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Ambazoniya

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Ambazoniya
Federal Republic of Ambazonia (en)
Flag of Ambazonia (en)
Flag of Ambazonia (en) Fassara
Wuri
Babban birni Buea (en) Fassara
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 8,000,000
• Yawan mutane 187.31 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Turanci
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili 42,710 km²
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Kameru
Ƙirƙira 11 Oktoba 2017
Tsarin Siyasa
• Shugaban ƙasa Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe (en) Fassara (1 Oktoba 2017)
• Gwamna Dabney Yerima (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Kuɗi AmbaCoin
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .cm (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho 237
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo statehousebuea.org
Tutar Ambazonia, da 'yan aware ke amfani da ita tun 1999
Yankin (ja mai launin ja) a cikin Kamaru wanda 'yan aware suka yi ikirarin, daidai da yankin Arewa maso Yamma na kasar da yankin Kudu maso Yamma.

Ambazonia, a madadin Tarayyar Ambazonia ko kuma Jihar Ambazonia, [1] wata ƙungiya ce ta siyasa [2] da 'yan awaren Anglophone da ke neman 'yancin kai daga Kamaru suka shelanta . 'Yan awaren dai na ikirarin cewa Ambazonia ya kamata ta kunshi yankin Arewa maso Yamma da yankin Kudu maso Yamma na kasar Kamaru. Tun daga shekarar 2017, 'yan tawayen Ambazoniya sun shiga rikici da sojojin Kamaru, a cikin abin da ake kira Rikicin Anglophone, kuma sun yi yunkurin kafa gwamnatocin da ke gudun hijira, kuma mayakan sa kai masu goyon baya sun mamaye sassan yankin da ake da'awar. Babu wata ƙasa da ta amince da kasancewar Ambazonia har zuwa 2025.

Har zuwa 1961, yankin waɗannan yankuna shi ne yankin kudancin ƙasar amincewar Burtaniya, Kamarun Burtaniya yayin da sauran Kamarun yanki ne na amintattun Faransawa, Faransa Kamaru . A lokacin 'yancin kai, an gudanar da taron jama'a, kuma masu jefa ƙuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zaɓi shiga Kamaru a matsayin jamhuriyar tarayya . [3] A tsawon lokaci, ikon gwamnatin tsakiya, wanda masu amfani da harshen Francophones suka mamaye, ya faɗaɗa a cikin kuɗin cin gashin kai na yankin. Mazaunan da yawa sun bayyana a matsayin wayoyin Anglo kuma suna jin haushin abin da suke gani a matsayin wariya da ƙoƙarin kawar da cibiyoyin doka, gudanarwa, ilimi, da al'adu na gwamnatin Kamaru. [4] [5]

A cikin 2016 da 2017, zanga-zangar da ta yadu ta gamu da murkushe gwamnati, wanda ya haifar da tarzoma da cin zarafi ga jami'an tsaro, kuma a cikin 2017, shugabannin Ambazoniya sun ayyana 'yancin kai na bai daya. [6] Tashin hankalin ya zama yakin neman zabe, kuma As of 2023 , [7] ana ci gaba da gwabzawa, tare da cibiyoyin jama'a da kuma wurare masu mahimmanci da gwamnati ke kula da su wajen aiwatar da ayyukan ta'addanci, tare da wasu yankuna masu nisa, yankunan karkara da ke karkashin ikon mayakan 'yan aware da kuma amfani da su wajen kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci. Dakarun Ambazoniya sun yi ta kokawa wajen samar da hadin kai, kuma rikice-rikicen tsakanin sun kawo cikas ga yunkurin tattaunawa da Kamaru ko kuma samun iko da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga daban-daban da ke fada da juna. Tashin hankalin da ake ci gaba da yi ya janyo cece-ku-ce tsakanin bangarorin biyu da suka hada da kisan gilla ga fararen hula, azabtarwa, fyade da sauran laifuffukan da suka shafi jinsi, tsare mutane ba gaira ba dalili, da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane .

