Amsawar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) Dokar Kwaskwarima ta Shekarar 2008
 Amsawar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) Dokar Kwaskwarima ta Shekarar 2008 | |
|---|---|
New Zealand statute (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Laƙabi | Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 |
| Ƙasa | Sabuwar Zelandiya |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Sabuwar Zelandiya |
| Harshen aiki ko suna | Turanci |
| Kwanan wata | 2008 |
| Legislated by (en) |
New Zealand Parliament (en) |
| Legal citation of this text (en) | Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 |
Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) Dokar Kwaskwarimar 2008 wata doka ce da Gwamnatin Labour ta Biyar ta New Zealand ta kafa a watan Satumbar 2008 wacce ta kafa sigar farko ta Shirin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New Zealand, tsarin kasuwancin iskar gas na kasa da ba a rufe shi ba kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin kasuwancin iske-kasuwanci na duniya. Bayan Babban zaben New Zealand, 2008, Gwamnatin da ke karkashin jagorancin kasa ta ba da sanarwar cewa kwamitin majalisar dokoki zai sake duba tsarin kasuwancin hayaki na New Zealand kuma ya ba da shawarar canje-canje. An aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009. Ayyukan aikin gona na kiwo sun kara jinkirta. Wajibi ne a raba shi da rabi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar "biyu don ɗaya". An rarraba raka'a kyauta ga masana'antu ba tare da an rufe su ba kuma an fitar da su kuma tare da saurin fita. An gabatar da farashin $ 25 NZD a kowace tan.
Tarihin majalisa a shekara ta 2007 da shekarar 2008
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2007, bayan tuntuɓar zaɓuɓɓukan manufofi don canjin yanayi da makamashi, Gwamnatin da ke karkashin jagorancin Labour ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana da niyyar kafa tsarin kasuwancin hayaki don amsa canjin yanayi. Firayim Minista Helen Clark ta bayyana cewa: "Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa tsarin cinikin hayaki wanda ke sanya farashi a kan hayaki yana haifar da kyakkyawar motsawa a duk faɗin tattalin arziki don amfani da man fetur da makamashi yadda ya kamata".[1]
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, Gwamnatin Labour ta gabatar da Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci da Sabuntawa) a cikin Majalisar. Kudin ya yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2002 ta hanyar saka tsarin cinikin hayaki wanda ya hada da dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki da dukkan iskar gas. Kudin ya kuma ƙuntata aikin kowane sabon tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da burbushin halittu na tsawon shekaru 10.
A ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, sassan Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci da Sabuntawa) da ke kafa NZ ETS an raba su cikin Dokar Canjin Canjin Yanayin Yanayi (Sakin Kasuwanci). [2]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) ta 2008 ta sami karatun ta na uku a majalisar kuma an karbe ta da kuri'u 63 zuwa 57 tare da goyon baya daga Green Party da New Zealand First . Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) ta 2008 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2008. [2]
Takaitaccen Bayani na Ayyuka NZ ETS
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin da aka gabatar shi ne ya rufe dukkan iskar gas guda shida da aka ƙayyade a cikin 6" href="./Kyoto_Protocol" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kyoto Protocol">Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Zai zama tattalin arziki a duk faɗin, yana rufe dukkan bangarori ciki har da noma. 'Masu shiga' waɗanda dole ne su lissafa hayakin su za su kasance kaɗan kuma suna da yawa a cikin jerin samarwa na kowane bangare kuma dole ne su mika ɗayan New Zealand (NZU) ko ɗayan cinikayya na Kyoto-daidaitaccen duniya don kowane ton na hayakin.
