Amurkawan Harshen Haiti

Amurkawan Harshen Haiti

Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Tarayyar Amurka
Kabilu masu alaƙa
West Indian Americans (en)

Haitian Amirkawa (Spanish: haitianoamericanos; Faransanci: Haïtiens-Américains; Haitian Creole: ayisyen ameriken) rukuni ne na Amirkawa na asali ko na asali ko na Haiti. Mafi yawan al'ummar Haiti a Amurka suna zaune a Little Haiti zuwa yankin Florida ta Kudu. Bugu da kari, suna da yawan jama'a a manyan biranen Arewa maso Gabas kamar New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore da Washington, D.C., da kuma a Chicago, Springfield, da Detroit a tsakiyar Yamma. Yawancin baƙi ne ko zuriyarsu daga tsakiyar ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da ci gaba da ƙaura na ƙarni na 21 zuwa Amurka. Haitian Amirkawa suna wakiltar rukuni mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen Haiti.

A cikin 2021, ƙidayar jama'a ta Amurka ta kiyasta cewa mutane 1,138,855 na zuriyar Haiti cikakke ko wani ɓangare na rayuwa a Amurka.[2] A cikin 1960s da 1970s, Haiti da yawa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka don tserewa yanayin zalunci a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na François "Papa Doc" da ɗansa Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. Tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, matsalolin tattalin arziki, manufofin ƙaura da bala'o'i sun ba da ƙarin dalilai na yin hijira.

Tarihi

A cikin karni na 18, yankin Saint-Domingue na Faransa ya kasance mafi arziki a cikin Caribbean saboda yawan samar da sukari. Wannan dukiyar ta ta’allaka ne a hannun ‘yan tsiraru mafi yawa daga cikin masu shukar Faransa da Turawa, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi daga yankin Saharar Afirka wajen noma, girbi, da sarrafa amfanin gonakinsu. Tun daga shekara ta 1791, bayi (waɗanda suka samar da kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar) sun yi tawaye ga iyayengijinsu, suka yi yaƙi da sojojin mamaya, kuma suka yi nasarar tilastawa Faransa kawar da bautar.

Lokacin da Faransa ta yi ƙoƙari daga baya don sake dawo da bautar, tsoffin bayi sun sake yin tawaye kuma suka sami 'yancin kai a 1804, suna ayyana Jamhuriyar Haiti jamhuriya ta biyu a Yammacin Yammacin Turai. Tawayen dai ya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin kasar. ’Yan mulkin mallaka da yawa sun tafi, fararen fata da masu ’yanci masu launi. Masu ‘yanci sun so su noma nasu filaye maimakon aikin gonaki. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira daga Saint-Domingue sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, tare da daukar bayinsu tare da su, musamman zuwa yankin New Orleans, inda suka karfafa yawan mutanen Faransanci da na Afirka. Ko da yake Faransa da Caribbean masu jin Mutanen Espanya (Cuba, Santo Domingo da Puerto Rico) wasu manyan wurare ne ga baƙi da yawa, Amurka ta kasance wurin da ya fi shahara.

A farkon karni na 19, yawancin baƙi daga Haiti na mulkin mallaka (St. Domingue) sun taimaka wajen samun matsuguni a cikin Daular Faransa, wanda daga baya zai zama wuraren Chicago da Detroit a Amurka ta zamani. A lokacin juyin juya halin Haiti, Faransawa da yawa farar fata sun bar Haiti zuwa yankin New Orleans saboda ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwar Faransanci, duk da kasancewarsu na Amurka a lokacin. Sun kawo bayi tare da su, aikin da ya ninka yawan baƙi a yankin New Orleans. Tasirin Haiti ya haɗa da na Haitian Creole akan yaren Louisiana Creole da Haitian Vodou akan addinin Louisiana Voodoo. Ko da yake waɗannan abubuwa sun riga sun kasance a yankin, kasancewar Haiti ya sa ya fi karfi. Al'ummar Haitian da suka fito daga zuriyar sun kasance sun gauraya sosai zuwa ga baki dayan baki na Louisiana baki daya.

Yayin da akasarin masu hijira na farko na ƙarni na 20 daga Haiti sun fito ne daga manyan aji, yanayin talauci, da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, daga ƙarshe ya sa yawancin Saint Dominicans da yawa su yi ƙaura. Gabaɗaya, akwai lokuta huɗu na manyan ƙaura zuwa Amurka a cikin tarihin Haiti: tashin farko a farkon karni na 20, bayan mamayar Amurka daga 1915 zuwa 1934, a cikin 1960s da 1970s don tserewa mulkin Duvalier, da bin 2004-2004.