Antenor Firmin

 

'Joseph Auguste Antenor Firmin' (18 ga Oktoba 1850 - 19 ga Satumba 1911), wanda aka fi sani da Anténor firmin, lauya ne kuma masanin falsafa na Haiti, masanin ilimin ɗan adam, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan siyasa. An fi sanin Firmin da littafinsa De l'égalité des races humaines (Turanci: "Akan Daidaiton Jinsi"), wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1885 a matsayin rashin amincewa da aikin marubucin Faransa Count Arthur de Gobineau Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (Turanci: "Essay of Human Races"). Littafin Gobineau ya tabbatar da fifikon jinsin Aryan da na kasan Bakake da sauran mutane masu launi. Littafin Firmin ya yi jayayya da akasin haka, cewa "dukkan maza suna da halaye iri ɗaya da kuskure iri ɗaya, ba tare da bambancin launi ko siffar jiki ba. jinsin suna daidai". An ware shi a lokacin saboda imaninsa cewa dukkan jinsin ’yan Adam daidai suke.

Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Joseph Auguste Anténor Firmin a matsayin ƙarni na uku na Haiti mai zaman kanta a cikin dangi mai aiki. Firmin ya ci gaba da sauri a karatunsa kuma ya fara koyarwa tun yana dan shekara 17. Ya karanta Accounting da Law. Ya sami aikin farko na Ofishin Kwastam na Haiti kuma a matsayin magatakarda na kasuwanci mai zaman kansa. Ya bar matsayinsa na malami don koyar da Girkanci, Latin da Faransanci.

Ya kasance kusa da Jam'iyyar Liberal kuma ya fara jaridar Le Messager du Nord. Rikicin siyasa da ya dabaibaye sabuwar gwamnatin Lysius Salomon ya tilasta masa gudun hijira a birnin Paris inda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in diflomasiyya. A wannan lokacin, an shigar da shi zuwa Société d'Anthropologie de Paris inda ya fara rubutu.

Firmin ya halarci tarurrukan Société a matsayin memba na yau da kullun, amma wani ɗan wariyar launin fata na zahiri ya rufe shi a lokacin kuma saboda wariyar launin fata. Rubuce-rubucen shawarwarin Société da aka haɗa a cikin Mémoires sun nuna cewa Firmin ya tashi ya yi magana sau biyu kawai, kuma a lokuta biyu an rufe shi da kalaman wariyar launin fata ko wariyar launin fata.

Bayan murabus din Tiresias Simon Sam a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Mayu 1902, Firmin ya yanke shawarar yin takarar shugabancin. Magoya bayan irin su Admiral Hammerton Killick sun yi yaƙi da dakarun da ke da aminci ga Pierre Nord Alexis, dan takarar soja na Haiti da gwamnatin wucin gadi. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Firmin ya ƙare lokacin da Killick ya mutu a wani mataki na lalata jirginsa, Crête-à-Pierrot, wanda ke fuskantar barazanar kama SMS Panther na Navy na Imperial na Jamus. Bayan Alexis ya karbi mulki, an aika Firmin ya zauna gudun hijira a kan Saint Thomas a cikin Danish West Indies.

Ayyuka

An buga babban aikin Anténor Firmin, De l’égalité des races humaines (anthropologie positive) a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1885. Ba a san muhimmancinsa ba tsawon shekaru da dama. Wani masani dan kasar Haiti Asselin Charles ne ya fassara rubutun da aka samu kuma aka buga shi a cikin Turanci a matsayin The Equality of the Human Races (Positivist Anthropology) a cikin 2000, shekaru 115 bayan fitowar ta na asali. Tun daga lokacin an sake nazarin rubutun tare da ayyukan tushe a fagen ilimin ɗan adam da aka buga a wannan zamanin.

Firmin ya fara haɗewar kabilanci da ilimin ɗan adam na zahiri kuma yana iya zama Baƙar fata na farko masanin ilimin ɗan adam. An gane aikinsa ba kawai a Haiti ba har ma a tsakanin malaman Afirka a matsayin farkon aikin négritude. Ya rinjayi Jean Price-Mars, wanda ya kafa ethnology na Haiti kuma a kan ɗan adam ɗan Amurka Melville Herskovits .