Etymology da terminology

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Taswirar zamanin mulkin mallaka da ke nuna Ambas Bay hagu mai nisa

Kalmar "Ambazonia" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ambozes, sunan gida na bay a bakin kogin Wouri, wanda aka sani a Turanci kamar Ambas Bay . Fon Gorji Dinka ne ya kirkiro sunan a shekarar 1984 a matsayin wani bangare na kamfe na maido da 'yancin cin gashin kai da kuma kiyaye cibiyoyin wayar tarho a yankin. [8]

Kalmar Ambazonia yawanci tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yan aware ko masu neman 'yancin kai, yayin da gwamnatin Kamaru da sauran majiyoyin hukuma, irin su Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ke ci gaba da yin la'akari da " Yankin Arewa maso Yamma " da " Yankin Kudu maso Yamma " (ko kuma wani lokacin yankunan "NoSo"), sunayen hukuma na lardunan gudanarwa biyu tun daga 1972. [9] [10] [11] A matsayin madadin "Ambazonia", 'yan aware kuma sun yi amfani da "Ambaland". [1] Wasu majiyoyin kuma na iya komawa zuwa "Kudancin Kamaru", "Anglophone Kamaru" ko "Yankin Anglophone na Kamaru". [9]

Don yin la'akari da sassan Kamaru masu amfani da Faransanci, 'yan aware na Ambazonian sun yi amfani da kalmar "la République" [12] da kuma karin bayanan wulakanci kamar " Jamhuriyar ayaba " ko "Kamar mulkin mallaka". Ana amfani da "Jamhuriyar Banana" a matsayin sukar hukumomin Kamaru, yayin da ake amfani da "Kamar mulkin mallaka" don sukar rinjaye na Faransanci. [1] Masu fafutuka na Ambazoniya suna kiran yankin yaƙi na Rikicin Anglophone " Ground Zero ", wanda ke nuni da halakar da yakin basasa ya haifar. [13]

Asalin

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Gasar mulkin mallaka a yankin

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Canje-canjen iyakokin Kamaru, 1901-1961.

Yankin da ke kusa da bakin kogin Wouri shi ne inda aka kafa harshen Ingilishi na dindindin a karon farko a Kudancin Kamaru, lokacin da Alfred Saker ɗan mishan ya kafa wani yanki na ’yantattun bayi ta Ambas Bay a 1858, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Victoria ( Limbe na yanzu). [14] A cikin 1884, yankin ya zama British Ambas Bay Protectorate, tare da Victoria a matsayin babban birninta. Biritaniya ta ba da yankin ga yankin Kamerun na Jamus a cikin 1887. Jamus ta sami ɗan matsala wajen kafa iko a kan yankunan Victoria, kuma ta yi yaƙi da Bafut Wars a kan fondoms na gida har zuwa 1907.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yarjejeniyar Versailles, Kamerun ya raba tsakanin Faransa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya . An san wajabcin Faransa da Kamaru, kuma ya ƙunshi mafi yawan tsohon yankin Jamus. Wa'adin mulkin Birtaniyya wani yanki ne mai tsayin daka a kan iyakar Najeriya mai mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kunshi Arewacin Kamaru da Kudancin Kamaru, gami da kariyar Ambas Bay mai tarihi. An tsara wannan yanki azaman ƴan Kamaru na Burtaniya .

Birtaniyya na gudanar da yankunan ta hanyar mulkin kai tsaye, suna barin hukumomin ƙasar su gudanar da al'ummarsu bisa ga al'adarsu. A cikin 1953, wakilan Kudancin Kamaru a wani taro a London sun nemi wani yanki na daban. Birtaniya ta amince, kuma Kudancin Kamaru ya zama yanki mai cin gashin kansa wanda har yanzu babban birninsa yana Buea. An gudanar da zaɓe a 1954 kuma majalisa ta hadu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1954, tare da EML Endeley a matsayin Firayim Minista.

1961 raba gardama

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Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya wani taro a yankin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 1961 wanda ya sanya hanyoyi guda biyu ga jama'a: tarayya da Najeriya ko haɗin gwiwa da Kamaru. Zabi na uku, 'yancin kai, wakilin Burtaniya a Majalisar Amintattu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sir Andrew Cohen ya yi adawa da shi, kuma a sakamakon haka ba a lissafa ba. A wajen taron, kashi 60 cikin 100 na masu kada kuri’a a Arewacin Kamaru sun kada kuri’ar hadewa da Najeriya, yayin da kashi 70% na masu kada kuri’a a Kudancin Kamaru suka zabi hade da Kamaru. [15] Sakamakon ya kasance wani bangare na fargabar mamayar Najeriya mafi girma. An kayar da Endeley a zaben ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1959 ta hannun John Ngu Foncha .

