Anne Braden
 Anne Braden | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Louisville (mul)  , 28 ga Yuli, 1924 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa | Louisville (mul) , 6 ga Maris, 2006 |
| Makwanci | Eminence Cemetery (en) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Abokiyar zama | Carl Braden (1948 - 18 ga Faburairu, 1975) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Randolph College (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | ɗan jarida |
| Kyaututtuka | |
| Bidiyo na waje | |
|---|---|
"Anne Braden: Southern Patriot", California Newsreel | |
| Tarihin Rayuwa na Wani dan Kudancin Kudancin: Anne Braden - 'Yancin Bil'adama (2003) |
Anne McCarty Braden (Yuli 28, 1924 - Maris 6, 2006) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Amurka, 'yar jarida, kuma malama ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga dalilin daidaiton launin fata.[1] Ita da mijinta sun sayi gida ga ma'aurata 'yan Afirka na Afirka a lokacin Jim Crow . White makwabta sun ƙone gicciye kuma sun jefa bam a gidan. A lokacin McCarthyism, an tuhumi Anne da tayar da kayar baya. Ta rubuta kuma ta shirya don ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kudu kafin keta doka ta zama labarai na ƙasa. Anne ta kasance daga cikin masu fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata a kasar, suna shirya a fadin bambancin launin fata a cikin muhalli, mata, da ƙungiyoyin adawa da nukiliya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a Louisville, Kentucky, a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1924, ga Gambrell N. McCarty da Anita D. (Crabbe) McCarty kuma ya girma a cikin Anniston, Alabama, Braden ya girma a matsayin fararen fata, dangin tsakiya waɗanda suka yarda da dabi'un launin fata na kudanci da zuciya ɗaya.[2] Mai ibada na Episcopalian, Braden ya damu da wariyar launin fata, amma bai taba yin tambaya ba har sai shekarunta na kwaleji a Kwalejin Mata ta Randolph-Macon a Lynchburg, Virginia. Yayin da ta girma ta sami abin da aka tsara a matsayin "labari na juyowa na launin fata", "juyowa na kusan tsananin addini" "ya juya kaina cikin ciki da waje". Kwarewar da ta shafe ta, a 1946, ta shaida wani yunkuri na tsoffin baƙar fata zuwa kotun Birmingham, karkashin jagorancin Louis Burnham na Kudancin Negro Youth Congress, yana neman haƙƙin jefa kuri'a; tare da Braden yana rufe labarin a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Birmingham News . [3]
Bayan ta yi aiki a jaridu a Anniston da Birmingham, Alabama, Anne Braden ta koma Kentucky a matsayin matashi don rubuta wa The Louisville Times . Ta zama mai goyon bayan Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama a lokacin da ba a yarda da ita a tsakanin fararen fata na kudanci.
Yayinda take aiki a The Louisville Times, Anne ta sadu da ɗan jarida Carl Braden, ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago ta hagu. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekarar 1948. Dukansu biyu sun shiga cikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da suka biyo baya daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][]
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1948, Anne da Carl Braden sun nutse kansu a cikin tseren Henry Wallace a Jam'iyyar Progressive Party don shugabancin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ci Wallace, sun bar aikin jarida na yau da kullun don amfani da basirar rubuce-rubucen su ga bangaren hagu na ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta hanyar FE (Ma'aikatan gona da kayan aiki), wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikatan Louisville na International Harvester.[4]
Ko da yake yayin da ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta bayan yaƙin ta rabu kuma ta zama ƙasa da rikici, abubuwan kare hakkin bil'adama sun yi zafi. A cikin 1950, Anne Braden ta jagoranci yunkurin kawar da asibiti a Kentucky. Ta jimre da kama ta na farko a shekara ta 1951 lokacin da ta jagoranci tawagar fararen mata ta kudancin da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta shirya zuwa Mississippi don nuna rashin amincewa da kisan Willie McGee, wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya da aka yanke masa hukuncin cin zarafin fararen mata, Willette Hawkins . [4]
Shari'ar Wade
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1954, Andrew da Charlotte Wade, ma'aurata 'yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka san Bradens ta hanyar tarayya, sun kusanci su da shawarar da za ta canza duk rayuwar da ke ciki.[5] Kamar sauran Amurkawa da yawa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Wades suna so su sayi gida a cikin unguwar da ke kusa da gari. Saboda ayyukan gidaje na Jim Crow, Wades ba su yi nasara ba tsawon watanni a cikin neman su sayi gida da kansu. Bradens, ba tare da yin rawar jiki ba a cikin goyon bayansu ga 'yancin bil'adama na Afirka, sun amince da sayen gidan ga Wades.[6]
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1954, Wade da matarsa sun kwashe dare na farko a sabon gidansu a unguwar Louisville ta Shively, Kentucky. Bayan gano cewa baƙar fata sun koma ciki, fararen maƙwabta sun ƙone gicciye a gaban gidan, sun harbe windows, kuma sun hukunta Bradens don sayen shi a madadin Wades. Wades sun koma cikin kwanaki biyu kafin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da manufofin wariyar launin fata na makarantun jama'a a Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Topeka, Kansas. Makonni shida bayan haka, a cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma, an lalata sabon gidan Wades wata maraice yayin da suke waje.[4]
Duk da yake an tuhumi Vernon Bown (aboki na Wades da Bradens) da fashewar bam din, ba a taɓa neman ainihin masu fashewar bama-bamai ba ko kuma a gurfanar da su. McCarthyism ya shafi wahalar. Maimakon magance tashin hankali na masu wariyar launin fata, masu binciken sun yi zargin cewa Bradens da sauransu da ke taimakawa Wades suna da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, kuma sun sanya hakan babban batun damuwa. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na fari waɗanda ke goyon bayan wariyar launin fata a lokacin sun zargi cewa waɗannan 'yan Kwaminisanci da ake zargi sun tsara fashewar bam don samar da sanannen dalili da kuma samun damar tara kuɗi, amma ba a taɓa tabbatar da wannan ba.
