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Amfani da makarantu na soja

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Amfani da makarantu na soja
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Fuskar makaranta da soja

Amfani da makarantu na soja kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don komawa ga ayyukan da sojoji na kasa da kungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba ke gudanarwa a ciki da kewayen makarantu, jami'o'i, da sauran wuraren ilimi, don tallafawa kokarin soja. [1] Misalan wannan sun haɗa da amfani da makaranta ko jami'a a matsayin Bariki ko tushe, don kai farmaki ko tsaro, don adana makamai ko harsashi, don horar da sojoji, a matsayin wuraren kallo, da kuma wurin tsare-tsare.

Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karfafa dukkan "Jam'iyyun membobin su dauki matakan da za su hana irin wannan amfani da makarantu ta hanyar sojoji da kungiyoyin sojoji. "[2]

A cewar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: "Amfani da makarantu don dalilai na soja yana sanya yara cikin haɗarin kai farmaki kuma yana hana 'yancin yara zuwa ilimi... Irin wannan amfani da makarantu ba kawai yana haifar da rage rajista da ƙimar fita ba, musamman tsakanin' yan mata, har ma yana iya haifar da makarantu da ake la'akari da su a matsayin manufa ta halal don kai farmaki. "[3]

Kasashe da kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a amfani da makarantu na soja

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A cewar Haɗin gwiwar Duniya don Kare Ilimi daga Harin, tsakanin 2005 da 2015 akwai lokuta na amfani da makarantu na soja a Afghanistan, Burma / Myanmar, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Jamhuryar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Masar, Habasha, Georgia, Indiya, Indonesia, Iraki, Isra'ila / Yankin Palasdinawa da aka mamaye, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Nepal, Najeriya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen da Zimbabwe.[4][5]

Rahoton Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yara da Rikicin Makamai na 2016 ya rubuta amfani da makarantu na soja a kasashe 14 ta akalla sojoji 10 da kungiyoyi masu makamai da yawa. A cewar rahoton, kungiyoyi masu zuwa sun yi amfani da makarantu don dalilai na soja a cikin shekara ta 2015: Sojojin Tsaro da Tsaro na Afghanistan da kuma Taliban da wata kungiya mai alaƙa da ISIL a Afghanistan; tsoffin ƙungiyoyin Séléka a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya; Sojojin Colombia da FARC-EP a Colombia; Sojojin Kongo da kungiyoyin Tsaro na Sojojin Iraqi da ISIL da aka sani; Sojoji Darnah Mujahideen Shura a Mali; Sojojen Sojojin Jama'a da Sojojin Sojojin Sudan da Sojoji na Sojoji a Mali; 'yanci da Sojoyin Sojojin Siriya Sojojin Afghanistan da Sojoli da Sojoyen Sojojin 'yanci Sojojin Kenya da Sojo' Sojojin Yemen Sojojin Nazi a Mali;

Ayyukan Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

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A karkashin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1998 a cikin 2011, Majalisar Tsaro ta bukaci "bangarorin da ke cikin rikice-rikicen makamai su guji ayyukan da ke hana yara samun ilimi," kuma ta nemi Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dattijai "mai sa ido da rahoto ... kan amfani da makarantu na soja ... a saba wa dokar jin kai ta duniya ... ".[6]

A karkashin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2143 a cikin 2014, Majalisar Tsaro ta nuna "damuwa mai zurfi game da amfani da makarantu a cikin keta dokar kasa da kasa, ta fahimci cewa irin wannan amfani na iya sanya makarantu su zama manufa ta halatta don kai farmaki, don haka sanya lafiyar yara da malamai da kuma ilimin yara cikin barazana" [7] Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar Tsaro da ta yi kira ga tabbatar da rikice-rikice na farar hula na makarantu daidai da ke da dokar jin kai ta kasa da ake kira "M' yanci".[7]

A cikin 2015, Majalisar Tsaro ta ƙarfafa yaren ta kuma a cikin Resolution 2225 ta ƙarfafa duk "Jam'iyyun membobin su dauki matakan da za su iya amfani da makarantu ta hanyar sojoji da kungiyoyin sojoji. "[2]

Shari'a

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Shari'ar amfani da makarantu na soja ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar haɗuwa da dokar jin kai ta duniya (wanda aka fi sani da "dokar rikici"), Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, da Dokar cikin gida.[8]