Biye da ra'ayoyin Auguste Comte, Firmin ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi imanin cewa kwarewar da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin bil'adama ya saba wa ra'ayoyi na falsafa game da rashin daidaito na kabilanci. Firmin ya nemi sake fasalin kimiyyar ilimin ɗan adam a cikin aikinsa. Ya soki wasu al'amuran al'ada na ilimin halin ɗan adam, kamar craniometry da fassarar wariyar launin fata na bayanan jikin ɗan adam. Shi ne na farko da ya yi nuni da yadda nau'ikan launin fata suka kasa yin lissafin nasarorin da suka samu na gaurayawar jinsi da kuma daya daga cikin na farko da ya bayyana ingantaccen tushen kimiyya don launin fata.

Daidaitawar Ƙasashen Dan Adam

A cikin De l'égalité des races humaines, Firmin ya magance tushe guda biyu na ra'ayoyin da ake da su a kan ƙarancin baƙar fata a ƙoƙarin yin suka ga Gobineau Essai sur l'inégalité des jinsin humaines. A gefe guda, Firmin ya kalubalanci ra'ayin girman kwakwalwa ko ma'auni na cephalic a matsayin ma'auni na basirar ɗan adam kuma a gefe guda ya sake tabbatar da kasancewar Black Africans a cikin Fir'auna Masar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin mahimmancin juyin juya halin Haiti na 1804 da kuma ci gaban nasarorin Haiti kamar Léon Audain da Isaïe Jeanty a fannin likitanci da kimiyya da Edmond Paul a cikin ilimin zamantakewa. (Dukkanin Audain da Jeanty sun sami kyaututtuka daga Académie Nationale de Médecine.

Wanda ya kafa Pan-Africanism

Firmin yana daya daga cikin mazan Caribbean guda uku da suka kaddamar da ra'ayin Pan-Africanism a karshen karni na 19 don yaki da mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A matsayinsa na dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Haiti na 1902, ya ayyana cewa ya kamata kasar Haiti ta "taimakawa wajen gyara Afirka". Tare da lauyan Trinidadian Henry Sylvester Williams da ɗan Haiti Bénito Sylvain, shi ne wanda ya shirya taron Pan-African na Farko wanda ya gudana a London a shekara ta 1900. Wannan taron ya ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar Pan-Africanism. W. E. B. Du Bois ya halarci taron kuma an sa shi mai kula da tsara babban rahoton. Bayan taron, an gudanar da taruka biyar na kasashen Afirka a karni na 20, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga kafa kungiyar tarayyar Afrika.

Firmin an saka hannun jari a cikin manyan abubuwa uku na tunanin Pan-African: kin amincewa da matsayi na rashin daidaiton launin fata, tabbacin cewa 'yan Afirka sun iya wayewa, da misalan 'yan Afirka masu nasara da ke samar da ilimi a fannoni daban-daban. A cikin neman nisantawa daga fahimtar ilimin halitta game da kabilanci, ra'ayin Black Egypt ne ya sanar da tsarin kimiyya na Firmin a matsayin tushen wayewar Girka.

Halin da ake yi a Caribbean

Anténor Firmin ya ƙirƙira tsakanin 1875 zuwa 1898 wani aikin haɗin gwiwar Caribbean wanda ke hasashen haɗewar Cuba, Haiti, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Jamaica da Puerto Rico.

Firmin yana da sha'awar ƙirƙirar haɗin siyasa da zamantakewa a duk faɗin Caribbean. Ana iya ganin wannan ta hanyar dangantakarsa da masanin ilimin Puerto Rican kuma likita Ramon Emeterio Betances . Ma'aurata sun fara haduwa a wani taro na Society of Latin American Unity, kungiyar da ta yi aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa da siyasa ga 'yan gudun hijira daga Latin Amurka. A nan ne suka tattauna akidar ikon mallakar siyasa a fadin yankin. Ba kamar sauran gumaka daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware na Cuban da Puerto Rican ba, bikin Betances na juyin juya halin Haiti ya fuskanci waɗanda ba su ga Haiti a matsayin kyakkyawan tsarin juyin juya hali ba, don haka ban da shi a cikin shirye-shiryensu na ƙungiyar Hispanic Caribbean.