Kudancin Kamaru sun yi tarayya da Kamaru a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1961 a matsayin " Yammacin Kamaru ", tare da Firayim Minista . Sai dai al'ummar Kudancin Kamaru masu magana da Ingilishi ba su yi imanin cewa kashi 80% na masu magana da harshen Faransanci na ƙasar sun yi musu adalci ba. Shugaban kasar na lokacin Ahmadou Ahidjo na fargabar cewa 'yan Kudancin Kamaru za su balle daga kungiyar, su kwashe albarkatun kasa da ita. Bayan zaben raba gardama na Faransa na Kamaru a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1972, an amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a Kamaru wanda ya maye gurbin gwamnatin tarayya da kasa mai dunkulewa, sannan kuma ya ba shugaban kasa karin iko. [1] Kudancin Kamaru sun rasa matsayinsu na cin gashin kansu kuma sun zama yankin Arewa maso Yamma da yankin Kudu maso Yamma na Jamhuriyar Kamaru. Kungiyoyin masu rajin ‘yancin kai sun yi ikirarin cewa hakan ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, saboda galibin ‘yan majalisar wakilai daga yammacin Kamaru ba su amince da halalta sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ba. [2] Sun yi zargin cewa Kamaru ta mamaye Kudancin Kamaru yadda ya kamata. [3] Ba da dadewa ba, shugabannin siyasar Kamaru na Faransa sun sake sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, inda suka nada Paul Biya mai magana da harshen Faransanci a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma wanda zai gaji Ahmadou Ahidjo.

A cikin wata takarda mai kwanan wata 20 ga Maris 1985, lauyan Anglophone kuma shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Kamaru Fongum Gorji Dinka ya rubuta cewa gwamnatin Kamaru karkashin jagorancin Paul Biya ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kuma ta sanar da cewa ya kamata tsoffin 'yan Kudancin Kamaru su zama masu cin gashin kansu a matsayin Jamhuriyar Ambazonia. An tsare Dinka a watan Janairu mai zuwa ba tare da an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ba. [16] Bayan shekaru uku, ya tsere zuwa Najeriya.

Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru

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A cikin 1993, wakilan kungiyoyin Anglophone sun kira taron farko na All Anglophone (AAC1) a Buea. Taron ya fitar da "Buea Declaration", wanda ya yi kira da a yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don maido da tarayyar ta 1961. Wannan ya biyo bayan taron All Anglophone na biyu (AAC2) a Bamenda a cikin 1994. Wannan taron ya fitar da "Bamenda Declaration", wanda ya bayyana cewa idan ba a maido da gwamnatin tarayya cikin lokaci mai kyau ba, Kudancin Kamaru za su ayyana 'yancin kai. An canza sunan kungiyar AAC zuwa taron jama'ar Kudancin Kamaru (SCPC), daga baya kuma kungiyar mutanen Kudancin Kamaru (SCAPO), tare da Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru (SCNC) a matsayin hukumar zartarwa. Matasa masu fafutuka sun kafa kungiyar matasan Kudancin Kamaru (SCYL) a Buea a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1995. SCNC ta aike da wata tawaga karkashin jagorancin John Foncha zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadda aka karbe a ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1995 tare da gabatar da koke game da 'karkatar da' Kudancin Kamaru da Faransa ta yi. Hakan ya biyo bayan kuri'ar raba gardama da aka sanya hannun a cikin wannan shekarar, wanda masu shirya gasar suka ce kashi 99% na masu goyon bayan samun 'yancin kai inda mutane 315,000 suka kada kuri'a.

'Yan sanda sun dakile ayyukan SCNC akai-akai. A ranar 23 ga Maris 1997, an kashe kusan mutane goma a wani samame da aka kai a sansanin Jandarma a Bamenda . 'Yan sanda sun kama tsakanin mutane 200 zuwa 300, galibin magoya bayan SCNC, amma kuma 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democratic Front, jam'iyyar adawa da gagarumin goyon baya a yankunan Anglophone. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya, Amnesty International da SCNC sun sami kwararan hujjoji na shigar da su ta hanyar azabtarwa da karfi. [17] Harin da gwaji ya haifar da rufe ayyukan SCNC. Dangane da haka, a cikin watan Afrilun 1998 wani karamin bangare ya zabi Esoka Ndoki Mukete, wani babban dan jam'iyyar Social Democratic Front, a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar SCNC. A watan Oktoban 1999, lokacin da aka samu da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma da laifi a shari'ar 1997, bangaren da Mukete ke jagoranta ya kara dagewa. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1999 ne mayakan suka mamaye gidan rediyon Buea domin shelanta ‘yancin kai na Kudancin Kamaru, amma sun kasa yin hakan kafin jami’an tsaro su shiga tsakani. Daga baya an kama shugabanni da membobin SCNC da dama. [18] Bayan arangama da ‘yan sanda, hukumomin Kamaru sun ayyana SCNC a hukumance a matsayin haramtacce a shekarar 2001. A cikin 2006, wani bangare na SCNC ya sake ayyana 'yancin kai na Ambazonia. [18]

