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Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2010 a Pakistan

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Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2010 a Pakistan
ambaliya
Bayanai
Ƙasa Pakistan
Kwanan wata ga Yuli, 2010
Wuri

 

Bayyanar kogin Swat a cikin ambaliyar 2010
Kogin Swat ya wanke daga gadar a Upper Swat

Ambaliyar ruwa a Pakistan ta fara ne a ƙarshen watan Yulin 2010, sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab da, yankunan Balochistan na Pakistan, wanda ya shafi Kogin Indus. Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimlar ƙasar Pakistan ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa, tare da lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa yana fuskantar babban lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu (fiye da kashi 90% na duk mutuwar da ta faru a lardin).[1][2] A duk faɗin ƙasa, akwai mutuwar mutane 1985 . Dangane da bayanan Gwamnatin Pakistan, Ambaliyar ta shafi kusan mutane miliyan 20, galibi ta hanyar lalata dukiya, rayuwa da ababen more rayuwa.[3] 

Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da farko ya nemi dala miliyan 460 (Yuro miliyan 420) don taimakon gaggawa, yana mai lura da cewa ambaliyar ita ce mafi munin bala'i da ya taba gani. Kashi 20% ne kawai na kudaden agaji da aka nema an karbe su a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 2010. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta damu da cewa taimakon ba ya isa da sauri, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa mutane miliyan goma sha ruwa mara kyau. Tattalin arzikin Pakistan ya lalace ta hanyar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da amfanin gona.[4] An kiyasta lalacewar gine-gine ya wuce dala biliyan 4 (Yuro biliyan 2.5), kuma an kiyasta lalacen amfanin gona na alkama ya wuce dala miliyan 500 (Yuro miliyan 425).[5] Cikakken tasirin tattalin arziki na iya zama kusan dala biliyan 43 (Yuro biliyan 35).[6][7]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Ruwan sama ne ya haifar da ambaliyar.[8] Taswirar ruwan sama da NASA ta buga ya nuna ruwan sama mai tsanani wanda aka danganta ga La Niña.[9] A ranar 21 ga Yuni, Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Pakistan ta yi gargadi cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta birane da ta faru daga Yuli zuwa Satumba a sassan arewacin kasar.[10] Wannan sashen ya rubuta sama da matsakaicin ruwan sama a cikin watanni na Yuli da Agusta 2010 kuma ya sa ido kan ci gaban ambaliyar ruwa.[11][12] Matsayin fitarwa sun kasance daidai da na ambaliyar ruwa ta 1988, 1995, da 1997. [13] Ruwan sama na shekara ta 2010 a duk ƙasar ya kasance mafi girma tun 1994 kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.[14]

Binciken da Jami'ar Jihar Utah ta yi ya yi ya yi nazarin rashin daidaituwa na yanayi, yaduwar danshi, da fasalulluka na yaduwa kuma sakamakon yana tallafawa karuwar rashin daidaituwa a lokacin watan Yuli, tare da karuwar yawan abubuwan ruwan sama mai yawa. Karin aikin convective a lokacin pre-monsoon ya yarda da ƙaruwa da aka tsara a cikin tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa a arewacin Pakistan. Binciken yaduwar yaduwa mai girma ya nuna wani abu mai banƙyama a kan da yammacin Pakistan - fasalin da ke da alaƙa da raunin ruwan sama.[15] Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yaduwar da ba ta dace ba a cikin 2010 ba ta da yawa amma a maimakon haka wani bangare ne na yanayin dogon lokaci wanda ke ƙin alaƙar da ke da karfi tare da anticyclone mai ban mamaki a cikin troposphere na sama. Wani labarin a cikin Sabon Masanin Kimiyya ya danganta dalilin ruwan sama na musamman ga "tsuntsu" na jet stream, wani sabon abu wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da raƙuman zafi da gobarar daji da ba a taɓa gani ba a Rasha da kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta Ingila ta 2007.[16][17]

Wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Sojojin Amurka yana tashi a kan yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa

Don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar Kogin Indus da ta gabata a cikin 1973 da 1976, Pakistan ta kirkiro Hukumar Ambaliyar Tarayya (FFC) a cikin 1977. FFC tana aiki a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Pakistan. An caje shi da aiwatar da ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da kare rayuka da dukiyar Pakistanis daga tasirin ambaliyar. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi FFC ta sami Rs 87.8 biliyan (kimanin dala miliyan 900). Takardun FFC sun nuna cewa an fara ayyukan da yawa, an ba da kuɗi kuma an kammala su, amma rahotanni sun nuna cewa ba a yi aiki sosai ba saboda rashin jagoranci da cin hanci da rashawa.[18]

