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Amfani da muhalli

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kamfanin kula da najasa da ke amfani da makamashin hasken rana, wanda ke a Santuari de Lluc monastery aSpain.
Gargadin saurin mu'amala mai dacewa da muhali mai ƙarfi ta hasken rana da wutar iska.

  Hanyoyin da Suke da kyau a cikin muhalli, ko hanyoyin da ke da aminci a cikin mujalli (wanda ake kira da muhalli-friendly, yanayi-friendly da kore), sune ka'idojin dorewa da tallace-tallace da ke nufin kayayyaki da ayyuka, dokoki, jagororin da manufofi waɗanda ke da'awar raguwa, kaɗan, ko babu lahani a kan yanayin halittu ko muhalli.[1]

Kamfanoni suna amfani da waɗannan kalmomin da ba a fahimta ba don inganta kayayyaki da aiyuka, wani lokacin tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida, kamar alamun muhalli. Ana iya kiran yawan amfani da su a matsayin Greenwashing.[2][3] Don tabbatar da nasarar taron Ci gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) ana ba da shawara don amfani da hanyoyin muhalli masu kyau a cikin samar da su.[4] Musamman, Manufar Ci Gaban Mai dorewa 12 tana auna manufofi 11 da alamomi 13 "don tabbatar da Amfani mai ɗorewa da tsarin samarwa". [5]

Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don daidaitawa ISO 14020 da ISO 14024 don kafa ka'idoji da ka'idoji don alamun muhalli da ayyana cewa masu ba da takaddun shaida da masu lakabin yanayi ya kamata su bi.  Musamman ma, waɗannan ka'idoji sun shafi nisantar rikice-rikice na kuɗi na sha'awa, amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin kimiyya da hanyoyin gwaji da aka yarda da su, da buɗe ido da bayyana gaskiya a cikin tsara ƙa'idodi..[6]

Bambance-bambance na yankiN

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Turai

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Kayayyakin da ke cikin membobin Tarayyar Turai na iya amfani da EU Ecolabel har sai amincewar EU ta sami amincewar.[7] EMAS wani lakabin EU ne wanda ke nuna ko gudanarwar kungiya kore ce ba kamar yadda ta saba da samfurin ba. [8][9][10] Jamus kuma tana amfani da Blue Angel, bisa ga ma'auni na Jamus.[11][12]

A Turai, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da kamfanoni ke amfani da hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba, alamun yanayin yanayi, da kuma ƙa'idodin canza yanayin gabaɗaya don tabbatar da cewa an rage cutar da muhalli da muhalli yayin da ake yin samfuransu.  A cikin Turai, alal misali, kamfanoni da yawa sun riga sun yi amfani da alamun EMAS [aƙalla buƙatun] don nuna cewa samfuran su na abokantaka ne.[13]

Kamfanoni

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Kamfanoni da yawa a Turai suna sanya alamun muhalli a kan samfuran su babban abin fifiko tunda yana iya haifar da karuwar tallace-tallace lokacin da akwai alamun mujallar a kan waɗannan samfuran. A Turai musamman, an gudanar da wani binciken da ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin alamun muhalli da sayen kifi: "Sakamako namu ya nuna muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin sha'awar alamun mujalli da siffofin abincin teku, musamman sabo na kifi, asalin ƙasa na kifi da asalin kifi".[14] Wannan labarin ya nuna cewa alamun muhalli ba kawai suna nuna tasiri mai kyau a kan muhalli idan ya zo ga ƙirƙirar da adana kayayyaki ba, har ma da haɓaka tallace-tallace. Koyaya, ba duk ƙasashen Turai sun yarda da ko wasu samfuran, musamman kifi, ya kamata su sami alamun muhalli ba. A cikin wannan labarin, an ce: "Abin mamaki, tasirin ƙasar akan yiwuwar karɓar alamar muhalli na kifi yana da wuyar fassara. Kasashen da ke da matakin mafi girma na karɓar alamar mohalli sune Belgium da Faransa".[15] Dangane da wannan bincike da kididdiga, Faransa da Belgium sun fi yarda da waɗannan alamun muhalli.