Zanga-zanga da Rikicin Anglophone

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A watan Nuwamba na 2016, an shirya zanga-zanga da yajin aiki masu yawa, da farko ta lauyoyi, ɗalibai, da malamai masu magana da Ingilishi waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan ƙaruwar warewar harshen Ingilishi da cibiyoyin Anglophone a cikin doka da ilimi.[19] Jami'an tsaro sun tarwatsa zanga-zanga da yawa da tashin hankali, wanda ya kai ga faɗa tsakanin masu zanga-zanga da 'yan sanda inda aka kashe mutane da yawa. Tashin hankali daga bangarorin biyu ya lalata tattaunawar da aka yi a farkon 2017, wanda ya ruguje ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.[20] Tashin hankalin ya haifar da ƙarin zanga-zanga, yajin aiki na gama-gari (wanda aka kira "rufe gari"), da kuma ƙarin murkushewa daga gwamnati har zuwa farkon 2017, gami da haramta ƙungiyoyin farar hula, yanke hanyoyin sadarwa da intanet daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu,[21] da kuma kama masu zanga-zanga.[22] Ko da yake gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar da za ta mai da hankali kan korafe-korafen Anglophone kuma ta ɗauki matakai don magance batutuwan daidaiton harshe a kotuna da makarantu, ci gaba da rashin amincewa da martani mai tsauri ga zanga-zanga ya hana sauye-sauye masu yawa.

Zuwa ƙarshen 2017, tare da ƙoƙarin tattaunawa da ke raguwa da kuma ci gaba da tashin hankali a bangarorin biyu, manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ƙasar Ambazonia sun shirya ƙungiyar SCACUF. SCACUF ta ayyana ƴancin yankin a matsayin Ambazonia a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, ranar tunawa da samun ƴancin Kudancin Kamaru daga Ƙasar Ingila. SCACUF ta nemi sauya kanta zuwa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya tare da shugabanta, Sisiku Ayuk Tabe Julius, a matsayin shugaban riƙon ƙwarya.[23] Aƙalla mutane 17 ne aka kashe a zanga-zangar da ta biyo bayan ayyana ƴancin kai, yayin da sojojin Kamaru goma sha huɗu aka kashe a hare-hare da Sojojin Tsaro na Ambazonia suka ɗauki alhakin su.[24] Gwamnatin Kamaru ta bayyana cewa sanarwar ba ta da wani tasiri a shari'a[25] kuma a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2017, Shugaban Kamaru ya nuna ƙarfi a kan hare-haren masu fafutukar ballewa a kan 'yan sanda da sojoji.[26] Wani babban tura sojoji tare da dokar hana fita da kuma tilasta kwashe mutane daga ƙauyuka duka.[27] Wannan ya dakatar da fatan ci gaba da tattaunawa na ɗan lokaci kuma ya fara cikakken yaƙin ƴan daba a Kudancin Kamaru. An samu ɓangarorin masu faɗa daban-daban kamar Red Dragons, Tigers, ARA, Seven Kata, ABL, tare da matakan haɗin kai daban-daban da biyayya ga shugabannin siyasa na Ambazonia.[28] A aikace, ƴan tawayen masu neman ƴanci suna aiki da kansu daga shugabannin siyasa, waɗanda galibi suna gudun hijira.[29]

File:Wreckage of vehicles at Mile 16, September 11, 2018.jpg|thumb|left|Motoci da aka lalata bayan faɗa a Mile 16, 11 ga Satumba, 2018 a Buea, Kudu Maso Yammacin Kamaru A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2018, membobin Gwamnatin Riƙon Ƙwarya ta Ambazonia da ke gudun hijira a Abuja, Najeriya, ciki har da Shugaban Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe, an kama su kuma an tasa keyar su zuwa Kamaru a hannun jami'an gwamnati don fuskantar tuhume-tuhume na laifuka.[30] A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2018, an sanar da cewa malamin addini da ke zaune a Amurka Dokta Samuel Ikome Sako zai zama Shugaban Riƙon Ƙwarya na Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Ambazonia, yana maye gurbin Ayuk Tabe na ɗan lokaci.[31] Duk da haka, duk da samun hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai kan zargin ta'addanci daga kotun Kamaru,[32] a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2019, Ayuk Tabe ya bayyana daga kurkuku cewa ya rushe majalisar ministocin riƙon ƙwarya ta Sako kuma ya sake kafa majalisar ministocinsa.[33] Sako ya ki amincewa, wanda ya haifar da rikicin shugabancin Ambazonia na 2019.

