Amfani da makamashi mai inganci
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Amfani da makamashi mai inganci, ko ingancin makamashi, shine tsari na rage adadin makamashi da ake buƙata don samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka. Akwai fasahohi da hanyoyin da yawa da ke akwai waɗanda suka fi dacewa da makamashi fiye da tsarin al'ada. Misali, rufe ginin yana ba shi damar amfani da karancin dumama da sanyaya yayin da yake kula da zafin jiki mai kyau. Wata hanyar da Lev Levich ya yi ita ce cire tallafin makamashi wanda ke inganta yawan amfani da makamashi da rashin amfani da makamai.[1] Inganta ingancin makamashi a cikin gine-gine, hanyoyin masana'antu da sufuri na iya rage bukatun makamashi na duniya a cikin 2050 da kashi ɗaya bisa uku.[2]
Akwai manyan dalilai guda biyu don inganta ingancin makamashi. Da farko, daya daga cikin dalilan shine don samun tanadin kuɗi yayin aiki na kayan aiki ko tsari. Koyaya, shigar da fasahar inganta makamashi ya zo tare da farashi na gaba, farashin babban birnin. Za'a iya nazarin nau'ikan farashi daban-daban kuma a kwatanta su da kimantawar rayuwa. Wani dalili na ingantaccen makamashi shine rage hayakin gas kuma saboda haka aiki zuwa matakin yanayi. Mai da hankali kan ingancin makamashi na iya samun fa'idar Tsaro na kasa saboda yana iya rage adadin makamashi da za a shigo da shi daga wasu ƙasashe.
Ingancin makamashi da makamashi mai sabuntawa suna tafiya hannu da hannu don manufofin Makamashi mai ɗorewa. Ayyuka ne masu fifiko a cikin Matsayi na makamashi.
Manufofin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samun makamashi, wanda ke auna fitarwa da ingancin kayayyaki da aiyuka a kowane ɗayan shigar da makamashi.
Daga ra'ayi na mai amfani da makamashi, babban dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da makamai masu amfani da makami sau da yawa kawai adana kuɗi ta hanyar rage farashin sayen makamashi. Bugu da ƙari, daga ra'ayi na Manufofin makamashi, an sami dogon lokaci a cikin karɓar ƙwarewar makamashi a matsayin "mai na farko", ma'ana ikon maye gurbin ko guje wa amfani da ainihin man fetur. A zahiri, Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta lissafa cewa aikace-aikacen matakan ingancin makamashi a cikin shekarun 1974-2010 ya yi nasarar kauce wa ƙarin amfani da makamashi cikin jihohin membobinta fiye da amfani da kowane man fetur, gami da man fetur (watau man fetur da iskar gas).
Bugu da ƙari, an daɗe an gane cewa ingancin makamashi yana kawo wasu fa'idodi da suka fi dacewa da rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Wasu kimantawa game da darajar waɗannan wasu fa'idodi, galibi ana kiransu fa'idori da yawa, fa'idorin hadin gwiwa, fa'idodin da ba na makamashi ba, sun sanya jimlar darajar su har ma da na fa'idodin makamashi kai tsaye.