Arewacin Amurka

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A Amurka, da'awar tallan muhalli yana buƙatar taka tsantsan. Takardun sarauta irin su masu aminci ga muhalli na iya rikitarwa ba tare da takamaiman ma'anar ba; wasu masu tsarawa suna ba da jagora.[16] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta yi la'akari da wasu alamun muhalli da yaudara wajen tantance ko samfurin "kore ne".[17]

A Kanada, lakabi daya shine na Shirin Zaɓin Muhalli.[11] An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1988, kawai samfuran da shirin ya amince da su ne kawai ake ba da izinin nuna lakabin. [18][19]

Gabaɗaya, Mexico na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a duniya da suka zartar da takamaiman doka game da canjin yanayi. Dokar ta kafa manufa ta tilas na rage hayakin gas na kasa da kashi 30% nan da shekarar 2020. Har ila yau, kasar tana da dabarun canjin yanayi na kasa, wanda aka yi niyya don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofi a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa.[20]

Oceania

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Alamar Rating Energy alama ce ta Type III [21] wacce ke ba da bayani game da "hidimar makamashi ta kowane ɗayan amfani da makamashi". [22][23] An fara kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1986, amma tattaunawar ta haifar da sake fasalin a shekarar 2000.[24]

Oceania tana samar da na biyu mafi yawan e-washe, 16.1 kg, yayin da take da na uku mafi ƙarancin sake amfani da 8.8%.[25]  Daga Oceania, Ostiraliya ce kawai ke da manufofi a cikin manufofi don sarrafa sharar gida, wanda shine Dokar Gudanar da Manufofin da aka buga a 2011 wanda ke da niyyar sarrafa tasirin samfuran, dalibi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zubar da samfuran da shararsu.[26] A karkashin Dokar an kirkiro Shirin sake amfani da talabijin da kwamfuta na kasa (NTCRS), wanda ya tilasta masana'antu da masu shigo da kayan lantarki da na lantarki (EEE) shigo da kayayyaki 5000 ko fiye ko 15000 ko fiye da haka masu laushi su kasance masu alhakin kuma ana buƙatar su biya NTCRS don dawowa da sake amfani da kayan lantarki daga samfuran lantarki.

New Zealand ba ta da wata doka da ke kula da sharar gida kai tsaye, a maimakon haka suna da tsarin kula da kayayyaki na son rai kamar su cinikin masu samarwa da tsarin cinikayya da kuma wuraren sake amfani da kayan aiki na son rai. Kodayake wannan ya taimaka masa ya kashe kuɗin mai ba da sabis tare da ma'aikata da ke ɗaukar kashi 90% na farashin sake amfani. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu ba a la'akari da sharar gida a matsayin samfurin fifiko ba, wanda zai karfafa tilasta aiwatar da kula da samfur. A cikin Yankunan Tsibirin Pacific (PIR), gudanar da sharar gida aiki ne mai wahala tunda ba su da isasshen ƙasa don zubar da shi yadda ya kamata duk da cewa suna samar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin sharar gida a duniya saboda kuɗin shiga da yawan jama'arsu. Saboda haka akwai manyan tarin sharar gida da ba za a iya sake amfani da su ba lafiya.

A halin yanzu, Sakatariyar Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific (SPREP), ƙungiyar da ke kula da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa da muhalli na yankin Pacific, tana kula da daidaita yankin da kuma sarrafa sharar gida na yankin Oceania.[27] SPREP yana amfani da Cleaner Pacific 2025 a matsayin tsari don jagorantar gwamnatoci daban-daban a yankin.[28] Har ila yau, suna aiki tare da PacWaste (Kasuwan Kasuwanci na Pacific) don ganowa da warware batutuwa daban-daban tare da kula da sharar gida na tsibirin, wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga rashin tilasta wa gwamnati da ilimi game da batun.[29] A halin yanzu sun ba da shawarar aiwatar da manufofin kula da kayayyaki tare da biyan kuɗin sake amfani da shi wanda zai karfafa sake amfani da gida da masana'antu. Har ila yau, suna cikin tunanin cewa tsibirai ya kamata su hada kai kuma su raba albarkatu da gogewa don taimakawa a kokarin.

Tare da taimakon NTCRS, kodayake halin da ake ciki ya inganta sun kasance suna magana game da nauyin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin halin da ake kira da a bayyana su a sarari. Baya ga kasancewar bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idojin jihohi da na tarayya, tare da Kudancin Australia, Babban Birnin Australiya, da Victoria kawai sun haramta zubar da shara ta e-waste, zai yiwu a sanya wannan ya shafi sauran yankin idan an yanke shawarar tarayya. Sun kuma ba da shawarar samun dama ga wuraren tattarawa don sharar gida, tare da kasancewa kawai wurin tattarawa a cikin radius na kilomita 100 a wasu lokuta.  An nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa wasu mazauna ba sa sake amfani da su saboda nisan da suke da shi daga wurin tattarawa. Bugu da kari, akwai 'yan kamfen don sake amfani, tare da kamfanin, MobileMuster, shirin tattara na son rai wanda Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association ke gudanarwa, da nufin tattara wayoyi kafin su tafi wurin zubar da shara kuma suna yin hakan tun 1999. Bayan ci gaba da bincike, an gano cewa kashi 46% na jama'a ne kawai suka sami kyautar shirin, wanda daga baya ya karu zuwa kashi 74% a cikin 2018, amma wannan ya faru ne bayan saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 45 daga Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association.