Za a rufe raka'a na fitarwa na New Zealand a cikin adadi kuma a rarraba su ga mahalarta ko dai ta hanyar kakanni (kyauta) ko siyarwa. Sashen za su shiga NZ ETS a kwanakin da aka tsara, daga Janairun 2008 (kurmi) har zuwa Janairun 2013 (aikin noma), kuma suna da rabon rabon daban-daban na raka'a na New Zealand kyauta. Gabaɗaya, mahalarta waɗanda zasu iya ba da kuɗin ETS, kamar kamfanonin man fetur ga masu motoci, ba za a ba su raka'a kyauta ba. Duk da yake mahalarta waɗanda kayan su ke da farashi a duniya, kamar masu fitar da madara, za a ba su matakin raka'a kyauta.[3]
Rashin murfin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta yarda cewa NZ ETS ba za ta sami iyaka ba, cikakkiyar iyaka akan jimlar hayaki da aka ba da izini a New Zealand. Duk da yake yawan raka'a na NZ da aka baiwa masu cancanta za a gyara, yawan raka'o'in 'Kyoto-compliant' na kasa da kasa da za a iya kawowa don daidaita hayaki ba za a iyakance su ba.[4] Ba kamar sauran tsarin kasuwancin hayaki ba, NZ ETS ba shi da iyaka a kan yawan raka'a na hayaki na kasa da kasa (CERs da ERUs) waɗanda za a iya shigo da su. Sakamakon haka, babu wani iyaka ko iyaka a kan yawan hayaki da aka ba da izini a New Zealand idan dai ana shigo da raka'a a cikin ƙasar kuma an mika su.[5]
Ma'aikatar Muhalli Shafin 16 ya bayyana cewa: "Babu wani iyaka a kan hayaki da ke faruwa a cikin New Zealand". Koyaya, Ma'aikatar Muhalli har yanzu tana ɗaukar NZ ETS kamar yadda ke aiki a cikin ƙimar hayaki da aka kafa ta Yarjejeniyar Kyoto don lokacin sadaukarwa na farko na 2008-2012. [6] Moyes (2008) ya bayyana wannan a matsayin "mai sassauci" inda New Zealand ta samo fitar da hayaki wanda NZETS ke sarrafawa kawai ta farashin kasuwar duniya don hayaki na GHG.[5]
Greenpeace ta lura cewa shirin NZ ETS ba ya sanya iyaka a kan adadin izinin da za a iya shigo da su zuwa New Zealand kuma bai haɗa da burin rage fitarwa na cikin gida ba. Greenpeace ta yi la'akari da cewa a cikin aiki NZ ETS zai zama harajin carbon tare da farashin da farashin kasuwar duniya ya saita.[7] Bertram da Terry (2008, p35) sun kammala cewa NZ ETS ba wani makirci ne na cap-da-kasuwanci kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziki saboda ba ya sanya cap a kan fitar da New Zealand na greenhouse gas.
Rukunin kasuwanci da haɗin ƙasa da ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]2008 NZ ETS ta kirkiro sabon sashin fitarwa, New Zealand Unit (NZU), wanda Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta bayyana a matsayin 'babban sashin kasuwanci na cikin gida'. NZU daidai yake da tan daya na iskar gas a cikin shekara guda. NZU ton 'taimakawa' ta hanyar adadin da aka ba ta. NZUs ne za a rarraba su ta hanyar 'kakan' ga gandun daji, masana'antu, makamashi, kamun kifi da aikin gona a karkashin shirin rabawa.[6]
Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin sakin layi na baya, mahalarta a cikin NZ ETS na iya amfani da mafi yawan 'Kyoto Units' don biyan wajibai na mika wuya. Yankin da aka ba da izini sune: Yankin da ake ba da izinin (AAUs), Yankin Rage fitarwa (ERUs), Yankuna na Cirewa (RMUs), da Rage fitar da izini (CERs). Koyaya, ba za a iya amfani da CERs da iCERS na wucin gadi ba, kuma ba za a ba za a yi amfani da CER da ERUs da aka samar daga ayyukan nukiliya ba.[8] Sakamakon haka, idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin kasuwancin hayaki, NZ ETS yana da alaƙa sosai da kasuwannin duniya kuma zai zama mai karɓar farashi.[5]
Majalisar Ci gaba ta yi kira da a yi amfani da raka'a na kasa da kasa da aka kafa a karkashin yarjejeniyar Kyoto maimakon raka'a ta New Zealand.