Waɗannan fa'idodi da yawa na ingantaccen makamashi sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar rage hayakin iskar gas, rage gurɓataccen iska da inganta lafiya, da ingantaccen tsaro na makamashi . An haɓaka hanyoyin ƙididdige ƙimar kuɗi na waɗannan fa'idodi masu yawa, gami da misali hanyar gwaji na zaɓi don haɓakawa waɗanda ke da abubuwan da suka dace (kamar kayan kwalliya ko ta'aziyya) da hanyar Tuominen-Seppänen don rage haɗarin farashi. Lokacin da aka haɗa a cikin bincike, za a iya nuna fa'idar tattalin arziƙin zuba jarurruka na ingantaccen makamashi ya zama mafi girma fiye da ƙimar da aka adana kawai. [3]
Ingancin makamashi ya tabbatar da cewa dabarun tsada ne don gina tattalin arziki ba tare da ƙara yawan Amfani da makamashi ba. Misali, jihar California ta fara aiwatar da matakan ingancin makamashi a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, gami da ka'idojin gini da ka'idodin kayan aiki tare da buƙatun inganci. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, amfani da makamashi na California ya kasance kusan a kan kowane mutum yayin da amfani da Amurka ya ninka sau biyu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun ta, California ta aiwatar da "tsarin caji" don sabbin albarkatun makamashi wanda ke sanya ingancin makamashi na farko, samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa na biyu, kuma sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙarshe.[4] Jihohi irin su Connecticut da New York sun kirkiro Green Banks na jama'a don taimakawa masu mallakar gine-gine na zama da na kasuwanci su tallafawa ingantaccen makamashi wanda ke rage hayaki da rage farashin makamashi.[5]
Abubuwan da suka danganci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaro na makamashi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaro na makamashi ya fi girma fiye da yadda ake amfani da makamashi a ciki har da kokarin da ake yi don rage amfani da makamai, misali ta hanyar canjin halayyar, ban da amfani da makami yadda ya kamata. Misalan kiyayewa ba tare da ingantaccen ingantawa ba shine dumama ɗaki ƙasa a cikin hunturu, ta amfani da mota ƙasa, bushe tufafinka na iska maimakon amfani da mai bushewa, ko kuma ba da damar yanayin adana makamashi akan kwamfuta. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran ma'anoni, iyakar tsakanin ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da kiyaye makamashi na iya zama fuzzy, amma duka biyu suna da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin muhalli da tattalin arziki.
Makamashi mai ɗorewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ingancin makamashi - ta amfani da karancin makamashi don isar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka iri ɗaya, ko isar da sabis masu kama da su tare da karancin kayayyaki - shine babban tushe na dabarun Makamashi mai ɗorewa.[6][7] Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta kiyasta cewa kara yawan makamashi na iya cimma kashi 40% na rage fitar da iskar gas da ake buƙata don cika burin Yarjejeniyar Paris.[8] Ana iya kiyaye makamashi ta hanyar kara ingancin fasaha na kayan aiki, motoci, hanyoyin masana'antu, da gine-gine.[9]
Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Idan bukatar sabis na makamashi ya kasance daidai, ingantaccen makamashi zai rage amfani da makamashi da hayakin carbon. Koyaya, ingantaccen inganci da yawa ba ya rage amfani da makamashi ta hanyar adadin da aka annabta ta hanyar samfuran injiniya masu sauƙi. Wannan shi ne saboda suna sa sabis na makamashi ya zama mai rahusa, don haka amfani da waɗannan ayyukan yana ƙaruwa. Misali, tunda motocin da ke da ingancin man fetur suna sa tafiye-tafiye ya fi rahusa, masu amfani na iya zaɓar fitar da su zuwa nesa, don haka rage wasu daga cikin yiwuwar tanadin makamashi. Hakazalika, bincike mai zurfi na tarihi game da ingantaccen fasaha ya nuna cewa ingantaccen makamashi kusan koyaushe ya wuce ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da karuwar amfani da albarkatu da gurɓataccen gurɓata. Wadannan misalai ne na tasirin kai tsaye.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Indra Overland (2010). "Subsidies for Fossil Fuels and Climate Change: A Comparative Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Studies. 67 (3): 203–217. Bibcode:2010IJEnS..67..303O. doi:10.1080/00207233.2010.492143. S2CID 98618399. Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ↑ "The value of urgent action on energy efficiency – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBenefits - ↑ "Loading Order White Paper" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ↑ Kennan, Hallie. "Working Paper: State Green Banks for Clean Energy" (PDF). Energyinnovation.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ↑ "Europe 2030: Energy saving to become "first fuel"". EU Science Hub. European Commission. 2016-02-25. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ↑ Motherway, Brian (19 December 2019). "Energy efficiency is the first fuel, and demand for it needs to grow". IEA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
- ↑ "Energy Efficiency 2018: Analysis and outlooks to 2040". IEA. October 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020.
- ↑ Fernandez Pales, Araceli; Bouckaert, Stéphanie; Abergel, Thibaut; Goodson, Timothy (10 June 2021). "Net zero by 2050 hinges on a global push to increase energy efficiency". IEA. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-19.