Asiya

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"Ci gaban tattalin arziki a Asiya ya karu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata kuma ya kara bukatar makamashi, wanda ya haifar da karuwar hayaki da gurɓataccen iska. Don magance waɗannan batutuwan, sauya man fetur da tura sabbin abubuwa suna da mahimmanci. " [30] Duk da haka, yayin da ƙasashe ke ci gaba da ci gaba, yana haifar da ƙarin gurɓatawa sakamakon karuwar amfani da makamashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, babbar damuwa ga Asiya ita ce batutuwan gurɓataccen iska. Manyan biranen kasar Sin kamar Beijing sun sami mafi munin matsayi na ingancin iska (Li et al., 2017). Seoul, babban birnin Koriya ta Kudu, ita ma tana fama da gurɓataccen iska (Kim et al., 2017). A halin yanzu, biranen Indiya kamar Mumbai da Delhi suna wuce biranen kasar Sin a cikin matsayi mafi munin ingancin iska. A cikin 2019, 21 daga cikin birane 30 na duniya da ke da mafi munin ingancin iska sun kasance a Indiya. "

Ana tallata yanayin muhalli tare da haɗin launi daban-daban, ta amfani da launi mai launin shudi don iska mai tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta, sabanin kore a al'adun yamma. Motocin hybrid da aka gina a Japan da Koriya suna amfani da launi mai launin shudi maimakon kore duk a cikin abin hawa, kuma suna amfani da kalmar "blue" ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.[31]


China

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A cewar Shen, Li, Wang, da Liao, an aiwatar da tsarin Kasuwancin fitarwa wanda kasar Sin ta yi amfani da shi don tafiyarta ta muhalli a wasu gundumomi kuma ya ci nasara idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a gundumomin gwaji waɗanda gwamnati ta amince da su.[32] Wannan ya nuna yadda kasar Sin ta yi kokarin wajen bullo da sabbin tsare-tsare yadda ya kamata don yin tasiri ga muhalli.  Kasar Sin ta aiwatar da hanyoyi da dama don magance matsalolin muhalli ko da ba su yi nasara ba da farko.  Hakan ya sa suka aiwatar da ingantaccen tsari wanda ya amfanar da muhalli.  Ko da yake kasar Sin na bukatar aiwatar da manufofi kamar, "Ya kamata a hanzarta aiwatar da tsarin "kudaden haraji", duk da haka, ya kamata a inganta tsari da aiwatar da tsarin harajin muhalli. Wannan zai samar da ingantacciyar hanyar karfafa gwiwa wacce karancin gurbatar yanayi ke da nasaba da karancin haraji.  Ta hanyar aiwatar da manufofi irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna da ƙarin ƙwarin gwiwa don guje wa gurɓata muhalli a maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar yanayi mai dacewa da muhalli don wuraren aikinsu.  Yin hakan zai haifar da raguwar gurbatar yanayi yayin da kuma akwai yanayi mai tsafta.  Kamfanoni za su gwammace a rage musu haraji don rage yawan kuɗaɗen da za su fuskanta, don haka yana ƙarfafa su su guji gurɓata muhalli gwargwadon iko.

Kasashen Duniya

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Energy Star wani shiri ne tare da babban burin kara ingancin makamashi da kuma rage hayakin gas.[33] Energy Star yana da sassan daban-daban ga kasashe ko yankuna daban-daban, gami da Amurka, [34] Tarayyar Turai [35] da Ostiraliya [36] . Shirin, wanda aka kafa a Amurka, ya wanzu a Kanada, Japan, New Zealand, da Taiwan.[37] Bugu da ƙari, Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 17 tana da manufa don inganta ci gaba, canja wuri, watsawa, da rarraba fasahar muhalli ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda. [38]

