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Amfani da albarkatun kasa

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Amfani da albarkatun kasa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na development (en) Fassara, economic activity (en) Fassara da use (en) Fassara
Fuskar human-nature relationship (en) Fassara
Gagarumin taron Industrial Revolution
Yana haddasa Rashin lalacewar muhalli da social conflict (en) Fassara
Has goal (en) Fassara economic growth (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara Kadarorin muhalli

amfani da albarkatun kasa yana bayyana amfani da albarkatunsa na halitta, sau da yawa ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ko iyakancewa, don Ci gaban tattalin arziki ko ci gaba. [1] Rashin lalacewar muhalli, rashin tsaro na ɗan adam, da rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa galibi suna tare da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa. Tasirin raguwar albarkatun kasa sun haɗa da raguwar Ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankuna; duk da haka, yawan albarkatun ƙasa ba koyaushe ba ne ke da alaƙa da wadatar ƙasa. Kasashe da yawa masu wadataccen albarkatu, musamman a Kudancin Duniya, suna fuskantar rikice-rikice na rarraba, inda hukumomin cikin gida ba sa kula da kyau ko hukuma ba su yarda da yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da albarkatun ba. Masana'antu na kasashen waje suma suna ba da gudummawa ga amfani da albarkatun, inda ake fitar da albarkatu daga Kasashe masu tasowa, tare da al'ummomin yankin da ke samun riba kaɗan daga musayar. Wannan sau da yawa yana tare da mummunan tasirin ci gaban tattalin arziki a kusa da yankunan da abin ya shafa kamar rashin daidaito da gurɓata [2]

Amfani da albarkatun kasa ya fara fitowa a kan sikelin masana'antu a karni na 19 yayin da cirewa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa (kamar ma'adinai, wutar lantarki, da injuna) ya fadada fiye da yadda yake a yankunan da suka gabata. A cikin karni na 20, amfani da makamashi ya karu da sauri. A yau, kusan kashi 80% na Amfani da makamashi a duniya ana ci gaba da shi ta hanyar cire man fetur, wanda ya ƙunshi mai, kwal da iskar gas.[3]

Wani albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba shine ma'adanai na ƙasa, kamar ƙarfe masu daraja, galibi ana amfani da su don samar da kayan masana'antu. Aikin noma mai zurfi misali ne na yanayin samarwa wanda ke hana fannoni da yawa na yanayin halitta, misali lalacewa gandun daji a cikin yanayin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin yanayin ruwa.[4] Yayin da yawan Jama'ar duniya ke ƙaruwa kuma Ci gaban tattalin arziki ke faruwa, raguwar albarkatun kasa da ke da tasiri ta hanyar cire albarkatun ƙasa ya zama damuwa mai yawa. Ci gaba da canjin muhalli ta hanyar ruwa, ma'adinai, da kuma amfani da gandun daji yana haifar da karuwar haɗarin sauyin yanayi da rikice-rikicen da ke fitowa daga ƙarancin, wanda ke barazanar ci gaba da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa. [2]

Kudin shiga daga fitar da ma'adanai ya zama babban ɓangare na tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Duk da yake Kongo tana da wadataccen albarkatun ma'adinai, waɗannan ajiya suna buƙatar aiki mai yawa don cirewa, sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin barazana ga rayuwa. Yin hakar cobalt yana haifar da cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyoyi kamar wuraren aiki marasa aminci, aikin yara, da aikin tilasta na Kongo, ban da lalacewar muhalli.

Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ci gaba da fasaha: Ƙara fasahar fasaha tana ba da damar saurin fitar da albarkatun halitta. Misali, a baya, zai iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don katako ƙananan bishiyoyi ta amfani da saws kawai. Saboda ingantaccen fasaha, yawan sare daji ya karu sosai.
  • Yawan amfani ya haifar da babban buƙata ga albarkatun ƙasa, yana ƙara ƙaruwa da amfani da albarkatun halitta [5]
  • Ci gaban sabbin fasahohi, kamar motocin lantarki da fasahar hannu, watau, wayoyin hannu, suma suna dogaro da hakar ma'adinai, galibi suna haifar da asarar murfin kore da kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye, sau da yawa a kasashe masu tasowa kamar DR na Kongo inda hakar ma-adinai ke faruwa.[6]
  • Amfani da kayayyaki: Amfani mara dorewa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a da akidar jari-hujja, yana ƙara buƙatar samarwa kuma, ta haka ne, cire albarkatun halitta da ake buƙata don samar da wannan buƙata. Misali, amfani da kayan ado masu kyau yana haifar da karuwar hakar zinariya da lu'u-lu'u. Cire karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya yana da tasirin lalacewa a kan muhalli, kamar asarar gandun daji yayin gina wuraren hakar ma'adinai, kara yawan bayyanar kayan guba, da rikice-rikice na yanayin halittu da ke kusa.[7]
  • Tunanin gudanarwa: Dangane da batun da ya gabata, kamfanoni sun karɓi ra'ayin cewa yadda yake da wuya, yana ba da gudummawa ga fa'idar gasa ta kamfanin. Idan ya zo ga albarkatun kasa, irin wannan ra'ayin yana haifar da gajiya da albarkatun halitta.[8]
  • Rashin girmamawa ga haƙƙin ƙasar ƙasa yana haifar da karuwar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a kan da kewayen ƙasar ƙasar.[9]