Rarraba raka'a na fitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A karkashin shawarar farko ta Gwamnatin Labour, rabon NZUs zai kasance ta hanyar haɗuwa da siyarwa da "kakanta" (rabon kyauta ga masu fitarwa na yanzu bisa ga hayaki na tarihi). Kayan daji, sufuri, makamashi da masana'antu za su sami raka'a ta hanyar gwanjo. Masana'antu da aka ayyana a matsayin 'masu cinikayya' za su sami rabon kyauta na 90% na hayakin su na 2005. Aikin noma zai sami rabon raka'a daidai da 90% na hayaki na 2005.
A cikin sigar ƙarshe kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) Dokar Kwaskwarima ta 2008, masu mallakar gandun daji tare da gandun daji kafin 1990 za su sami daidaitattun rabon kyauta na raka'a. Sufuri (mai na burbushin ruwa), makamashi mai tsayawa da hanyoyin masana'antu ba za su sami rabon kyauta na raka'a ba.
Masana'antu da makamashi da ke fuskantar kasuwanci za su sami rabon kyauta na 90% na hayaki na 2005 a kowace shekara zuwa 2018. Daga 2019 zuwa 2029 rabon kyauta zai fita a cikin raguwar 1/12 (8.3%) a kowace shekara. Aikin noma zai sami rabon kyauta na 90% na hayaki na 2005 a kowace shekara zuwa 2018. Daga 2019 zuwa 2029 rabon kyauta zai fita a cikin raguwar 1/12 (8.3%) a kowace shekara. Kifi zai sami rabon kyauta na 50% na hayaki na 2005 a kowace shekara daga Yuli 2010 zuwa Janairu 2013. [6]
Tasirin karfafa farashi don rage fitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farfesa Jonathan Boston, Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin (New Zealand) a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington, ya yi sharhi cewa 2008 NZ ETS ba zai yi tasiri sosai wajen rage hayaki ba saboda sulhu na siyasa kamar jinkirin shigar da bangaren da kuma tsawo na rarraba raka'a kyauta.
Dokta Suzi Kerr, masanin tattalin arziki kuma Babban Fellow a Binciken Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Jama'a na Motu, ya yi sharhi cewa NZ ETS zai kasance mai tsada ga masu biyan haraji yayin da ya samar da matakan da suka fi girma na rarraba raka'a kyauta ga masu fitarwa.
A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, masanin tattalin arziki na Infometrics Adolf Stroombergen ya rubuta wani labarin ra'ayi game da siyarwar izini da rarraba kyauta ga Dominion Post. Stroombergen ya lura cewa ba da izini ga masu ba da izinin maimakon sayar da su a cikin gwanjo yana da tasirin rarraba dukiya daban-daban, tare da manyan masu ba da kyauta manyan masu cin gajiyar. Don haka ya tambayi dalilin da ya sa za a rarraba ba a siyarwa ba? Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan shine biyan diyya ga kamfanoni don kadarorin 'ƙananan' waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙima saboda kasuwancin hayaki. A wannan yanayin diyya ya kamata kawai ya zama asarar darajar dukiya. Stroombergen ya yi la'akari da cewa New Zealand na iya samun 'yan kadarorin' kawai. Dalili na biyu shi ne biyan kamfanonin da za su iya kasancewa cikin rashin fa'ida ga kamfanonin kasashen waje waɗanda hayakin su ba shi da farashin carbon. Stroombergen ya yi la'akari da cewa kawai kayan masarufi da ke gasa gaba ɗaya akan farashi za su fuskanci wannan haɗarin gasa, kuma zai sa ran ganin yawancin izini an siyar da su, ba a ba su ba saboda babu tushen tattalin arziki don ci gaba da rarraba izini kyauta.[9]
