Amfanin malamai
 Amfanin malamai |
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A cikin Dokar Ingilishi, fa'idar malamai (Dokar Latin: privilegium clericale) asali tanadi ne wanda malamai da ake zargi da aikata laifi zasu iya da'awar cewa suna waje da ikon kotuna na duniya kuma a yi musu shari'a a maimakon haka a Kotun coci a karkashin dokar canon. Ana ganin kotunan coci gabaɗaya a matsayin masu sauƙin kai a cikin gurfanarsu da azabtarwa, kuma waɗanda ake tuhuma sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa don da'awar matsayin malamai, sau da yawa a kan dalilai masu tuhuma ko zamba.
Sauye-sauye daban-daban sun iyakance ikon wannan tsari na doka don hana cin zarafinsa, gami da sanya alamar yatsa a farkon amfani, don iyakance yawan kira ga wasu. A ƙarshe, fa'idar malamai ta samo asali ne a cikin almara ta shari'a inda masu laifi na farko zasu iya karɓar ƙaramin hukunci don wasu laifuka (wanda ake kira "clergyable"). An soke tsarin shari'a a Ƙasar Ingila a cikin 1827 tare da wucewar Dokar Shari'a ta 1827.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da Daular Roma ta tuba zuwa Kiristanci, sarakunan ta sun ba da dama ta doka ga malamai, musamman bishop, suna ba su kariya daga gurfanar da jama'a. A farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, dokar canon ta kasance tana fadada matakin wannan gata, har ma da batutuwan aikata laifuka.[1] A Ingila, an yarda da wannan al'adar ne kawai.[2] Kafin karni na 12, kotunan shari'ar Ingilishi na gargajiya sun kasance tare da bishop da majistare na gida.
A cikin 1164, duk da haka, Henry II ya gabatar da Tsarin Mulki na Clarendon, wanda ya kafa sabon tsarin kotuna wanda ke yanke shawara gaba ɗaya ta ikon sarauta. Assizes sun fara gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarki da Thomas Becket, Archbishop na Canterbury. Becket ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan kotuna na duniya ba su da iko a kan malamai saboda dama ce ga malamai kada a zarge su ko kuma a yi musu shari'a don aikata laifi sai dai a gaban kotun coci. Bayan hudu daga cikin sarakunan Henry sun kashe Becket a cikin 1170, ra'ayin jama'a ya juya wa sarki, ya tilasta masa ya yi sulhu da cocin. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Avranches, an wanke Henry daga duk wani laifi a kisan Becket. Duk da haka, ya yarda cewa kotuna masu zaman kansu, tare da 'yan kaɗan (babban cin amana yana ɗaya daga cikinsu, da kuma dokar gandun daji wani), ba su da iko a kan malamai.[3]
Miserere
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko, don neman amfanin malamai, dole ne mutum ya bayyana a gaban kotun ya yi sutura kuma in ba haka ba ya sa tufafin coci. A tsawon lokaci, an maye gurbin wannan tabbacin limamin da gwajin karatu da rubutu: wadanda ake tuhuma sun nuna matsayinsu na limamin su ta hanyar karantawa daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Latin. Wannan ya buɗe ƙofar ga masu karatu da rubutu kuma suna da'awar amfanin malamai. A cikin shekara ta 1351, a karkashin Edward III, an tsara wannan hanyar a cikin doka, kuma an ba da fa'idar malamai ga duk wanda zai iya karatu. Misali, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila Ben Jonson ya guji ratayewa ta hanyar neman amfanin malamai a cikin 1598 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da kisan kai. A cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Massachusetts, sojoji biyu da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cikin Kisan kiyashi na Boston na 1770 an kare su daga kisa a ƙarƙashin amfanin malamai. Duk da haka, sun yi amfani da alamar yatsunsu na dama don hana su yin amfani da dama a duk wani kisan kai na gaba (duba gyare-gyaren Tudor a ƙasa).
Ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuskuren ya fi girma saboda nassin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da aka yi amfani da shi don gwajin karatu da rubutu ya kasance, daidai, aya ta uku ta Zabura 51 (Zabura 50 bisa ga ƙididdigar Vulgate da Septuagint), Miserere mei, Deus, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam ("Ya Allah, ka yi mini jinƙai, bisa ga jinƙai na zuciya"). Don haka, mutumin da bai iya karatu da rubutu ba wanda ya haddace Zabura mai dacewa zai iya da'awar amfanin malamai. Zabura 51:3 ya zama sananne a matsayin "maɓallin wuyansa" saboda sanin cewa zai iya "ceton wuyansa" (kalma ce don "ceton ran mutum") ta hanyar canja shari'ar daga kotun duniya, inda ratayewa zai iya zama hukunci, zuwa kotun coci, inda duka hanyoyin shari'a da hukuncin da aka bayar sun fi sauƙi.
Sauye-sauye na zamanin Tudor
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A sakamakon wannan jinƙai a kotunan coci, an gudanar da sauye-sauye da yawa don yaki da cin zarafin amfanin malama. A cikin 1488, Henry VII ya ba da umarnin cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin wadanda ba malamai su nemi amfanin malamai sau ɗaya kawai: waɗanda ke da'awar amfanin malami amma ba su iya tabbatarwa ta hanyar takardun umarnin su masu tsarki ba, an yi musu alama a yatsan hannu, kuma alamar ta hana su neman amfanin mabiya a nan gaba. (A shekara ta 1547, an ba da damar da'awar amfanin malamai fiye da sau ɗaya ga takwarorinsu na masarautar, har ma da marasa karatu.)
A cikin 1512, Henry na takwas ya kara ƙuntata amfanin malamai ta hanyar yin wasu laifuka "marasa malamai"; a cikin kalmomin dokoki, sun kasance "masu zaman kansu ba tare da amfanin malami ba". Paparoma Leo X ya yi Allah wadai da wannan ƙuntatawa a Majalisar Lateran ta Biyar a shekara ta 1514. Rashin jituwa da ya biyo baya (wanda duka Ubangiji Babban Alkalin da Babban Bishop na Canterbury suka shiga) yana daya daga cikin batutuwan da za su haifar da Henry na takwas ya raba Cocin Ingila daga Cocin Katolika a 1532.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Gida ta ainihi
- Amfanin Dokar Malamai 1402 (an soke compurgation don babban cin amana da sata)
- Amfanin Dokar Malamai 1496 (an soke amfanin malamai don karamin cin amana da kisan kai)
- Amfanin Dokar Malamai ta 1575 (an soke amfanin malamai ga waɗanda aka same da laifin fyade da fashi)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ West, C. (2021-01-06). "Pope Leo of Bourges, clerical immunity and the early medieval secular". Early Medieval Europe (in Turanci). 29 (1): 86–108. doi:10.1111/emed.12450. ISSN 0963-9462. S2CID 234023609 Check
|s2cid=value (help).|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Marafioti, Nicole (2019-07-01). "Secular and Ecclesiastical Justice in Late Anglo-Saxon England". Speculum. 94 (3): 774–805. doi:10.1086/703556. ISSN 0038-7134. S2CID 197852973.
- ↑ Duggan, Anne J. (2017). "Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals". Medieval Worlds (in Turanci). medieval worlds (6): 78–100, at p. 89. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s78. ISSN 2412-3196.