Angola a shekarun 1950
 Angola a shekarun 1950 | |
|---|---|
events in a specific year or time period (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Angola |
| Mabiyi |
1940s in Angola (en) |
| Ta biyo baya |
1960s in Angola (en) |
| Kwanan wata | 1950s |
Angola a shekarun 1950 ta sauya sheka daga hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka zuwa matsayin lardi. Angola tana da matsayin mulkin mallaka na Portugal daga shekara ta 1655 har zuwa lokacin da Majalisar Jamhuriyar ta zartar da wata doka a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni,[1][2] 1951, ta ba da matsayin lardin Portuguese ga dukan yankunan Portugal, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, 1951.[3] Ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu fafutuka masu fafutukar neman ‘yancin kai na Angola sun kafa a shekarun 1950 duk da tsananin turjiya daga gwamnatin Portugal, wanda ya kai ga yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Angolan (1961-1975).
Siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Viriato da Cruz da sauransu sun kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa, ƙungiyar da ke inganta al'adun Angola, a cikin shekarar 1948. Masu kishin ƙasa sun aike da wasika ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suna kira ga ƙasar Angola ta ba da matsayin kariya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. A cikin shekarar 1953 'yan kishin ƙasa na Angola sun kafa Jam'iyyar United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da ta ba da shawarar 'yancin Angola daga Portugal. Shekaru biyu bayan haka Mário Pinto de Andrade da ɗan'uwansa Joaquim suka kafa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Angolan (PCA). A cikin watan Disamba 1956 PLUAA ta haɗe tare da PCA don kafa Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). MPLA, ƙarƙashin jagorancin da Cruz, Mário Andrade, Ilidio Machado, da Lúcio Lara, sun sami goyon baya daga Ambundu da kuma a Luanda.[4][5][6][7]
’Yan kishin Kongo-Angolan sun kafa Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Arewacin Angola, wadda ta ba da shawarar ’yancin kan masarautar Kongo ta gargajiya, a cikin shekarar 1954.[8]
'Yan sandan Portugal sun kama Agostinho Neto na MPLA kuma shugaban Angola na gaba (1975-1979), a cikin shekarar 1952 da kuma a shekarar 1955 saboda shigarsa cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Portugal. Ya koma Angola a shekarar 1959 kuma 'yan sanda sun sake kama shi a cikin shekarar 1960.[9] Hukumomin Portugal sun kama mambobin MPLA sama da 100 a cikin shekarar 1959.[10]
Tattalin Arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turawan Portugal sun gano man fetur a Angola a shekarar 1955. An fara samarwa a cikin kwandon Cuanza a cikin shekarar 1950s, a cikin Basin Kongo a cikin shekarar 1960s, da kuma a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan Cabinda a cikin shekarar 1968. Kamfanin Fina na Belgium (yau - 2007 - wani ɓangare na Total) shine farkon wanda aka ba da rangwame. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portuguese ta ba da haƙƙin aiki don Block Zero ga Kamfanin Mai na Cabinda Gulf Oil (CABGOC), wani reshe na kamfanin Amurka Gulf Oil, yanzu ya haɗe cikin ChevronTexaco, a cikin shekarar 1955. Adadin habakar tattalin arzikin Angola ya ƙaru a shekarun 1950, amma ya bunƙasa a shekarun 1960 yayin da masana'antu suka ƙaru da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara na kashi 17%.[11] A yau masana'antar man fetur ita ce injin tattalin arzikin Angola.[12][13]
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, gwamnatin ƙasar Portugal ta ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasar su ƙaura zuwa Angola don rama rashin aikin yi. Yawan fararen fata a Angola ya ƙaru daga 79,000 a 1950 zuwa 173,000 a 1960, inda 55,000 ke zaune a Luanda kadai.[14]
Cibiyoyin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun kafa Cibiyar Angola a Luanda a cikin shekarar 1952, mujallar Garcia de Orta a shekarar 1953, Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi a Ƙasashen waje a shekarar 1955, Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da zamantakewa a shekarar 1956, Cibiyar Bayanan Kimiyya a Ƙasashen waje a shekarar 1957, da Cibiyar Nazarin Mishan a shekarar 1959.[15]
Gwamnonin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- José Agapito de Silva Carvalho, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1948 – 1955)
- Manoel de Gusmão Mascarenhas Gaivão, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1955-1956)
- Horácio José de Sá Viana Rebelo, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1956-1960)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Palmer, Alan Warwick (1979). The Facts on File Dictionary of 20th Century History, 1900-1978. p. 15.
- ↑ Dicken, Samuel Newton; Forrest Ralph Pitts (1963). Introduction to Human Geography. p. 359.
- ↑ Osmâanczyk, Edmund Jan; Anthony Mango (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. p. 95.
- ↑ Wright, George (1997). The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. pp. 2, 8–11, and 57.
- ↑ Oyebade, Adebayo O (2006). Culture And Customs of Angola. pp. XI.
- ↑ Africa Year Book and Who's who. 1977. p. 238.
- ↑ Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. pp. 29–36.
- ↑ Shadle, Robert (ADP); James Stuart Olson (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. pp. 26–27.
- ↑ Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. pp. 518–519.
- ↑ Wright, George (1997). The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. pp. 3.
- ↑ Clark, Desmond J. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. p. 772.
- ↑ Angola Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Energy Information Administration
- ↑ Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. pp. 82.
- ↑ Bender, Gerald (1974). Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers.
- ↑ Gann, Lewis Henry; Peter Duignan (1973). Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960. p. 28.