Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam

Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam
Wikipedia overview article (en)
Bayanai
Rikici	Vietnam War (en)
Muhimmin darasi	First Indochina War (en) da Vietnam War (en)

Sojojin Amurka sun sauka daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu a Yaƙin Ia Drang a Vietnam a watan Nuwamba 1965

  Kasancewar kasar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya karu sosai a 1965 har zuwa lokacin da ya janye a 1973. Kasancewar sojojin Amurka a Vietnam ya kai kololuwa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969, tare da ma'aikatan soja 543,000 da aka ajiye a kasar. A ƙarshen shigar sodojin Amurka, an kashe fiye da Amurkawa miliyan 3.1 a Vietnam, kuma an kashe 58,279.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare a 1945, Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya ayyana koyarwarsa na "tsayawa" Kwaminisanci a 1947 a farkon Yaƙin Cold . Harkokin Amurka a Vietnam ya fara ne a shekarar 1950, tare da Truman ya aika da masu ba da shawara na soja don taimakawa Faransa a kan 'yan tawaye na Viet Minh a Yaƙin Indochina na farko . Faransanci sun janye a shekara ta 1954, inda suka bar Arewacin Vietnam a cikin iko da rabin arewacin kasar. Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya ba da umarnin ayyukan CIA na sirri a Kudancin Vietnam. An dakatar da adawa da mulkin Ngo Dinh Diem a Kudancin Vietnam tare da taimakon Amurka, amma daga 1957 masu tayar da kayar baya da aka sani da Viet Cong sun kaddamar da yakin da aka yi wa jihar. Arewacin Vietnam ya goyi bayan Viet Cong, wanda ya fara yaƙi da Sojojin Kudancin Vietnam. Shugaba John F. Kennedy, wanda ya yi rajista ga "ka'idar mulkin mallaka" cewa kwaminisanci zai bazu zuwa wasu ƙasashe idan Vietnam ta fadi, ya faɗaɗa taimakon Amurka ga Kudancin Vietnam, ya ƙara yawan masu ba da shawara daga 900 zuwa 16,300, amma wannan ya kasa samar da sakamako. A cikin 1963, An kori Diem kuma an kashe shi a juyin mulkin soja da Amurka ta amince da shi. Arewacin Vietnam ya fara aikawa da rundunonin sojojinsa, dauke da makamai na Soviet da na kasar Sin, don taimakawa Viet Cong.

Bayan abin da ya faru a Tekun Tonkin a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ba da umarnin hare-haren sama a kan Arewacin Vietnam, kuma Majalisa ta zartar da ƙudurin Gulf of Tonkin, wanda ya ba da izinin shiga tsakani na soja don kare Kudancin Vietnam. Daga farkon 1965, shigar Amurka a Vietnam ta karu da sauri, ta kaddamar da Operation Rolling Thunder a kan manufofi a Arewa kuma ta ba da umarnin Marines 3,500 zuwa yankin. Ya bayyana a fili cewa hare-haren sama kadai ba za su ci yaƙin ba, don haka ana ƙara yawan sojojin ƙasa a kai a kai. Janar William Westmoreland, wanda ya umarci sojojin Amurka, ya zaɓi yaƙi na raguwa. Hamayya da yaƙin a Amurka ya kasance mai yawa, kuma an ƙarfafa shi yayin da labarai suka ruwaito game da amfani da napalm, yawan mutuwar da ke tsakanin sojoji da fararen hula, tasirin maganin sinadarai na Orange, da Laifukan yaki na Amurka kamar kisan kiyashi na My Lai . A shekara ta 1968, Arewacin Vietnam da Viet Cong sun kaddamar da Tet Offensive, bayan haka Westmoreland ya kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin sojojin Amurka 200,000 don nasara. Johnson ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa, ya sanar da cewa ba zai nemi wani wa'adi a ofis ba, kuma ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen Rolling Thunder. Wanda ya gaji Johnson, Richard Nixon, ya karɓi manufofin "Vietnamization", horar da sojojin Kudancin Vietnam don su iya kare ƙasar kuma su fara janyewar sojojin Amurka. A shekara ta 1972, akwai sojojin Amurka 69,000 kawai a Vietnam, kuma a cikin 1973 an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris, ta cire dakarun karshe. A shekara ta 1975, Kudancin ya fadi ga mamayewa daga Arewa, kuma Vietnam ta sake haɗuwa a shekara ta 1976.

Kudin yaƙi da yaƙi ga Amurka ya kasance mai yawa. Baya ga sojoji 58,279 da aka kashe, kashe kusan dala biliyan 168 ya iyakance shirin Johnson's Great Society na sake fasalin cikin gida kuma ya haifar da babban rashi na kasafin kudin tarayya. Wasu masana tarihi sun zargi rashin nasarar soja a kan dabarun da ba su da kyau, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa Amurka ba ta da kayan aiki don yaƙi da abokin gaba mai ƙuduri. Rashin cin nasarar yaƙin ya kawar da tatsuniyoyin rashin cin nasara na sojojin Amurka kuma ya raba al'ummar tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan kuma suka yi adawa da yaƙin. Ya zuwa 2019, an kiyasta cewa kimanin tsoffin sojoji 610,000 na Vietnam har yanzu suna da rai, yana mai da su rukuni na biyu mafi girma na tsoffin sojozi bayan wadanda ke yakin ta'addanci. An nuna yakin a cikin dubban fina-finai, littattafai, da wasannin bidiyo da suka shafi rikici.

An yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin ma'aikacin Amurka yana da shekaru 19, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ambaton da ba a saba gani ba a cikin waƙar pop ("19" na Paul Hardcastle); Lt. Col. Dave Grossman ya ambaci adadi. na Kungiyar Binciken Kisan kai a cikin littafinsa na 1995 On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (shafi na 265).  Koyaya, shafin yanar gizon Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network yana jayayya da shi, wanda ke da'awar matsakaicin shekarun ma'aikatan MOS 11B ya kasance 22. Wannan ya kwatanta da shekaru 26 ga waɗanda suka shiga yakin duniya na biyu. Sojoji sun yi aiki na shekara guda. Matsakaicin shekarun sojojin Amurka da suka mutu a Vietnam ya kai shekaru 22.8.

Sojojin Amurka za su gudanar da ayyukan kan sojojin PAVN, suna tura su zuwa cikin ƙauyuka daga wuraren da ke bakin teku masu yawa. A cikin ƙauyuka Amurka za ta iya amfani da fifiko a cikin ƙarfin wuta da motsi don zubar da jini ga abokan gaba a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Tsabtace VC da kuma zaman lafiya na ƙauyuka zai zama alhakin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam. Amincewa da wannan dabarar, duk da haka, ya kawo Westmoreland cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da kwamandan Marine Corps, Janar Lewis W. Walt, wanda ya riga ya amince da tsaron ƙauyuka a matsayin mabuɗin nasara. Nan da nan Walt ya fara kokarin zaman lafiya a yankin da yake da shi, amma Westmoreland bai yi farin ciki ba, yana gaskanta cewa ana amfani da Marines kuma yana yaƙi da abokin gaba mara kyau. A ƙarshe, MACV ya ci nasara kuma binciken Westmoreland da kuma lalata ra'ayi, wanda aka tsara akan raguwar sojojin abokan gaba, ya ci nasara a ranar.