File:Government Bilingual High School in Fontem, South West Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Makarantar da aka lalata a Fontem, Kudu Maso Yammacin Kamaru Yayin da tashin hankali ke ƙaruwa, ƙoƙarin ƙasashen duniya don warware rikicin ya ƙaru. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi taro ba tare da tsari ba don tattauna rikicin Anglophone.[34][35] Tattaunawar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Switzerland ta yi shiga tsakani ta ruguje sau da yawa, musamman saboda rarrabuwar kawunan ɓangarori da rashin ikon shugabannin masu fafutukar ballewa a kan ƴan tawaye wanda ke sanya ko da matakan farko su zama masu wahala.[36]

Yaƙin ya kasance yana da halin hare-haren ƴan daba daga ƴan tawayen masu fafutukar ballewa a kan jami'an tsaro da kuma a kan fararen hula da ake zargi da haɗin gwiwa ko kuma kawai rashin bin dokokin ƙungiyoyin ƴan tawaye na hana zuwa makaranta da zaɓe ko "rufe gari" waɗanda ke hana duk wani tafiye-tafiye da aiki. Ƙungiyoyin ƴan tawaye da yawa sun nemi aiwatar da cikakken yajin aikin makaranta tun 2017 saboda damuwa game da rashin malamai masu magana da Ingilishi da tsarin karatun. An sace malamai da ɗalibai kuma an kashe su kuma an ƙone makarantu da kayan makaranta da yawa yayin da yara da yawa ba su yi karatu ba tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara. Wasu sun yi zargin cewa wasu ƙungiyoyin ƴan tawaye sun shiga cikin hare-haren fansa a kan fararen hula don samun kuɗin ci gaba da ayyukansu. A halin yanzu, jami'an gwamnati sun ƙone ƙauyuka duka da ake zargi da ba da mafaka ga masu fafutukar ballewa, sun ɓata kuma sun kashe fararen hula ba tare da bin ka'ida ba, kuma sun azabtar da waɗanda aka tsare. An ba da rahoton kashe-kashen da ba a tantance ba, azabtarwa, fyade da sauran tashin hankali na jinsi daga bangarorin biyu.[37][22][38] Gwamnatocin Amurka da Jamus sun nuna damuwa game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun rage ko soke haɗin gwiwar soja da Kamaru kan rahotannin cin zarafi.[39] Faransa, UK da kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun kuma nuna damuwa kuma sun matsa don tattaunawa tsakanin ɓangarorin don warware rikicin.[40]

Dakarun 'Yan Aware

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File:Ambazonia conflict.png|thumb|200px|Taswirar yanayin soji na Rikicin Anglophone a shekarar 2023, tare da nuna yankunan da 'yan aware na Ambazonia ke iko da su ko kuma suke da tasiri a kowace kungiyar 'yan tawaye

Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi da Kungiyoyin Gudun Hijira

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Wasu daga cikin 'yan aware na cewa Ambazonia tana karkashin mulkin "Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ta Ambazonia" bisa doka, a matsayin gwamnatin wucin gadi a gudun hijira.[41] Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin, wannan gwamnatin gudun hijira ta rabu sau da yawa, wanda ya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da kuma bangarori daban-daban da ke da'awar cewa su ne halaltacciyar jagorancin Ambazonia.[42][43] Wannan rikicin cikin gida ya kawo cikas ga hadin kai tsakanin 'yan tawayen da kuma tattaunawa tsakanin 'yan aware da gwamnatin Kamaru.[43]

Duk da rigingimun cikin gida na Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi, mambobinta da sauran masu fafutukar gudun hijira sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan 'yan tawayen da ke aiki a Kamaru. Misali, 'yan gudun hijirar 'yan aware sun shirya kamfen din tara kudade wanda ya hada da gabatar da nasu cryptocurrency, AmbaCoin; ana amfani da kudin da aka samu don siyan makamai ga 'yan tawaye a kasa.[42][44] Shugabannin wasu 'yan tawaye ma suna gudanar da ayyukansu daga gudun hijira.[42][45]

Domin baiwa kungiyar 'yan aware hadin kai da karfafa ra'ayin kasashen Ambazonia, masu fafutukar gudun hijira sun kuma kafa kungiyoyi daban-daban don tallafawa Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi. Wadannan sun hada da "Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front" (SCACUF), "Southern Cameroon Broadcasting Corporation" (SCBC) don yada farfaganda, da "Southern Cameroon Ambazonia Education Board" (SCAEB) don aiwatar da sabon tsarin karatu a makarantu a yankunan 'yan tawaye.[46] A halin yanzu, wani kudiri da mambobin Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ta Ambazonia a gudun hijira suka gabatar ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ambazonia za ta kasance tarayya ce da aka yi ta da jihohi uku masu cin gashin kansu (duk da haka, a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin da aka gabatar a 'Mataki na 1, Sashe na 1.a' wannan lambar tana iya canzawa).[47]