Wasiƙu daga St. Thomas

A cikin aikinsa na ƙarshe, Wasiƙu daga St. Thomas, Firmin ya sake fasalin Haiti a cikin tsibirai na Amurka, yana bayyana mahimmancinta ga yankin gaba ɗaya. Haruffa sun ƙarfafa ajandar adawa da mahimmancin Firmin da aka fara nunawa a cikin De l'égalité des races humaines.

Bayanan littattafai

• Daga daidaito na kabilun mutane (1885) Fassarar Turanci: Daidaitawar kabilun ɗan adam (Positivist Anthropology) (2000)
  • Fassarar Turanci: Daidaitawar Ƙungiyoyin Dan Adam (Positivist Anthropology) (2000)
• Haiti da Faransa (1891)
• Tsaro (1892)
• Diplomat da diflomasiyya (1898)
• Mista Roosevelt, Shugaban Amurka da Jamhuriyar Haiti (1905)
• Wasiƙu daga Saint-Thomas (1910)

Bayanan da aka ambata

Ayyukan da aka ambata

• Bernasconi, Robert (2008). "A Haitian in Paris: Anténor Firmin as a philosopher against racism". Patterns of Prejudice. 42 (4–5, Naming Race, Naming Racisms): 365–383. doi:10.1080/00313220802377321. S2CID 159948680.
• Chaar-Pérez, Khalila (Fall 2013). ""A Revolution of Love": Ramón Emeterio Betances, Anténor Firmin, and Affective Communities in the Caribbean". The Global South. 7 (2, Dislocations): 11–36. doi:10.2979/globalsouth.7.2.11. S2CID 201787161.
• Dash, J. Michael (Summer 2004). "Nineteenth-Century Haiti and the Archipelago of the Americas: Anténor Firmin's Letters from St. Thomas". Research in African Literatures. 35 (2, Haiti, 1804-2004: Literature, Culture, and Art): 44–53. doi:10.1353/ral.2004.0039. JSTOR 3821344.
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• ——— (September 2000). "Anténor Firmin: Haitian Pioneer of Anthropology". American Anthropologist. 102 (3): 449–466. doi:10.1525/aa.2000.102.3.449. JSTOR 683404.
• ——— (2005). "Anténor Firmin and Haiti's contribution to anthropology". Gradhiva (1): 95–108. doi:10.4000/gradhiva.302.
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• Magloire-Danton, Gerarde (September 2005). "Anténor Firmin and Jean Price-Mars: Revolution, Memory, Humanism". Small Axe. 9 (2, Profondes et nombreuses: Haiti, History, Culture, 1804-2004): 150–170. doi:10.1215/-9-2-150.
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Ƙarin karantawa

• Becket, Greg (June 2017). "The abolition of all privilege: Race, equality, and freedom in the work of Anténor Firmin". Critique of Anthropology. 37 (2): 160–178. doi:10.1177/0308275X17694945.
• Bernasconi, Robert (April 2019). "A Most Dangerous Error: The Boasian Myth of a Knock-Down Argument Against Racism". Angelaki. 24 (2, The African Other: Philosophy, Justice and the Self): 92–103. doi:10.1080/0969725X.2019.1574082.
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• Drouin-Hans, Anne-Marie (2005). "Hierarchy of races, hierarchy in gender: Antenór Firmin and Clémence Royer" (PDF). Ludus Vitalis. 13 (23): 163–180. ISSN 1133-5165. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-27.
• Holley, Jared (February 2024). "Racial Equality and Anticolonial Solidarity: Anténor Firmin's Global Haitian Liberalism". American Political Science Review. 118 (1): 304–317. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000126.
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• Thomas, Margaret (18 October 2020). "This Day in Linguistics History: Anténor Firmin (1850–1911)". Linguistic Society of America. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01.

Haɗin waje

• Rashin Tsaro a cikin Laburaren dijital na Caribbean
• Mista Roosevelt, Shugaban Amurka da Jamhuriyar Haiti a cikin Digital Library of the CaribbeanLaburaren dijital na Caribbean
• Antenor Firmin a Île en île (a Faransanci). An adana shi a ranar 11 .
• "Firmin, Anténor (1850-1911) " a BEROSE - Encyclopaedia na Duniya na Tarihin Anthropology, Paris, 2018.