Anna Mae Aquash

Anna Mae Aquash
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Shubenacadie (en) , 27 ga Maris, 1945
ƙasa	Kanada
Mazauni	Boston Shubenacadie (en) Pictou Landing (en) Mount Desert Island (en) Walpole Island (en) Ottawa Minneapolis–Saint Paul Los Angeles Denver
Mutuwa	South Dakota Highway 73 (en) , Disamba 1975
Yanayin mutuwa	kisan kai (gunshot wound (en) )
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci Mi'kmaq (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	gwagwarmaya, ɗan siyasa da Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam
Mamba	Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka

 

Annie Mae Aquash (sunan Mi'kmaq Naguset Eask) (Maris 27, 1945 - tsakiyar Disamba 1975 ) ta kasance mai fafutukar kasashe na farko kuma memba na kabilar Mi'kmak daga Nova Scotia, Kanada.

Aquash ya koma Boston a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma ya shiga wasu al'ummomi na farko da 'yan asalin Amurka da suka mai da hankali kan ilimi, juriya, da zalunci na' yan sanda a kan' yan asalin birane. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM) kuma ta shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa tare da su.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, mambobin AIM sun sace ta, suka yi mata fyade, kuma suka kashe ta a yankin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Daga baya aka gano jikinta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1976. A cikin 2000s, an yanke wa mambobi da yawa na AIM hukunci kan satar mutane da kashe ta.

A shekara ta 1973, a matsayin wani ɓangare na AIM, ta shiga cikin Wounded Knee Occupation a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . Aquash ya kuma shiga cikin 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties da kuma zama a hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a Washington, DC. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Aquash ya kasance mai aiki a cikin zanga-zangar don jawo kyakkyawan matakin gwamnati da amincewa da Al'ummai na farko da 'yancin jama'ar Amurka a Kanada da Amurka.

Aquash ta kuma ɓace a ƙarshen Disamba 1975, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita cewa an kashe ta. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1976, an gano jikin Aquash a Wanblee a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a Dakota ta Kudu. Ta ƙaddara ta mutu ne daga bayyanar da wani mai binciken likitancin Ofishin Harkokin Indiya. Amma binciken gawa na biyu makonni biyu bayan haka [wanda?] ya kammala cewa an kashe ta da harbin bindiga a kai. Da farko, an rufe mutuwarta, kuma an bayyana jikinta a matsayin "maras ganewa". Aquash yana da shekaru talatin a lokacin da aka kashe ta kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Debbie da Denise.

Bayan shekaru da yawa na bincike da sauraron shaidar manyan juriya uku na tarayya, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, an tuhumi mambobin AIM Arlo Looking Cloud da John Graham da kisan Aquash. An yanke wa Looking Cloud hukunci a shekara ta 2004 kuma Graham a shekara ta 2010; dukansu biyu sun sami hukuncin rai da rai. An gurfanar da Thelma Rios tare da John Graham, amma ta yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga satar. A shekara ta 2008 an tuhumi Vine Richard "Dick" Marshall da taimakawa kisan, amma an wanke shi da samar da bindigar. Yawancin magoya bayan Aquash da 'ya'yanta mata sun yi imanin cewa manyan jami'an AIM, ciki har da Leonard Peltier, sun ba da umarnin kisan ta, suna tsoron cewa ita mai ba da labari ne na FBI.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Annie Mae Pictou a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1945 a cikin Mi'kmaq First Nation a Indian Brook Reserve a Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Mary Ellen Pictou da mahaifinta Francis Thomas Levi . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Mary da Becky Pictou, da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa Francis. A farkon ƙuruciya sun zauna a cikin jeji a cikin wigwam. Lokacin da aka watsar da yara a can, masu ceto sun kai su wurin ajiya don kulawa. Pictou da 'yan uwanta sun sami ilimin farko a wurin ajiya amma sun yi gwagwarmaya da talauci a duk rayuwarsu ta farko. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas, Pictou yana da tarin fuka a idanu da huhu.

Aure da iyali

A shekara ta 1962, Pictou tana da shekaru 17 lokacin da ta koma tare da James Maloney daga ajiyar zuwa Boston. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu tare, Denise, an haife ta a watan Yunin 1964, da Debbie, an haifi ta a watan Satumbar 1965. Sun yi aure a wannan shekarar. Sun sake aure a tsakiyar 1970 bayan Pictou ya sami Maloney yana da wani al'amari.

Pictou daga baya ya auri Nogeeshik Aquash, mai fafutukar Ojibwa, a wani bikin 'yan asalin ƙasar a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1973. Ta ci gaba da sunansa na karshe bayan sun rabu.

Yunkurin fafutuka

A Boston, Pictou ya fara saduwa da Indiyawa na Amurka da sauran mutanen First Nations daga Kanada. Game da 1968-1969, ta sadu da mambobin American Indian Movement (AIM), wanda aka kafa a Minneapolis a shekarar 1968. Suna shirya tsakanin Indiyawa na birane, da farko don yaki da nuna bambanci da zalunci ga 'yan sanda ga mutanensu. Pictou ya shiga cikin Koyarwa da Bincike a cikin Shirin Makarantar Ilimi ta Bicultural (TRIBES), wani shirin a Bar Harbor, Maine don koyar da matasa Indiyawan Amurka game da tarihin su.

A ranar godiya ta 1970, masu gwagwarmayar AIM a Boston sun gudanar da babban zanga-zanga game da bikin Mayflower II a tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar shiga da kwace jirgin. Pictou ya taimaka wajen kirkirar Majalisar Indiyawan Boston (yanzu Cibiyar Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka ta Boston), don yin aiki don inganta yanayin Indiyawa a cikin birni.