Ambaliyar ruwa da tasirin

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Ambaliyar ruwa

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Hotunan tauraron dan adam na kwarin Indus na sama, kwatanta matakan ruwa a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2009 (sama) da 31 ga Yuli 2010 (kasa)

An yi hasashen ruwan sama zai ci gaba zuwa farkon watan Agusta kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin mafi muni a wannan yanki shekaru 80 da suka gabata. Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton cewa sama da millimeters 200 (7.9 in) na ruwan sama ya fadi sa'o'i 24 a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa da Punjab.[19] Rubuce-rubucen 274 millimeters (10.8 in) ruwan sama ya fadi a Peshawar awanni 24; rikodin da ya gabata ya kasance 187 millimeters (7.4 in) na ruwan sama a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009.[20][21] A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, ruwan sama mai yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga hadarin Airblue Flight 202 a cikin Margalla Hills. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin an kori mutane 500,000 ko fiye daga gidajensu.[22] A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin, Manuel Bessler, shugaban Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a, ya bayyana cewa gundumomi 36 sun shiga, kuma mutane 950,000 sun kamu da cutar, kodayake a cikin rana guda, rahotanni sun kara wannan adadin zuwa miliyan daya, kuma a tsakiyar watan Agusta sun kara adadin zuwa kusan miliyan 20 da abin ya shafa.[23]

A tsakiyar watan Agusta, a cewar Hukumar Ambaliyar Tarayya (FFC), ambaliyar ta haifar da mutuwar akalla mutane 1,540, yayin da mutane 2,088 suka samu rauni, gidaje 557,226 sun lalace, kuma sama da mutane miliyan 6 sun rasa muhallinsu.[18] Wata daya bayan haka, adadin ya karu zuwa 1,781 wadanda suka mutu, 2,966 da suka ji rauni, kuma fiye da gidaje miliyan 1.89 sun lalace.[3]

Ministan yada labarai na lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mian Iftikhar Hussain, ya ce "ta'addanci ya riga ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na wannan lardin. Duk abin da ya rage ya ƙare ta waɗannan ambaliyar. " Ya kuma kira ambaliyar "mafi munin bala'i a tarihinmu. " 'Yan Pakistan miliyan huɗu sun bar da karancin abinci.

An rufe babbar Hanyar Karakoram, wacce ke haɗa Pakistan da China, bayan an lalata gada.[24] Ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa da ke gudana a Pakistan za ta yi mummunar tasiri ga yawan mutanen da suka riga sun kasance masu rauni, a cewar Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC). Baya ga duk sauran lalacewar da ambaliyar ta haifar, ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata yawancin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya a yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar, inda ta bar mazauna musamman masu saukin kamuwa da cututtukan ruwa. A Sindh, Kogin Indus ya fashe bakin kogin kusa da Sukkur a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, ya mamaye ƙauyen Mor Khan Jatoi. Shari'a da tsari sun ɓace, galibi a Sindh. Masu fashi sun yi amfani da ambaliyar ta hanyar satar gidajen da aka watsar ta amfani da jiragen ruwa.[25]

Yankunan da abin ya shafa a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2010

In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland were destroyed, and toward the southern province of Sindh. The affected crops included cotton, sugarcane, rice, pulses, tobacco and animal fodder. Floodwaters and rain destroyed 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of cotton, 200,000 acres (810 km2) acres each of rice and cane, 500,000 tonnes of wheat and 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) of animal fodder. According to the Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association, the floods destroyed 2 million bales of cotton, which increased futures prices.[26][27] 170,000 citizens (or 70% of the population) of the historic Sindh town of Thatta fled advancing flood waters on 27 August.

A tsakiyar watan Satumba ambaliyar ruwa gabaɗaya ta fara raguwa, kodayake a wasu yankuna, kamar Sindh, an ba da rahoton sabbin ambaliyar ambaliyar; yawancin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu ba su iya komawa gida ba.[28]

Ruwan sama mai yawa da aka rubuta a lokacin rigar Yuli 2010

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An yi rikodin ruwan sama mai yawa na fiye da 200 millimeters (7.9 in) a lokacin rigar kwana huɗu daga 27 zuwa 30 Yuli 2010 a lardunan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa da Punjab bisa ga bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Pakistan.[20]