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, Chris Schilling, masanin tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta New Zealand (NZIER), ya yi jayayya cewa rarraba raka'a kyauta ga kamfanonin 'masu haɗari' da ke fafatawa a kasuwannin fitarwa ya zama dole don kula da gasa. Schilling ya kuma yi jayayya cewa zaton cewa rabon shine canja wurin dukiya daga gidaje zuwa masana'antu na iya zama ba daidai ba. Wannan ya dogara ne akan samfurin NZIER wanda ke nuna cewa saboda rabon yana kare gasa na kamfanonin New Zealand, yana rage tasirin tattalin arziki na ETS. Don haka farashin rabon yana buƙatar auna shi da farashin rashin ba da rabon. A ƙarshe Schilling ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar rabon don kula da amincin muhalli na makircin. Rarraba ga kamfanoni masu inganci na New Zealand yana rage haɗarin cewa hayaki zai 'yiye' a waje. Rage fitarwa na kamfanonin New Zealand, an yi jayayya, zai haifar da karuwar samarwa a wata ƙasa, kuma watakila karuwar hayaki a duniya.
Masanin tattalin arziki Geoff Bertram ya kwatanta farashin farashi na 2008 NZ ETS tare da harajin carbon ko greenhouse gas don lokacin sadaukarwar Kyoto 1, 2008 zuwa 2012. Haraji na $ NZ30 a kowace tan, a kan tan miliyan 386 na iskar gas mai guba da za a iya fitarwa daga 2008 zuwa 2012, zai ba da siginar farashi (ko kudaden shiga na gwamnati) na $ NZ11.6 biliyan. Rashin amincewa da tallafi a cikin ETS na Labour zai rage hakan zuwa kusan dala biliyan NZ1. Dangane da wajibin mika izinin fitar da hayaki, ETS na Labour zai rage babban wajibin mika wuya na miliyan 386 (ɗaya ga kowane tan) na shekaru biyar har zuwa miliyan 35.[10]
Ranar shigar da bangarorin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Dokar Gyara Canjin Yanayi (Cikin Kasuwanci) ta 2008, kwanakin shigar da bangaren sun kasance; [6]
- 1 ga Janairu 2008: Kayan daji
- 1 ga Janairu 2010: Makamashi mai ɗorewa, matakai na masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Makamashi, Kifi
- 1 ga Janairu 2011: Sufuri (Rashin burbushin halittu):
- 1 ga Janairu 2013: Aikin gona:
Halin da aka yi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Satumbar 2008, mai magana da yawun canjin yanayi na Jam'iyyar National Party Nick Smith ya bayyana NZ ETS a matsayin 'rushed', 'rushmed' da 'riddled with kurakurai'. [11]
Babban Darakta na Kasuwanci na New Zealand Phil O"Reilly ya bayyana dokar a matsayin "maras kyau"" hadari ga tattalin arzikinmu" da kuma "misali na rashin aikin doka".
Majalisar Ci gaba ta bayyana cewa manoma da manyan masana'antu suna da matukar damuwa ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa na raka'a na New Zealand waɗanda suka kasance masu ba da tallafi.
Jeanette Fitzsimons, Co-Leader na Green Party ta ce ta yi tunanin NZ ETS 'mataki ne na farko' kuma ya kamata 'yan New Zealand su guji tunanin cewa NZ ETS ta 'tsaya' canjin yanayi. Shugaban kungiyar Greens Russel Norman ya yi tambaya game da gaskiyar cewa aikin gona ba zai shiga NZ ETS ba har sai 2013 kuma jinkirin ya wakilci tallafin dala biliyan 1.2 ga masana'antar madara. Norman ya ce fasahar da ke akwai ta ba manoma damar rage hayaki, kuma ya kamata bangaren noma su shiga NZ ETS a kan wannan jadawalin kamar kamfanonin man fetur - a cikin 2009, maimakon 2013.
