Amir al-umara
 Amir al-umara | |
|---|---|
military rank (en)  , position (en) , noble title (en) da taken girmamawa | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Amir (en) |
| Ƙasa | Daular Abbasiyyah |
Ofishin amir al-umara (Larabci: أمير الأمراء, an fassara shi da roman: amīr al-umarāʾ), wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin sarkin sarakuna,[1] yarima na sarakuna,[1] babban sarki,[1] da kuma kwamandan kwamandoji,[1] babban mukami ne na soja a Khalifancin Abbasid na ƙarni na 10, wanda masu mulkinsa a cikin shekaru goma bayan 936 suka maye gurbin gwamnatin farar hula a ƙarƙashin vizier kuma suka zama masu mulki masu tasiri, suna mai da halifofin Abbasid zuwa wani matsayi na al'ada kawai. Daga nan ofishin ya zama tushen ikon Buyid akan khalifofin Abbasid da kuma kan Iraki har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 11.
Taken ya ci gaba da amfani da jihohin musulmai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma galibi an ƙuntata shi ga manyan shugabannin soja. An kuma yi amfani da shi a Norman Sicily ga wasu manyan ministocin sarki.
A cikin Khalifancin Abbasid
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutumin farko da za a kira amir al-umara shi ne kwamandan Harun ibn Gharib, dan uwan Khalifa al-Muqtadir (r. 908-932), a cikin 928. [1] Ba da daɗewa ba abokin hamayyarsa, bābān Mu'nis al-Muzaffar (845-933), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin Khalifa da ikon da ke bayan kursiyin ga mafi yawan mulkin al-Muqtadir.[1] Daga 928, Mu'nis ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice na iko tare da abokan hamayyarsa a cikin farar hula na kotun, wanda ya ƙare tare da korar da kisa na al-Muqtadir a cikin 932, da kuma maye gurbinsa da ɗan'uwansa al-Qahir (r. 932-934). Mu'nis da sojoji yanzu sun mamaye al'amuran kotun Abbasid, suna fara wani lokaci na rikice-rikice wanda, a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Hugh Kennedy, "ya mamaye gwagwarmayar sojoji don sarrafa Khalifanci kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, kudaden shiga na Sawad wanda zai ba su damar gamsar da bukatun mabiyan su".[2]
Al-Qahir ya kashe Mu'nis da kansa a cikin 933, amma a cikin 934 wani juyin mulki ya kori al-Qahir kuma ya maye gurbinsa da al-Radi (r. 934-940). Sauye-sauye da gwagwarmayar tashin hankali don kula da Khalifanci sun raunana gwamnatin tsakiya a Bagadaza. An rasa iko mai inganci a kan Maghreb da Khurasan, amma yanzu sarakuna masu cin gashin kansu sun fito a lardunan da ke kusa da Iraki: Daular Ikhshidid ce ke mulkin Masar da Bilad al-Sham, Daular Hamdanid ta sami iko a kan Upper Mesopotamia, kuma yawancin Iran sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Daylamite, daga cikinsu Buyids sun fi shahara. Ko da a Iraki kanta, an kalubalanci ikon gwamnatin Khalifa. Don haka a kudu, a kusa da Basra, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi ya kafa nasa yankin, sau da yawa yana ƙin aika kudaden shiga haraji zuwa Bagadaza da kuma kafa lambobin sadarwa tare da Buyids na Fars da ke kusa.[2] Masanin tarihi Ali ibn al-Athir (d. 1233) ya tabbatar da cewa bayan mutuwar Mu'nis, mukamin amir al-umara ya fada hannun Tarif al-Subkari, wanda shi ma shugaban baitulmalin ne.[1]
Ɗaukakawa zuwa mai mulki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshe, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 936, gazawar vizier Ibn Muqla don sarrafa gwamnonin larduna da fuskantar mummunar yanayin kudi na Khalifanci, ya haifar da nadin gwamnan Wasit, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, zuwa matsayin amir al-umara. [2] Ikon da aka baiwa Ibn Ra'iq da magajinsa ya mamaye. A cewar masanin zamani Miskawayh, an nada shi gwamna na Bagadaza kuma babban kwamandan sojoji, an ba shi nauyin karɓar harajin ƙasar kharaj da kula da duk dukiyar jama'a, da kuma kula da tsaro. An kuma ba shi banner da riguna na ofis, da kuma damar da kunya (teknonymic) ke magana da shi, kuma an kara sunansa ga Khalifa yayin Addu'ar Jumma'a. A sakamakon haka, in ji Miskawayh, Khalifa "ya yi murabus a gare shi da gwamnatin masarautar".