Birni Ruwan sama (mm) Ruwan sama (a cikin) Lardin Bayani
Risalpur *415 16.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Islamabad 394 15.5 Babban Birnin Islamabad [20]
Murree 373 14.6 Punjab [20]
Cherat *372 14.6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Garhi Dopatta 346 13.6 Azad Kashmir [20]
Saidu Sharif *338 13.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Peshawar *333 13.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Kamra 308 12.1 Punjab [20]
Rawalakot 297 11.7 Azad Kashmir [20]
Muzaffarabad 292 11.5 Azad Kashmir [20]
Lahore 288 11.3 Punjab [20]
Mianwali *271 10.6 Punjab [20]
Jhelum 269 10.6 Punjab [20]
Ƙananan Dir 263 10.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Kohat *262 10.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Balakot 256 10.0 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Sialkot 255 10.0 Punjab [20]
Pattan 242 9.5 Azad Kashmir [20]
DIR 231 9.10 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Gujranwala 222 8.7 Punjab [20]
Dera Ismail Khan 220 8.6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [20]
Rawalpindi 219 8.6 Punjab [20]

* Yana nuna sabon rikodin.

Har ila yau, kayan aikin wutar lantarki na Pakistan sun sami mummunar rauni daga ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ya lalata kusan layin watsawa 10,000 da masu canzawa, masu ciyarwa da gidajen wutar lantarki a yankuna daban-daban da ambaliyar ta shafa. Ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ya mamaye wutar lantarki ta Jinnah Hydro. Lalacewar ta haifar da karancin wutar lantarki na 3.135 gigawatts.[29]

Cututtukan cututtuka (misali Gastroenteritis, zawo, da cututtukan fata) saboda rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta da tsabta suna haifar da mummunar haɗari ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa.[30][31] A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, an fara rubuta cutar kwalara a garin Mingora, inda aka tsoratar da miliyoyin wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa, wadanda suka riga sun sha wahala daga gastroenteritis da zawo.[32][33] Pakistan kuma ta fuskanci barkewar zazzabin cizon sauro.[34]

Kungiyar Red Cross na Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe makamai da ba a fashe ba, kamar ma'adanai da harsashi, daga yankunan Kashmir da Waziristan kuma sun warwatse a yankunan da ke ƙasa, suna haifar da haɗari ga mazauna da suka dawo.[35]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta yanke mutane 800,000 a Pakistan kuma ana iya isa su ne kawai ta iska. Ya kuma bayyana cewa aƙalla ana buƙatar ƙarin jirage masu saukar ungulu 40 don jigilar taimakon ceto ga mutanen da ke fama da matsananciyar damuwa. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka yanke suna cikin tsaunuka na arewa maso yamma, inda aka share hanyoyi da gadoji.[36]

Ta hanyar umarnin Shugaba Asif Ali Zardari, babu wani bikin hukuma na Ranar Independence ta Pakistan ta 63 a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, saboda bala'in.[37]

Sakamakon da zai iya haifar da dogon lokaci

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Babbar da ambaliyar ta lalata

Ambaliyar ruwa

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Ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kadada miliyan (69,000 km2) na gonar amfanin gona mafi kyau a Pakistan, ta kashe dabbobi 200,000 kuma ta wanke hatsi mai yawa. Babban damuwa shi ne cewa manoma ba za su iya biyan lokacin da aka tsara don dasa sabbin tsaba a cikin 2010, wanda ya nuna asarar samar da abinci a cikin 2011, da kuma yiwuwar karancin abinci na dogon lokaci ba. Lalacewar aikin gona ya kai fiye da dala biliyan 2.9, kuma ya haɗa da sama da kadada 700,000 (2,800 km2) na amfanin gona da ya ɓace, kadada 200,000 (810 km2) na sukari da kadada 200,000 (km 8102) na shinkafa, ban da asarar sama da tan 500,000 na alkama, kadada 300,000 (1,200 km2) na abincin dabbobi da asarar hatsi da aka adana.[38]

Amfanin gona kamar auduga, shinkafa, da sukari kuma har zuwa wani matakin mango sun sha wahala sosai a Punjab, a cewar mai magana da yawun Harvest Tradings-Pakistan. Ya yi kira ga al'ummomin duniya da su shiga cikin tsarin farfadowa, da kuma farfado da amfanin gona don samun ci gaban GDP mafi kyau a nan gaba.