Duk da haka, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1954, an tuhumi Anne da Carl Braden da wasu fararen fata biyar da cin zarafi. Bayan shari'ar da aka yi, an yanke wa Carl Braden - wanda ake ganin shi ne shugaban kungiyar - hukuncin tayar da kayar baya kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. Kamar yadda Anne da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma ke jiran irin wannan makomar, Carl ya yi watanni takwas, amma ya fita a kan jinginar $ 40,000 bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka (Pennsylvania v. Nelson a 1956) ya soke dokokin tayar da kayar baya na jihar (an kama Steven Nelson a karkashin Dokar Pennsylvania amma Dokar Smith ta tarayya ta maye gurbin ta). Dukkanin tuhume-tuhumen da aka yi wa Braden, amma Wades sun koma yammacin Louisville.[7]
Asusun Ilimi na Kudancin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Blacklisted daga aikin gida, Bradens sun dauki aiki a matsayin masu shirya filin don Asusun Ilimi na Kudancin Kudancin (SCEF), ƙaramar kungiya mai kare hakkin bil'adama ta New Orleans wacce manufarta ita ce neman goyon bayan fararen kudanci ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil" ta kudancin.[2] A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin cin zarafin kare hakkin bil'adama na kudancin ya zama labarai na kasa, Bradens sun haɓaka nasu kafofin watsa labarai, ta hanyar jaridar SCEF ta kowane wata, The Southern Patriot, da kuma ta hanyar litattafai da yawa da kuma fitar da manema labarai da ke yada manyan kamfen ɗin kare hakkin bil-adama.
Littafinta na 1958 The Wall Between ya taimaka wajen sanya Bradens a cikin masu sadaukar da kai ga fararen hula.
Carl Braden ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1975. Bayan mutuwar Carl, Anne Braden ta kasance daga cikin masu fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata a kasar. Ta haifar da kafa sabuwar kungiyar kabilanci ta yanki, Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Adalci na Jama'a (SOC), wanda ya fara yaƙe-yaƙe da wariyar launin fata na muhalli. Ta zama murya mai amfani a cikin Rainbow / PUSH Coalition na shekarun 1980 da kuma a cikin kamfen ɗin shugabancin Jesse Jackson guda biyu, da kuma shirya a fadin bambancin launin fata a cikin sabon muhalli, mata, da ƙungiyoyin adawa da nukiliya waɗanda suka tashi a cikin wannan shekaru goma.
A shekara ta 1977, Braden ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin' Yan Jarida (WIFP). [8] WIFP kungiya ce mai wallafa littattafai ta Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don kara sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata.
A shekara ta 2005, ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da yaki ta Louisville a cikin keken guragu.[9] Ta kafa kungiyar Kentucky Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar cikin gida da ke magance damuwar zamani game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, wariyar launin fata na muhalli, da Hakkin LGBT.[9]
Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bradens suna da 'ya'ya uku: James, Rhodes Scholar kuma ya kammala karatu a 1980 a Harvard Law School inda ya kasance editan Harvard Law Review; [10] Anita, an haife shi a 1953, wanda ya mutu daga cutar huhu yana da shekaru 11, da Elizabeth, wanda aka haife shi na 1960, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a kasashe da yawa a duniya, yana aiki tun daga 2006 a wannan matsayi a yankunan karkara na Habasha. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][]
- ↑ Fosl, Catherine (1999). ""There Was No Middle Ground": Anne Braden and the Southern Social Justice Movement". NWSA Journal. 11 (3): 24–4. JSTOR 4316680.
- 1 2 "Ann Braden Biography". Veterans of Hope. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2013. Cite error: Invalid
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- 1 2 3 Fosl, Catherine (2002). Subversive Southerner (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29487-5. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "south" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "Ann Braden Biography". Veterans of Hope. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
- ↑ Fosl, Catherine (2002). Subversive Southerner (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29487-5.
- ↑ Talbott, Tim. "Civil Rights Struggle, 1954/Wades: Open Housing Pioneers". ExploreKYHistory. Kentucky Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ↑ "Associates". The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (in Turanci). Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
- 1 2 "Anne Braden: Southern Patriot – Stories". annebradenfilm.org. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ↑ "James M. Braden". Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2021.