Dokar Jama'a ta Duniya

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Amfani da makarantu na soja an ƙuntata shi, amma ba koyaushe an hana shi ba, ta hanyar dokar jin kai ta duniya. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun da ke cikin rikici, har zuwa iyakar yiwuwar, zuwa a) guje wa gano manufofin soja a cikin ko kusa da yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, gami da inda makarantu da jami'o'i zasu iya kasancewa; b) ƙoƙarin cire yawan fararen hula, kowane fararen hula da abubuwan farar hula a ƙarƙashin ikonsu daga kusa da manufofin soja; kuma c) ɗaukar sauran matakan kariya da suka dace don kare waɗancan makarantu da Jami'o'o'in da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu game da haɗarin da ke haifar da ayyukan soja.[9][10][11][12]

A cewar Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Sakatare Janar kan Yara da Rikicin Makamai: "Dokar jin kai ta Duniya ta haramta sojoji da kungiyoyi daga amfani da makarantu yayin da yara da malamai ke amfani da su don dalilai na ilimi. " Kuma a cewar Human Rights Watch "ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi amfani da makaranta a lokaci guda a matsayin sansanin makamai da kuma a matsayin cibiyar ilimi. "[13]

Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya

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Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya ta tabbatar da ɗalibai, malamai, da ma'aikatan ilimi haƙƙin rayuwa, 'yancin mutum, da tsaro.[14] Ana kuma buƙatar jihohi don tabbatar da rayuwa da ci gaban yara.[15]

Bugu da ƙari, kowa yana da 'yancin ilimi.[15][16] Tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar wannan haƙƙin, jihohi za su tilasta ilimin firamare kuma yana samuwa kyauta ga kowa; ilimin sakandare gabaɗaya yana samuwa kuma yana samuwa ga kowa; da kuma ilimi mafi girma daidai ga kowa bisa ga iyawa.[15][16] A karkashin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara, ana buƙatar jihohi su dauki matakai don ƙarfafa halartar yara a makarantu a kai a kai da kuma rage yawan barin yara.[15]

Da yake bayyana haƙƙin ilimi da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta bayar game da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalanci, Jama'i da Al'adun Al'adu ya bayyana cewa "Akwai tsinkaye mai ƙarfi na rashin yarda da duk wani matakai na koma baya da aka ɗauka dangane da haƙƙin ilimi... Idan an ɗauki kowane matakai na komawa baya da gangan, jam'iyyar Jiha tana da nauyin tabbatar da su bayan an gabatar da su bayan la'akari da dukkan hakkokin da aka bayar don cikakken tsarin Alka da aka yi amfani da su".

Jagororin Kare Makarantu da Jami'o'i daga Amfani da Soja a lokacin Rikicin Makamai

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A ranar 26-28 ga Nuwamba 2012, masana daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun hadu a Lucens Castle a Lucens, Switzerland, don tattauna ci gaban jagororin kasa da kasa don kare makarantu da jami'o'i daga amfani da soja. Sakamakon takardar an san shi da Jagororin Lucens don Kare Makarantu da Jami'o'i daga Amfani da Soja a lokacin Rikicin Makamai. Marubucin Jagororin Lucens shine Farfesa Steven Haines, Shugaban Shari'ar Jama'a ta Duniya a Jami'ar Greenwich a London wanda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 30 a matsayin jami'in Sojojin Burtaniya. A duk lokacin da aka tsara shi, jihohi sama da talatin da kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa sun yi sanarwa ta jama'a don tallafawa shirin.

A watan Yunin 2014, Norway ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta jagoranci tsari don kammala Jagororin da inganta amincewarsu da aiwatarwa.[17]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Lessons in War: Military Use of Schools and other Education Institutions during Armed Conflict" (PDF). Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attach. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Resolution 2225 (2015)". United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  3. ↑ "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict 2013" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Lessons in War - 2015: Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Education under Attack 2014" (PDF). Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Resolution 1998 (2011)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Resolution 2143 (2014)". United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Sheppard, Bede; Kennji Kizuka (2012). "Taking Armed Conflict Out of the Classroom: International and Domestic Legal Protections for Students When Combatants Use Schools". Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. 2 (2): 281–324. doi:10.1163/18781527-00202001.
  9. ↑ "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  10. ↑ "Customary International Law, rule 22". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Customary International Law, rule 23". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Customary International Law, rule 24". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  13. ↑ "Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schools in India's Bihar and Jharkhand States" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  14. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "Convention on the Rights of the Child". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "Norway: Leading the Way to End Military Use of Schools". Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
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