A cikin Multan Division da ya shafi a Kudancin Punjab, an ga wasu mutane suna shiga cikin farashin farashi a cikin wannan bala'in, suna haɓaka farashi har zuwa Rs 130 / kg. Wasu sun yi kira ga Bankin Zarai Taraqiati Limited don rubuta duk rance na noma a yankunan da abin ya shafa a Punjab, Sindh da Khyber Pukhtunkhwa musamman ga kananan manoma.[39]

A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, Shirin Abinci na Duniya ya ba da sanarwar cewa kusan kashi 70% na yawan mutanen Pakistan, galibi a yankunan karkara, ba su da isasshen damar samun abinci mai gina jiki.[40]

Ya riga ya sake farfadowa a cikin Yankunan Ƙabilar da Tarayyar Tarayya da lardin Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, lalacewar aikin gona da ambaliyar ta kawo ta bar Pakistan da ke da saukin karuwa a cikin noman poppy, saboda ƙarfin amfanin gona da kuma ƙananan abubuwan shigarwa.

Kayan aiki

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Ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata kimanin kilomita 2,433 (kilomita 3,916) na babbar hanya da kilomita 3,508 (kilomiti 5,646) na layin dogo ana sa ran gyare-gyare za su kashe akalla dala miliyan 158 da dala miliyan 131, bi da bi.[5] An kiyasta lalacewar gine-ginen jama'a a dala biliyan 1.[5] Masu ba da gudummawa sun kiyasta cewa an lalata makarantu 5,000.

Ƙauyuka masu tsayayya da yanayi

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Bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta 2010, gwamnatin Punjab ta gina ƙauyuka 22 masu tsayayya da bala'i, waɗanda suka haɗa da gidaje masu hawa ɗaya 1885, tare da makarantu da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Cibiyar Ilimi ta Yanayi da Ci Gaban ta shiga don ba da shawara kan yadda za a sa sabon ababen more rayuwa ya jimre da abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba. Manufar ita ce ya kamata ƙauyuka su samar da 'nasara sau uku' na iyakance hayaki mai guba, inganta ci gaba da gina juriya ga abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi. Yanzu an zauna, ƙauyukan samfurin sun haɗa da tsire-tsire na gas, tsarin hasken rana, wuraren kiwon dabbobi, rufin ruwa, titunan tubali, wuraren shakatawa, wuraren wasa, kasuwanni da cibiyoyin al'umma.

Tasirin siyasa

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An yi tunanin cewa sakamakon ambaliyar zai iya taimakawa ga fahimtar jama'a game da rashin inganci da kuma rikice-Rikicin siyasa. Wadannan tasirin siyasa na ambaliyar an kwatanta su da na guguwar Bhola ta 1970. Rashin amincewa a cikin kasar ya kai ga masu ba da gudummawa na waje. Kasa da kashi 20% na taimakon da aka yi alkawarinsa an shirya su shiga cikin gwamnati, a cewar Firayim Minista Yousuf Raza Gilani, tare da sauran suna gudana ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Amsar gwamnati ta kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya (a Balochistan da Waziristan), karuwar rikice-rikicen ɗarika a birane, karuwar bama-bamai masu kashe kansa a kan manyan cibiyoyi da alaƙa da Indiya.

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

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A ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2010, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa ambaliyar ta kashe ayyukan yi sama da miliyan 5.3, inda ta bayyana cewa "an bukaci shirye-shiryen samar da aiki masu yawa don fitar da miliyoyin mutane daga talauci wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta kara tsanantawa". [47] [48] [49] Hasashen ya kiyasta cewa yawan Ci gaban GDP na 4% kafin ambaliyar zai juya zuwa -2% zuwa -5% sannan ya biyo bayan ƙarin shekaru da yawa na ci gaban ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, Pakistan ba za ta iya biyan bashin kasafin kudin Asusun Ba da Lafiya na Duniya na 5.1% na GDP ba, kuma an saita bashin kasashen waje na dala biliyan 55 da ke akwai don girma. Ana sa ran asarar amfanin gona zai shafi masana'antar masana'antu, babbar bangaren fitarwa ta Pakistan. Rashin dabbobi sama da miliyan 10 tare da asarar sauran amfanin gona zai rage samar da aikin gona da fiye da 15%. Toyota da Unilever Pakistan sun ce ambaliyar za ta rage ci gaba, ta buƙaci rage samarwa yayin da mutane suka jimre da lalacewa. Parvez Ghias, babban jami'in kamfanin kera motoci mafi girma a Pakistan, Toyota, ya bayyana yanayin tattalin arzikin a matsayin "mai rauni". An yi hasashen tallace-tallace na mota a duk fadin kasar za su fadi har zuwa 25%, suna tilasta masu kera motoci su rage samarwa a watan Oktoba-2010 daga matakin da ya gabata na motoci 200 a kowace rana. Samar da madara ya fadi da kashi 15%, wanda ya sa farashin sayar da madara ta karu da Pk Rs 4 (5 US cents) kowace lita.[50][51][52]