[3] Daga nan gaba, iko mai tasiri a cikin gwamnatocin soja da na farar hula ya wuce daga Khalifa zuwa amir al-umara da sakatarensa, waɗanda ke gudanar da gwamnatin farar hula. Ibn Ra'iq ya kula da hana Khalifa tushe na karshe na goyon baya ta hanyar watsar da tsohuwar masu tsaron gida, ya maye gurbin su a matsayin ainihin sojojin Khalifa tare da Turks da Daylamites.[2]
Gwagwarmaya don iko, 936-946
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duk da ikonsa na musamman, duk da haka, Ibn Ra'iq ya kasa daidaita halin da ake ciki kuma gwagwarmayar iko mai rikitarwa ta tsawon shekaru goma tsakanin shugabannin yanki daban-daban ta biyo bayan ofishin amir al-umara. A ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 938 tsohon mai kula da shi, Turk Bajkam, ya kori Ibn Ra'iq, wanda ya sami kansa ga maye gurbinsa a mukamin kwana hudu bayan haka, kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a hannun 'yan fashi na Kurdawa a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 941. Khalifa al-Muttaqi (r. 940-944), wanda Bajkam ya ɗaga kursiyin bayan mutuwar al-Radi, yanzu ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da mulkin farar hula, ya nada Ibn Maymun sannan Abu Abdallah al-Baridi a matsayin viziers, amma sojoji sun sake samun iko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kurankij, wanda ya zama amir al-umara a ranar 1 ga Yuli. [2][3]
Ibn Ra'iq ya tsige shi a ranar 16 ga Satumba, wanda a cikin 'yan kwanaki ya sake dawo da tsohon matsayinsa. Koyaya, maidowar Ibn Ra'iq ta haifar da martani na al-Baridi, wanda sojojinsa suka mamaye Baghdad, suka tilasta Ibn Ra'q da al-Muttaqi su gudu zuwa ga mai mulkin Hamdanid al-Hasan a Mosul. Wannan na ƙarshe ya taimaka wa Khalifa ya dawo da Baghdad, ya kashe Ibn Ra'iq a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 942, kuma ya ɗauki matsayin amir al-umara da kansa a ranar 18 ga Fabraira, tare da laqab (sunan girmamawa) na Nasir al-Dawla . Har ila yau, Hamdanids ba su iya karfafa ikonsu ba a fuskar matsalolin kudi, kuma tawaye na soja a karkashin Janar amir al-umara na Turkiyya ya tilasta Nasir al-Dawla ya bar mukaminsa (11 ga Mayu 943) kuma ya koma sansaninsa a Mosul. Tuzun ya zama sabon amir al-umara a wannan shekarar.[1] [daidaitaccen tabbatarwa][1][failed verification]","href":"./Template:Failed_verification"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"December 2024"},"reason":{"wt":"The page says, '24 Rama∂àn 331H'. Another WP article (Tuzun (amir al-umara)) says it's 31 May and references the same page. So which day is it?"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwmw" typeof="mw:Transclusion">
Al-Muttaqi ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake samun 'yancin kansa ta hanyar kasancewa a Raqqa maimakon Baghdad da kuma tuntuɓar Ikhshidids, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa shi ya nemi mafaka a Misira. A ƙarshe, al-Muttaqi ya ki kuma ya koma Baghdad, inda Tuzun ya sauka ya makantar da shi, ya ɗaga al-Mustakfi (r. 944-946) zuwa kursiyin. Matsayin Tuzun ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Agusta / Satumba na shekara ta 945, amma ikon Buyids ya rufe shi. Bayan mutuwar Tuzun, sakatarensa kuma magajinsa, Muhammad ibn Shirzad, yana da iko mai rauni kawai kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya guje wa barazanar Buyid ta hanyar haɗa kai da Nasir al-Dawla. Kokarinta bai yi nasara ba, kuma a ranar 17 ga Janairun 946, Buyids a karkashin Mu'izz al-Dawla sun shiga Baghdad.[3][2] Wannan ya fara zamanin Buyid a Bagadaza da Iraki, wanda ya kasance har zuwa nasarar Seljuk a tsakiyar karni na 11.[4]