Greenpeace Aotearoa ta bayyana 2008 NZ ETS a matsayin "mai rauni da ruwa" kuma mai karimci ga noma da sauran manyan masu gurbatawa. Greenpeace ta yi la'akari da cewa NZ ETS ba za ta fitar da zurfin fitarwa da ake buƙata don hana dumamar duniya ba. Mai magana da yawun Simon Boxer ya ce: "Wannan lamari ne na wani abu da ya fi komai".
Don nuna adawa da NZ ETS, Jam'iyyar ACT ta sanya wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na titi inda "mace" ta yi wa "manomi" bulala wanda ke jan babban takardar kudi da aka yi wa Rasha don dala biliyan 5 daga mai biyan haraji na New Zealand.
A lokacin ci gaban shirin, John Stephenson na NZIER ya yi sharhi cewa Gwamnati ya kamata ta "yi numfashi kuma ta sha kofin shayi" kafin ta ci gaba. A ra'ayin Stephenson mummunan tasirin ETS akan ci gaban tattalin arziki ya yi yawa. An bayar da rahoton samfurin tattalin arziki na NZIER ya nuna cewa ETS na Labour zai dauki $ 3000 daga kudaden da ake kashewa a kowace shekara kuma ya kashe ayyuka 20,000. Tsarin ya kuma nuna cewa ETS na Labour zai rage darajar ƙasar madara da kashi 40 kuma ya rage fitar da madara da dipersente 13.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi ta Ci gaba ta bayyana NZ ETS a matsayin "kusan hanyar da ba ta da tasiri don rage yawan iskar gas na New Zealand".
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Canjin yanayi a New Zealand
- Makamashi a New Zealand
- Jerin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- A 20-page analysis.
- .[dead link] A 137-page analysis.
- . A 52-page report on the policy background to and detail of the 2008 NZ ETS.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Dokar a legislation.govt.nz
- Shafukan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gaskiya Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Satumba 2008; INFO 317-329
- Tsarin Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na New Zealand: Babban Ministan Muhalli, Satumba 2007, Ref. ME810.
- ↑ Clark, Helen (20 September 2007). "Launch of emissions trading scheme Speech". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Legislative History Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 No 85". New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ↑ "New Zealand emissions trading scheme Questions and answers". New Zealand Government. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ↑ MfE (September 2007). "The Framework for a New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme – 4 Core Design Features 4.8.2 Definition of the cap for the NZ ETS". Ref. ME810. Ministry for the Environment. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Moyes, Toni E. (2008). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in New Zealand: Trailblazing Comprehensive Cap and Trade" (PDF). Ecology Law Quarterly. 35 (4): 911–966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Unlike most other ETS, the NZ ETS places no limit on the volume of CERs and ERUs that may be imported (p 936)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 MfE (October 2008). "Major design features of the emissions trading scheme". Factsheet 16 INFO 318. Ministry for the Environment. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ↑ Saddler, Hugh; Denniss, Richard (February 2008). "New Zealand's expanding carbon footprint: analysis of New Zealand's Emissions Trading Scheme" (PDF). Greenpeace New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ↑ MfE (October 2008). "Units of trade in the New Zealand emissions trading scheme". Factsheet 27 INFO 329. Ministry for the Environment. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ↑ Stroombergen, Adolf (17 August 2007). "Fairness must dictate our emissions policy". Infometrics Ltd (www.infometrics.co.nz). Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ↑ Bertram, Geoff (13 November 2009). "How Not to Design an Emissions Trading Scheme" (PDF). The Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
- ↑ Smith, Nick (11 September 2008). "Flawed ETS bill will be amended by National". Press Release: New Zealand National Party. Retrieved 28 July 2010.