Kafafen Yada Labarai

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'Yan aware na Ambazonia suna da gagarumin tasiri a Intanet, kuma suna amfani da kafafen sada zumunta yadda ya kamata don yada ra'ayoyinsu. A farkon rikicin Anglophone, "Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation" (wanda 'yan gudun hijira a Afirka ta Kudu suka kafa) ta kasance babbar tashar yada farfaganda a Kamaru don zaburar da Anglophone su shiga bangaren 'yan tawaye.[48] Kamaru ta yi yunkurin haramta tashar, amma ta gaza saboda mutane har yanzu suna iya kallonta a intanet.[49] A ranar da BBC ta bayar da rahoton, Voice of America ta bayar da rahoton cewa an kama wani mai rarraba talabijin na USB har tsawon kwanaki hudu saboda nuna hotunan SCBC.[50] A kan kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, duka bangarorin biyu sun nuna kalaman kiyayya, farfaganda da kuma bayanan karya.[51] An zargi 'yan Ambazonia da amfani da labaran karya[51] da kuma hada hotuna.[52] A lokacin yakin, 'yan tawayen Ambazonia sun kuma siffanta gwagwarmayar tasu ta hanyar addini don samun goyon baya.[53]

Kungiyoyin 'Yan Tawaye

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Main|Jerin Kungiyoyin Mayakan Ambazonia See also|Jerin Kwamandojin Ambazonia a Rikicin Anglophone

'Yan tawayen 'yan aware da ke da hannu a Rikicin Anglophone suna daukar kansu masu aminci ga Ambazonia kuma suna amfani da alamun kasa na Ambazonia, amma sun rabu zuwa daruruwan kungiyoyin mayakan da ke gasa da juna da ke canzawa a bangaren siyasa.[42][44] Masu bincike sun siffanta kwamandojin 'yan tawayen a matsayin "sarakunan yaki".[54] Ana kiran 'yan aware masu dauke da makamai a yankin da "Amba Boys".[55][44] Kungiyoyin mayakan gaba daya sun bambanta da girma, daga kananan kungiyoyi zuwa hadin gwiwa da ke da daruruwan mambobi.[42][44][56][57] 'Yan tawayen galibi ana dauko su ne daga matasan Anglophone wadanda ko dai sun rasa 'yan uwa ga jami'an tsaron Kamaru ko kuma sun yi imanin cewa ba su da makoma a kasuwar aiki ta Kamaru ta Francophone.[55] Kungiyoyin mayakan kuma an san su da shigar da mutane, ciki har da yara, cikin sahunsu. Wasu 'yan tawaye sun kuma sace 'yan mata don zama bayi na jima'i.[53]

Yawancin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun shiga Kungiyar Tsaro ta Ambazonia (ASC) karkashin Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi. Manyan kungiyoyin da ba na ASC ba sun hada da Rundunar Tsaro ta Ambazonia (ADF) da Rundunar Tsaro ta Southern Cameroons (SOCADEF), wadanda duka suna hadin gwiwa da ASC a wani mataki.[56][55] Akwai kuma daruruwan kananan kungiyoyin mayakan.[55] Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun bambanta sosai a manufofinsu da hanyoyinsu, kodayake gaba daya suna samun wani matakin goyon baya daga al'ummar karkara.[58] Duk da haka, goyon bayan fararen hula ya ragu a lokacin tawayen, yayin da karuwar al'ummar yankin suka fara rashin jin dadi da halin 'yan aware, rikicin 'yan tawaye, da tsawon lokacin rikicin.[59] A farkon shekarar 2025, rikicin cikin gida tsakanin 'yan aware ya karu sosai idan aka kwatanta da farkon yakin, haka kuma harin 'yan tawaye kan fararen hula.[60] Yawancin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye suna shiga wani mataki a cikin ayyukan laifuka kamar garkuwa da mutane don neman kudin fansa[54][59] da kuma harajin masana'antar koko ta gida ba bisa ka'ida ba don ci gaba da rayuwarsu.[59]

Adadin 'yan tawaye masu yawa suna kuma amfani da addini don tabbatar da ayyukansu. Sihiri na kariya da laya (odeshi) suna da mahimmanci ga 'yan tawaye da yawa, amma kuma ana amfani da "ayoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Alkur'ani marasa mahallin" a cikin bidiyon farfaganda. Shugabannin 'yan tawaye kamar Janar No Pity sun bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa suna jin dadin kariya ta almara da ta addini don inganta sunansu.[53]