Ayyukan taimako

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Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka 100827-M-3497D-145 Sojojin Pakistan da farar hula suna ba da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da kukis ga Sojojin Amurka yayin ayyukan agaji a lardin Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

A ƙarshen watan Yulin 2010, Pakistan ta yi kira ga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya don taimako wajen amsa bala'in, bayan da ta samar da jirage masu saukar ungulu ashirin da ɗaya da jiragen ruwa 150 don taimakawa mutanen da abin ya shafa, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Kasa. A wannan lokacin ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Pakistan ya samar da jirage masu saukar ungulu guda bakwai.[53] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar da ayyukan agaji kuma ta yi kira ga dala miliyan 460 (Yuro miliyan 420) don samar da taimako nan take, gami da abinci, mafaka da ruwa mai tsabta.[54] A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya ziyarci Pakistan don kula da tattauna kokarin agaji.[55][56] Wani mai magana da yawun sojojin Pakistan ya ce an tura sojoji a duk yankunan da abin ya shafa kuma sun ceci dubban mutane. Firayim Minista Yousaf Raza Gillani ya ziyarci lardin kuma ya umarci Sojojin Ruwa na Pakistan da su taimaka wajen kwashe wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa.[57] A farkon watan Agusta, an ceto mutane sama da 352,291.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Goodwin, Liz. "One-fifth of Pakistan under water as flooding disaster continues". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  2. ↑ "The International Monetary Fund says the floods which have devastated Pakistan will present a massive economic and political challenge to its government and people". Radionz.co.nz. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  3. 1 2 Singapore Red Cross (15 September 2010). "Pakistan Floods:The Deluge of Disaster – Facts & Figures as of 15 September 2010". Retrieved 18 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ "Floods to hit economic growth: Finance Ministry". Dawn News. 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 "Preliminary Damage Estimates for Pakistani Flood Events, 2010" (PDF). Ball State University Center for Business and Economic Research. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  6. ↑ "Pakistan evacuates thousands in flooded south". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  7. ↑ "Pakistan battles economic pain of floods". Jakarta Globe. 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  8. ↑ "Extreme Weather Causes Massive Flooding in Pakistan, Wildfires in Russia". 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  9. ↑ "Unusually Intense Monsoon Rains". 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  10. ↑ "Forecast". 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  11. ↑ "Monsoon". 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  12. ↑ "Flood wave". 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  13. ↑ "Past floods". 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  14. ↑ "Monsoon 2011". August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011.
  15. ↑ Wang, Shih-Yu; Davies, Robert E.; Gillies, Robert R. (2013). "Identification of extreme precipitation threat across midlatitude regions based on short-wave circulations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (19): 11, 059–11, 074. Bibcode:2013JGRD..11811059W. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50841.
  16. ↑ Marshall, Michael (10 August 2010). "Frozen jet stream links Pakistan floods, Russian fires". Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  17. ↑ "IRIN Global : Early Warning Environment Natural Disasters | News Item". The New Humanitarian. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  18. 1 2 Ahmadani A (19 August 2010). "Heavily Funded FFC Fails to Deliver". TheNation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  19. ↑ "Wunder Blog : Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Rainfall statement – July, 2010". pakmet.com.pk. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010.
  21. ↑ "Peshawar climate data". pakmet.com.pk. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "bbc20100730".
  23. ↑ "UN starts relief works in flood hit provinces". Dawn. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  24. ↑ "Over 800 dead due to flooding: Mian Iftikhar". Dawn. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  25. ↑ "Rescue teams race against Pakistan floods and pirate bandits". The Christian Science Monitor. 11 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  26. ↑ "Pakistan Floods Destroy 2 Million Bales of Cotton, Group Says". Bloomberg News. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  27. ↑ "India Cotton Demand to Rise After Pakistan Floods, FCStone Says". Bloomberg News. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
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  31. ↑ "Disease Threatens Pakistan Flood Victims". Voice of America. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
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  33. ↑ IPD Group. "Member Login". einnews.com.
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  36. ↑ "UN says 800,000 cut off by Pakistan floods". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
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  54. ↑ "UN starts relief works in flood hit provinces". Dawn. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  55. ↑ Erskine, Carole (13 August 2010). "Pakistan Flood Victims Face Illness Threat". Sky News. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  56. ↑ "Disease Threatens Pakistan Flood Victims". Voice of America. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  57. ↑ Rana, Aamir Ilyas (30 July 2010). "Navy personnel to evacuate flood-hit areas". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
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