Sakamakon amfani da albarkatun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A group of people in blue shirts walking across a field with multiple piles of branches.
Kungiyar sare daji a Najeriya da ke sintiri a wurin sare daji. Najeriya ta sami karuwar sare daji a wani bangare saboda fadada aikin gona, katako, da ci gaban birane. Wadannan canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suna haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a da talauci.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da albarkatun kasa ba su da iyaka, kuma sakamakon da ke biyowa na iya fitowa daga rashin kulawa da yawan amfani da waɗannan albarkatun:

  • Kashe gandun daji: Cire bishiyoyi don amfani da su azaman albarkatu, kamar a noma ko masana'antu, na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar gandun daji. Kimanin kashi 40% na asalin gandun daji na duniya ya ɓace a cikin shekaru 8000 da suka gabata.[10]
  • Desertification: Canje-canjen da mutum ke jagoranta a cikin ayyukan kula da ƙasa suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin halaye na muhalli na yanki. Rashin kula da ƙasa da Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da asarar ayyukan yanayin halittu, kamar ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa.[11] Tare, waɗannan asarar na iya haifar da hamada da aka gani a wuraren da ba su da ruwa da kuma wuraren da ba a ruwa.
  • Rage albarkatun kasa: Lokacin da aka yi amfani da albarkatun da sauri fiye da yadda za a iya sake cika su, yana haifar da raguwar albarkatun halitta gaba ɗaya a cikin yanki.[12]
  • Rushewar jinsuna: Hanyoyin da ke cikin amfani da albarkatun na iya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice haifar da rushewar jinsunan.[13] Ana iya farautar dabbobi da aka yi amfani da su don albarkatun kai tsaye, yayin da lalata mahalli, kamar ta hanyar girbi katako, na iya haifar da halaka.
  • Tafiya ta tilasta
  • Rugujewar ƙasa
  • Rashin man fetur[14]
  • Rashin Ozone
  • Karin iskar gas
  • Rashin iskar ruwa
  • Hadarin Halitta / Bala'in HalittaBala'i na halitta
  • Karfe da ma'adanai sun ragu.
  • Ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin suna da iyakantaccen hanyoyin da za su danganta da muhalli kuma su tsira a kan abinci na gargajiya da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Cronin, Richard; Pandya, Amit (2009). "Exploiting Natural Resources: Growth, Instability, and Conflict in the Middle East and Asia" (PDF). STIMSON Pragmatic Steps for Global Security.
  2. 1 2 "Climate and Environmental Security in the Democratic Republic of Congo | DGAP". dgap.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  3. ↑ Planas, Florent. "The Exploitation of Natural Resources". Un An Pour La Planete. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Subramanian, K.R. "the crisis of consumption of natural resources".
  6. ↑ Banza Lubaba Nkulu, Célestin; Casas, Lidia; Haufroid, Vincent; De Putter, Thierry; Saenen, Nelly D.; Kayembe-Kitenge, Tony; Musa Obadia, Paul; Kyanika Wa Mukoma, Daniel; Lunda Ilunga, Jean-Marie; Nawrot, Tim S.; Luboya Numbi, Oscar; Smolders, Erik; Nemery, Benoit (September 2018). "Sustainability of artisanal mining of cobalt in DR Congo". Nature Sustainability. 1 (9): 495–504. Bibcode:2018NatSu...1..495B. doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0139-4. ISSN 2398-9629. PMC 6166862. PMID 30288453.
  7. ↑ Timsina, Shrabya; Hardy, Nora G.; Woodbury, David J.; Ashton, Mark S.; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Pasternack, Rachel; Martin, Meredith P. (December 2022). "Tropical surface gold mining: A review of ecological impacts and restoration strategies". Land Degradation & Development (in Turanci). 33 (18): 3661–3674. Bibcode:2022LDeDe..33.3661T. doi:10.1002/ldr.4430. ISSN 1085-3278.
  8. ↑ Carton, Guillaume; Parigot, Julia (2024-04-18). "Toward an Ecological Resource Orchestration Model". Organization & Environment (in Turanci). 37 (4): 526–548. doi:10.1177/10860266241244784. ISSN 1086-0266.
  9. ↑ "Lands, Natural Resources Represent Life for Indigenous Peoples, Not Mere Commodities, Speakers Stress as Permanent Forum begins Session | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". press.un.org. Archived from the original on 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  10. ↑ Brian D. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ D'Odorico, Paolo; Bhattachan, Abinash; Davis, Kyle F.; Ravi, Sujith; Runyan, Christiane W. (2013-01-01). "Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks". Advances in Water Resources. 35th Year Anniversary Issue. 51: 326–344. Bibcode:2013AdWR...51..326D. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013. ISSN 0309-1708.
  12. ↑ Mittal, Ishwar; Gupta, Ravi Kumar (30 September 2015). "Natural Resources Depletion and Economic Growth in Present Era". Soch Mastnath Journal of Science & Technology (in Turanci). 10 (3). SSRN 2920080.
  13. ↑ Redford, Kent H. (1992). "The Empty Forest". BioScience. 42 (6): 412–422. doi:10.2307/1311860. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1311860.
  14. ↑ Sorrell, Steve; Speirs, Jamie; Bentley, Roger; Brandt, Adam; Miller, Richard (September 2010). "Global oil depletion: A review of the evidence". Energy Policy. Special Section on Carbon Emissions and Carbon Management in Cities with Regular Papers (in Turanci). 38 (9): 5290–5295. Bibcode:2010EnPol..38.5290S. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.046. ISSN 0301-4215 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
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