Harshe

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Mazaunan Ambazonia gabaɗaya suna amfani da yaren Ingilishi na Kamaru. Sai dai, dakarun 'yan aware sun kuma samar da nasu wata yarukan sirri na musamman a cikin mahallin tawayen.[61] Misali, 'yan tawaye suna kiran sansanoninsu coci-coci,[62] wanda ke nuna zurfin ma'anar ruhaniya ga waɗannan muhimman wurare inda 'yan tawaye ke iya tsarawa da ɓoyewa. Mai bincike Roderick Lando ya kuma yi hasashen cewa kalmar "coci" tana da alaƙa da 'yan tawaye suna gudanar da al'adu na sihiri don neman kariya a sansanoninsu.[63] Hakazalika, wasu 'yan tawaye suna kiran bindigoginsu littattafan Attaura kuma hare-harensu yaƙe-yaƙe na addini, yayin da wasu kuma ke amfani da kalmomin rake ko sanda don makamai da kuma gyada don harsasai.[64] Lando ya yi jayayya cewa amfani da kalmomi masu tsarki ta wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye kaɗai na iya kasancewa sakamakon sabanin cikin gida a cikin kungiyar 'yan aware.[65] Akasin haka, kalmar soya gurguru don yanayin yaƙi ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin 'yan tawaye.[66] Idan 'yan tawaye suka ce sun ɓata wani mutum, suna bayyana kisan kai ne.[67] Ana kiran masu ha'inci ƙafafun baki. Waɗanda suka sha fama da yanke gaɓoɓi, galibi sakamakon azabtarwa ta hanyar mayakan 'yan tawaye, ana bayyana su da gajerun hannaye,[68] yayin da aikin yanke yatsun wani ana kiransa "garri".[69]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nkwain 2022.
  2. ↑ ""Cameroon Military Executing, Abusing" - HRW". Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023. In 2017, resentment at perceived discrimination snowballed into the declaration of an independent state -- the 'Federal Republic of Ambazonia,' an entity that is not recognised internationally.
  3. ↑ Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p177 ISBN 978-0-19-829645-4
  4. ↑ Rogers Orock (11 August 2022). "Cameroon: how language plunged a country into deadly conflict with no end in sight". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Nancy-Wangue Moussissa (2 August 2022). "Cameroon: Crisis grinds on due to anglophone divisions, Yaoundé's unwillingness to negotiate". The Africa Report. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "Who are Cameroon's self-named Ambazonia secessionists?" (in Turanci). DW. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  7. ↑ Kindzeka, Moki (2 January 2023). "Cameroon Separatists Enforce Curfew After President Says Troops Crushing Rebellion". Voice of America. VOA. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  8. ↑ "Gorji Dinka Releases Ambazonia Message | CameroonPostline". cameroonpostline.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-21. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 DeLancey, DeLancey & Mbuh 2019.
  10. ↑ Biya, Paul. "Cameroon Head of State's Message to the Nation 2019". Republic of Cameroon: Presidency of the Republic. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  11. ↑ "Cameroon Humanitarian Response Plan (March 2021)" (PDF). UN.org. United Nations. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  12. ↑ Pelican 2022.
  13. ↑ Lando 2022.
  14. ↑ "The Early Times in Victoria (Limbe)". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  15. ↑ Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p177 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
  16. ↑ Nkwi; Nchoji, Paul (2015). The Anthropology of Africa: Challenges for the 21st Century (illustrated, reprint ed.), p. 478. Langaa RPCIG. ISBN 978-9956-792-79-5.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Murison
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CQ
  19. ↑ "Cameroon teachers, lawyers strike in battle for English". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  20. ↑ "Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis at the Crossroads". International Crisis Group. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  21. ↑ Caldwell, Mark (21 April 2017). "Cameroon restores internet to English-speaking region". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "A Turn for the Worse: Violence and Human Rights Violations in Anglophone Cameroon". amnesty.org. Amnesty International. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  23. ↑ "Southern Cameroons gets new government with Sessekou Ayuk Tabe as Interim President". Cameroon Concord. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  24. ↑ "Cameroon government 'declares war' on secessionist rebels". 4 December 2017.
  25. ↑ "Cameroon's English-speakers call for independence". Al Jazeera.
  26. ↑ "Biya declares war on Anglophone separatists – The SUN Newspaper, Cameroon". The SUN Newspaper, Cameroon (in Turanci). 2017-12-05. Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  27. ↑ "Cameroon escalates military crackdown on Anglophone separatists". Reuters. 6 December 2017.
  28. ↑ Cameroon's Anglophone crisis: Red Dragons and Tigers – the rebels fighting for independence, BBC, 4 October 2018. Accessed 4 October 2018.
