wannan adadi ne mai mahimmanci kamar yadda aka kiyasta mil huɗu na wuri mai laushi don rage tsawo na guguwar guguwa da ƙafa ɗaya (30 centimeters). [14]

Wani ƙauye kusa da gabar tekun Sumatra ya lalace a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2005 bayan mummunar Tsunami da ta auku a ranar Boxing a shekarar 2004

Tsunami da suka shafi girgizar ƙasa ta Indonesia da Japan

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A shekara ta 2004 girgizar ƙasa da Tsunami na Tekun Indiya: Girgizar kasa mai kimanin 9.0 ta auku a bakin tekun Sumatra, Indonesia ta haifar da yaduwar tsunami mai yawa a duk Tekun Indiya.[15] Wannan tsunami ya haifar da asarar rayukan ɗan adam, an ba da rahoton kimanin mutane 280,000 - 300,000 kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ƙauyuka, garuruwa, da birane da kuma yanayin jiki.[23] Tsarin halitta da wuraren zama da aka lalata ko lalace sun haɗa da coral reefs, mangroves, rairayin bakin teku, da gadajen seagrass.[15] Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na baya-bayan nan a Japan a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 (girgizar ƙasa ta Tōhoku da tsunami) suma suna nuna ikon lalacewa na tsunami da rikice-rikicen ambaliyar bakin teku.

Dubi kuma

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  • Shawarwarin ambaliyar ruwa, tsaro, gargadi (Amurka)
  • Gudanar da bakin teku
  • Ambaliyar ruwa
  • Rashin ruwan gishiri

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ramsay & Bell 2008
  2. ↑ Doornkamp 1998.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Almar, Rafael; Ranasinghe, Roshanka; Bergsma, Erwin W. J.; Diaz, Harold; et al. (18 June 2021). "A global analysis of extreme coastal water levels with implications for potential coastal overtopping". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 3775. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.3775A. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24008-9. PMC 8213734 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34145274 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NatureComms_20210618" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2010/08/100811_nijar_ambaliya
  5. ↑ "Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood". www.climatecentral.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  6. ↑ https://amp-dw-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.dw.com/ha/ambaliyar-ruwa-ta-halaka-mutane-188/a-68980418?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539813019433&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fha%2Fambaliyar-ruwa-ta-halaka-mutane-188%2Fa-68980418
  7. ↑ https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539922003352&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ramsay & Bell 2008
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nicholls 2002
  10. ↑ Griffis 2007
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dawson et al. 2009
  12. ↑ Pope 1997
  13. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2010/08/100811_nijar_ambaliya
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Griffis 2007
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Alongi 2008
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 van de Vijsel, Roeland C.; Hernández-García, Emilio; Orfila, Alejandro; Gomila, Damià (2023-11-20). "Optimal wave reflection as a mechanism for seagrass self-organization". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 13 (1): 20278. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1320278V. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46788-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10662035 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37985847 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The Importance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)". education.nationalgeographic.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-30. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Sweet, William V.; Dusek, Greg; Obeysekera, Jayantha; Marra, John J. (February 2018). "Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the U.S. Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold" (PDF). tidesandcurrents.NOAA.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2022. Fig. 2b
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Gallien, Schubert & Sanders 2011
  20. ↑ Kurian et al. 2009
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Benavente et al. 2006
  22. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Cochard et al. 2008
  23. ↑ Goff et al. 2010
  24. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Llewellyn, CAPT Mark (2006). "Floods and Tsunamis" (PDF). The Surgical Clinics of North America. 86 (3): 557–578. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2006.02.006. PMID 16781270.
  25. ↑ Nicholls 2002
  26. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Dawson et al. 2009
  27. ↑ Hunt & Watkiss 2011
  28. ↑ Suarez et al. 2005
  29. ↑ Tomita et al. 2006
  30. ↑ Nadal et al. 2010
  31. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Snoussi, Ouchani & Niazi 2008
  32. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 Nicholls 2002
  33. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Hunt & Watkiss 2011
  34. ↑ "2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report". oceanservice.noaa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  35. ↑ "ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2025-05-09.
  36. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Dawson et al. 2011
  37. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Pope 1997
  38. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Short & Masselink 1999
  39. ↑ Horner 1986
  40. ↑ Reguero, Borja G.; Losada, Iñigo J.; Díaz-Simal, Pedro; Méndez, Fernando J.; Beck, Michael W. (2015). "Effects of Climate Change on Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Latin America and the Caribbean". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0133409. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1033409R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133409. PMC 4503776. PMID 26177285.
  41. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Ebersole et al. 2010

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