A shekara ta 1972, Pictou ya shiga cikin Trail of Broken Treaties march na 'yan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Amurka zuwa Washington, DC. Masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye hedikwatar Ofishin Harkokin Indiya kuma sun gabatar da jerin buƙatu 20 ga gwamnati, 12 daga cikinsu suna hulɗa da batutuwan yarjejeniya. A Boston, Pictou ya sadu da Nogeeshik Aquash, daga Tsibirin Walpole, Kanada, kuma sun fara dangantaka.

A cikin 1973, Nogeeshik da Anna Mae sun yi tafiya tare zuwa Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a Dakota ta Kudu don shiga cikin masu gwagwarmayar AIM da Oglala Lakota a cikin juriya ga batutuwan cikin gida. Dokar Tarayya ta shiga cikin abin da ya faru a matsayin aikin kwana 71 na masu fafutuka na Wounded Knee, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1973.

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a can a wani bikin Native na Wallace Black Elk, dattijo na Lakota. Anna Mae ta ɗauki Aquash a matsayin sunanta, kuma ta riƙe shi bayan sun rabu daga baya.

"These white people think this country belongs to them," Aquash wrote in a letter to her sister at the time. "The whole country changed with only a handful of raggedy-ass pilgrims that came over here in the 1500s. And it can take a handful of raggedy-ass Indians to do the same, and I intend to be one of those raggedy-ass Indians." On her first night in South Dakota, [Dennis] Banks told her that newcomers were needed on kitchen duty. "Mr. Banks," she replied, "I didn't come here to wash dishes. I came here to fight."

Yin amfani da sunan mahaifiyar Aquash, a cikin 1974 Annie Mae ta kasance mafi yawa a Minneapolis. Ta yi aiki a kan aikin Red Schoolhouse, don makarantar da ke da al'adu ga ɗaliban Indiyawan Amurka da yawa da ke zaune a cikin birni.

A wannan shekarar ta kuma shiga cikin aikin makamai a Anicinabe Park a Kenora, Ontario ta masu fafutukar Ojibwe da magoya bayan AIM. Suna nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake bi da Ojibwe a Kenora da arewa maso yammacin Ontario dangane da kiwon lafiya, cin zarafin 'yan sanda, ilimi da sauran batutuwa, da gazawar Ofishin Harkokin Indiya na gwamnatin kasa don inganta yanayin. Aquash ya kuma ci gaba da aiki ga Dattawa da Mutanen Lakota na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation .

A watan Janairun 1975, Aquash ya yi Ɗauki tare da Menominee Warriors Society a cikin wata daya na makamai na Alexian Brothers Novitiate a Gresham, Wisconsin . An rufe masallacin Katolika kuma an watsar da shi, kuma Menominee suna son dukiyar ta koma ga kabilar, kamar yadda 'yan uwan Alexian suka mallaki ƙasar don aikinsu. A wannan shekarar, an kama Aquash sau biyu a kan tuhumar da ta shafi makamai na tarayya, amma an sake shi da sauri. An sake ta na biyu jim kadan kafin a kashe ta.

Sakin Aquash daga kurkuku ya kara yawan tuhumar AIM na ciki, wanda ya haifar da kamfen ɗin yaudara, cewa Aquash na iya zama mai ba da labari ga gwamnati. Shugabannin sun firgita tun lokacin da suka gano a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1975, cewa Douglas Durham, wani fitaccen memba wanda a lokacin aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban tsaro na AIM, ya kasance mai ba da labari na FBI. Durham ya sami amincewar shugabannin AIM a cikin shekaru biyu da ya tafi ba tare da an gano shi ba. Ya kirkiro bayyanarsa ta ƙarya ta hanyar, "ya wanke gashinsa baƙar fata, yana sanye da ruwan tabarau na tuntuɓar kuma yana karɓar tufafin AIM-style - riguna na layin, kayan ado na turquoise da azurfa da beadwork. " Aquash ya yi zargin kuma ya zargi Durham. Jami'an sun kore shi daga AIM a watan Maris na shekara ta 1975 a wani taron manema labarai na jama'a.

A cewar mai ba da labari Johanna Brand, a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1975, an "santa kuma ana girmama Aquash a matsayin mai shirya a cikin haƙƙinta kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yanke shawara game da manufofi da shirye-shiryen AIM". Tana kusa da shugabannin AIM Leonard Peltier da Dennis Banks. Ita da Banks sun haɓaka dangantaka ta kusa tun daga lokacin rani na shekara ta 1974, kodayake yana cikin auren doka da wata mace.

Ka'idoji

Masu kallo da masana tarihi sun yi hasashe game da wanda ya ba da umarnin kisan Annie Mae Aquash. Kafin mutuwarta, Aquash ya ce wakilin FBI na musamman David Price ya yi barazanar cewa za ta mutu a cikin shekara idan ta ki sanar da Leonard Peltier.

John Trudell ya shaida a cikin shari'ar Butler da Robideau ta 1976 da kuma shari'ar Looking Cloud ta 2004 cewa Dennis Banks ya gaya masa cewa an gano jikin Annie Mae Aquash kafin a gano shi a hukumance. Banks ya rubuta a cikin tarihin kansa, Ojibwa Warrior, cewa Trudell ya gaya masa cewa jikin da aka samu na Aquash ne. Banks ya rubuta cewa bai san ba har sai an kashe Aquash, kodayake ta ɓace.