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ https://www.dw.com/ha/muhalli/t-19136073
  2. ↑ Motavalli, Jim (12 February 2011). "A History of Greenwashing: How Dirty Towels Impacted the Green Movement". AOL.
  3. ↑ "Grønvaskere invaderer børsen" [Greenwashers invade the market]. EPN.dk (in Danish). Jyllands-Posten. 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Eco friendly production key to achieving sdgs".
  5. ↑ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  6. ↑ "international standards for eco-labeling". Green Seal. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Welcome to the European Union Eco-label Homepage". EUROPA. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  8. ↑ "EMAS". EUROPA. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  9. ↑ "Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)". Green Business. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  10. ↑ "Minutes" (PDF). EUEB Coordination and Cooperation Management Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Environmental Labels Type I". Ricoh. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  12. ↑ Freimann, Jurgen; Schwedes, Roswitha (2000). <99::aid-ema135>3.0.co;2-x "EMAS experiences in German companies: a survey on empirical studies". Eco-Management and Auditing. 7 (3): 99–105. doi:10.1002/1099-0925(200009)7:3<99::aid-ema135>3.0.co;2-x. ISSN 0968-9427.
  13. ↑ "EUROPA - Environment - Ecolabel - FAQ". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  14. ↑ Brécard, Dorothée; Hlaimi, Boubaker; Lucas, Sterenn; Perraudeau, Yves; Salladarré, Frédéric (2009-11-15). "Determinants of demand for green products: An application to eco-label demand for fish in Europe". Ecological Economics. The DPSIR framework for Biodiversity Assessment (in Turanci). 69 (1): 115–125. Bibcode:2009EcoEc..69..115B. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.017. ISSN 0921-8009.
  15. ↑ Miras Rodríguez, María del Mar; Escobar Pérez, Bernabé; Carrasco Gallego, Amalia (2015). "Are companies less environmentally-friendly due to the crisis? Evidence from Europe". ISSN 2182-8466. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ "Environmental Claims". Federal Trade Commission. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  17. ↑ "Labels -environmentally friendly". ecolabels. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  18. ↑ "About the Program". EcoLogo. Archived from the original on 27 May 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  19. ↑ "Environmental Choice (Canada)". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  20. ↑ Stiftung, Bertelsmann. "SGI 2017 | Mexico | Environmental Policies". www.sgi-network.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "Overview of Regulatory Requirements - Labelling and MEPS". Energy Rating Label. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  22. ↑ Arnaud Bizard; Brett Lee; Karen Puterrman. "AWARE and Environmental Labeling Programs: One Step Closer to a Sustainable Economy" (PDF). ME 589. Retrieved 10 July 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ↑ "Overview of how are star ratings calculated?". Energy Rating Label. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  24. ↑ "The Energy Label". Energy Rating Label. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  25. ↑ Van Yken, Jonovan; Boxall, Naomi J.; Cheng, Ka Yu; Nikoloski, Aleksandar N.; Moheimani, Navid R.; Kaksonen, Anna H. (August 2021). "E-Waste Recycling and Resource Recovery: A Review on Technologies, Barriers and Enablers with a Focus on Oceania". Metals. 11 (8): 1313. doi:10.3390/met11081313.
  26. ↑ "Review of the Product Stewardship Act 2011" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "About Us | Pacific Environment".
  28. ↑ "Cleaner Pacific 2025. Pacific Regional Waste and Pollution Management Strategy" (PDF). un.org. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "What is Pacwaste? | Pacific Environment".
  30. ↑ Arimura, Toshi H.; Sugino, Makoto (2020-08-07). "Energy-Related Environmental Policy and Its Impacts on Energy Use in Asia". Asian Economic Policy Review. Wiley. 16 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1111/aepr.12319. ISSN 1832-8105. S2CID 225416259.
  31. ↑ "S.Korea unveils 'recharging road' for eco-friendly buses". phys.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  32. ↑ Ge, Wenjun; Yang, Derong; Chen, Weineng; Li, Sheng (2023-02-07). "Can Setting Up a Carbon Trading Mechanism Improve Urban Eco-Efficiency? Evidence from China". Sustainability. MDPI AG. 15 (4): 3014. doi:10.3390/su15043014. ISSN 2071-1050.
  33. ↑ "About Energy Star". Energy Star. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  34. ↑ "United States Energy Star Home Page". Energy Star. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  35. ↑ "EU Energy Star Home Page". Energy Star. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  36. ↑ "Australia Energy Star Home Page". Energy Star. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
  37. ↑ "Who's Working With ENERGY STAR? International Partners". Energy Star. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  38. ↑ "Goal 17 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 26 September 2020.

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