Andreas Papandreou
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Andreas Georgiou Papandreou (Girka: , mai suna [anˈðreas papanˈðreu]; 5 ga Fabrairu 1919 - 23 ga Yuni 1996) masanin kimiyya ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Girka wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1981 zuwa 1989 kuma daga 1993 zuwa 1996. Ya kafa kungiyar Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).elelel
An haife shi a Chios, Papandreou ɗan Firayim Minista Georgios Papandreou ne. A cikin 1938, Papandreou ya bar Girka zuwa Amurka don tserewa daga 4th na Agusta Regime kuma ya zama fitaccen masanin kimiyya. Ya koma Girka a shekara ta 1959 bayan shekaru da yawa na tsayayya da roƙon mahaifinsa don shirya shi a matsayin magaji.[1] Saurin hawan Papandreou, tare da maganganunsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, sun kara rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na Girka bayan Yaƙin basasa, wanda ya haifar da yanayi ga ƙungiyar kwamandoji don shirya juyin mulki da kuma mulkin Girka na tsawon shekaru bakwai. [2] An daure Papandreou, sannan aka tura shi gudun hijira a lokacin Junta na Girka, tare da mutane da yawa, ciki har da mahaifinsa, suna zarginsa da faduwar dimokuradiyya. [i][3] A cikin gudun hijira, Papandreou ya haɓaka kuma ya yada wani labari mai adawa da Amurka, mai makirci[ii] game da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, wanda ya sha wahala daga manyan dakarun.[3]
Lokacin da ya dawo a shekara ta 1974, Papandreou ya kirkiro PASOK, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta farko da aka shirya ta Girka. Maganar populistic ta Papandreou ta yi tasiri tare da mutanen Girka waɗanda suka nemi hutu daga siyasar da ta gabata, tare da matsin lamba daga Rikicin makamashi na shekarun 1970.[4] PASOK ta lashe Zaben 1981 kuma Papandreou ta aiwatar da tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, fadada damar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya, karfafa haƙƙin ma'aikata, da kuma zartar da sabuwar dokar iyali wacce ta inganta Matsayin mata a cikin al'umma da tattalin arziki. Ya sami amincewar hukuma ga kungiyoyin adawa da kwaminisanci a cikin Girka Resistance, yana sauƙaƙa ga 'yan gudun hijirar kwaminisancin daga yakin basasa su dawo.[5] Gwamnatinsa ta lalace ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa da yawa, wani matsayi mai laushi game da ta'addanci, sake dawowa na dimokuradiyya, saki na jama'a da auren da ya biyo baya ga mai kula da jirgin sama rabin shekarunsa, yanke shawara na manufofin kasashen waje masu rikitarwa, da kuma Rikicin tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar.[6][7] A karkashin Papandreou, tattalin arzikin Girka ya rabu da matsakaicin Turai saboda babban tallafi, rashin amfani da kudaden Tarayyar Turai, da kuma karbar bashi na kasashen waje, wanda ya haifar da Girka ta sami suna na "black sheep" na Turai da "lost cause".[8][9]
Papandreou ya yi murabus daga firaministan a watan Janairun 1996 saboda rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. Ya canza mulkin demokraɗiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Girka bayan mulkin mallaka zuwa mulkin demokraɗ iyya wanda ke ci gaba da shahara bayan mutuwarsa. Ɗansa na fari, George Papandreou, ya zama shugaban PASOK a watan Fabrairun 2004 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista daga 2009 zuwa 2011.[iii][10][11][12]
Rayuwa da iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Papandreou a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1919 a tsibirin Girka na Chios, ɗan Zofia (Sofia) Mineyko da ɗan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Girka kuma Firayim Minista na gaba George Papandreou .[1] Kakan mahaifiyarsa shi ne dan kasar Poland-Lithuania mai suna Zygmunt Mineyko, kuma kakarsa ta mahaifiyarsa Girka ce. Ya halarci Kwalejin Athens, makarantar masu zaman kansu a Girka, sannan Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens daga 1937 har zuwa 1938. A lokacin mulkin kama-karya karkashin jagorancin Ioannis Metaxas, an kama shi saboda zargin Trotskyism.[1] Bayan wakilci a kotu da mahaifinsa ya yi, Papandreou ya sami biza ta hanyar haɗin iyali, kuma ya tafi New York. Daga can ya nemi mafaka ta siyasa bisa ga ɗaurin da gwamnatin Metaxas ta yi.[1]
Papandreou ya auri Christina Rasia a shekara ta 1941. A shekara ta 1948, ya shiga dangantaka da Margaret Chant, dalibi ne na aikin jarida a Jami'ar Minnesota inda ya kasance farfesa.[1] Ya sami saki daga mijinsa a 1951 kuma ya auri Chant daga baya a wannan shekarar. Suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace. Papandreou kuma tana da, tare da 'yar wasan Sweden kuma mai gabatar da talabijin Ragna Nyblom [sv], 'yar da ba ta da aure, Emilia Nyblom, wacce aka haifa a 1969 a Sweden.[13][14] Papandreou ya saki Chant a shekarar 1989 kuma ya auri Dimitra Liani, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 37.[15]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stearns 2021.
- ↑ Featherstone & Papadimitriou 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Miller 2009.
- ↑ Pirounakis 1997.
- ↑ Liakos & Doumanis 2023.
- ↑ Dobratz & Whitfield 1992.
- ↑ Koliopoulos & Veremis 2009.
- ↑ Featherstone 2005.
- ↑ Tsoukalis 1999.
- ↑ Pappas 2014.
- ↑ Pappas 2013.
- ↑ Pappas 2019.
- ↑ Greek Reporter Jun. 2014.
- ↑ Washington Post Sep. 1996.
- ↑ Los Angeles Times Jul. 1989.