  29. ↑ Frohlich, Silja; Kopp, Dirke (2019-09-30). "Who are Cameroon's self-named Ambazonia secessionists?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  30. ↑ Just In-Dr Samuel Ikome Sako Is New Acting Interim President of The 'Federal Republic of Ambazonia', Cameroon News Agency, 4 February 2018. Accessed 19 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Just In-Dr Samuel Ikome Sako Is New Acting Interim President of The 'Federal Republic of Ambazonia' – Cameroon News Agency". 4 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
  32. ↑ "Cameroon: Separatist leader and followers handed life sentences | DW | 20.08.2019". DW.COM (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  33. ↑ admins. "Ambazonia Leader Sisiku Ayuktabe Dissolves Sako Caretaker Government, Re-installs Own Cabinet". Cameroon News Agency (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  34. ↑ "UN Security Council to Discuss Cameroon's Escalating Crisis". Voice of America (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  35. ↑ "Cameroon: UN Security Council to discuss Anglophone crisis". Journal du Cameroun (in Faransanci). 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
  36. ↑ Craig, Jess (1 June 2021). "Caught in the middle: Peace activists in Cameroon try to end a brutal war". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  37. ↑ "Cameroon: Events of 2019". HRW World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cameroon. Human Rights Watch. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  38. ↑ "Cameroon: New Abuses by Both Sides". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  39. ↑ Searcey, Dionne; Eric, Schmitt; Thomas, Gibbons-Neff (Feb 7, 2019). "U.S. Reduces Military Aid to Cameroon Over Human Rights Abuses". New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto1
  41. ↑ "Several killed in Cameroon as anglophones declare 'independent Ambazonia'". Euractiv. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Cameroon's Separatist Movement Is Going International, Foreign Policy, 13 May 2019. Accessed 14 May 2019.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Gordon Crawford; Maurice Beseng (30 July 2023). "Cameroon's anglophone conflict has lasted for six years: what citizens say about how to end it". The Conversation. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 DeLancey, DeLancey & Mbuh 2019, p. 48.
  45. ↑ "English-speaking villages are burning in Cameroon: A report from a forgotten conflict". The Economist (in Turanci). 9 November 2019. pp. 41–42. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  46. ↑ Nkwain 2022, p. 235.
  47. ↑ Interim Government Official Site – Federal Republic of Ambazonia (17 March 2018). "PROCLAMATION OF RESTORATION OF INDEPENDENCE & INTERIM CONSTITUTION OF The FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF AMBAZONIA" (PDF). Interim Government Official Site – Federal Republic of Ambazonia. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 Jan 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  48. ↑ Orock, Rogers (2021). Cameroon's Separatist War: Anglophone Grievances and its Diaspora (Report). South African Institute of International Affairs.
  49. ↑ "Cameroon bans 'opposition' English-language TV channel". BBC. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  50. ↑ "Cameroon Arrests Cable TV Distributors Over 'Separatist' Broadcasts". Voice of America (in Turanci). 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Jules Roger, Sombaye Eyango (2018-12-14). "Inside the Virtual Ambazonia: Separatism, Hate Speech, Disinformation and Diaspora in the Cameroonian Anglophone Crisis". Master's Theses.
  52. ↑ Endong, Floribert Patrick C. (2023-08-31). "View of VISUAL PROPAGANDA AND (ANTI-)SEPARATISM IN THE CAMEROONIAN CYBERSPACE: A CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF IMAGES IN THE AMBAZONIA WAR". ETHIOINQUIRY Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2 (2). Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Alex Purcell (28 November 2023). "Amba Boys: Transforming Pacifists into Warmongers?" (in Turanci). Grey Dynamics. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Pelican 2022, pp. 16–17.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Pelican 2022, p. 16.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Cameroon: I spent a week embedded with Anglophone armed separatists, RFI, Jun 14, 2018. Accessed Jun 14, 2018.
  57. ↑ Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis: How to Get to Talks?, Crisis Group, May 2, 2019. Accessed May 2, 2019.
  58. ↑ Pelican 2022, p. 17.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 R. Maxwell Bone (19 July 2022). "Why the spoils of war may outweigh incentives for peace in Cameroon". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  60. ↑ Pius Adeleye (23 January 2025). "From Cameroon to Nigeria, separatist conflicts keep children out of school". al-Jazeera. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
  61. ↑ Lando 2022, pp. 120–126.
  62. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 120.
  63. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 121.
  64. ↑ Lando 2022, pp. 121–123.
  65. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 122.
  66. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 124.
  67. ↑ Lando 2022, pp. 125–126.
  68. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 125.
  69. ↑ Lando 2022, p. 126.

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