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Anxiety

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Anxiety
Description (en) Fassara
Field of study (en) Fassara psychiatry (en) Fassara, clinical psychology (en) Fassara
psychotherapy (en) Fassara
Sanadi Damuwa
hazard (en) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara Tachycardia, nausea (en) Fassara, amai, vertigo (en) Fassara, depersonalization (en) Fassara, disorientation (en) Fassara
derealization (en) Fassara
Effect (en) Fassara Matsalar tunani, nausea (en) Fassara, palpitation (en) Fassara
insomnia (en) Fassara
Physical examination (en) Fassara psychological test (en) Fassara
personality test (en) Fassara
Medical treatment (en) Fassara
Magani trazodone (en) Fassara, aripiprazole (en) Fassara, clonazepam (en) Fassara, propranolol (en) Fassara, alprazolam, (RS)-hydroxyzine (en) Fassara, atomoxetine (en) Fassara, pregabalin (en) Fassara, desvenlafaxine (en) Fassara, sertraline (en) Fassara, mirtazapine (en) Fassara, gabapentin, zolpidem (en) Fassara, bupropion (en) Fassara, vortioxetine (en) Fassara, diazepam (en) Fassara, haloperidol (en) Fassara, paroxetine (en) Fassara, lorazepam (en) Fassara, vilazodone (en) Fassara, (RS)-citalopram (en) Fassara, lamotrigine (en) Fassara, olanzapine (en) Fassara, quetiapine (en) Fassara, (S)-duloxetine (en) Fassara, fluoxetine (en) Fassara, risperidone (en) Fassara, brexpiprazole (en) Fassara, ziprasidone (en) Fassara, venlafaxine (en) Fassara, buspirone (en) Fassara, lurasidone (en) Fassara da C₂₀H₂₁FN₂O (mul) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10 F41.9
OMIM 607834
MedlinePlus 003211
eMedicine 003211
MeSH D001007

Damuwa wani yanayi ne da ke tattare da yanayi mara daɗi na tashin hankali na ciki kuma ya haɗa da jin tsoro game da abubuwan da ake tsammani . Damuwa ta bambanta da tsoro domin tsoro an bayyana shi a matsayin martanin motsin rai ga barazanar da ake fuskanta a yanzu, yayin da damuwa ita ce tsammanin abin da zai faru nan gaba. [1] Sau da yawa yana tare da halayen juyayi kamar tafiya da gudu, gunaguni na ciki, da tunani .

Damuwa jin rashin kwanciyar hankali da damuwa ne, yawanci ana ɗauka a matsayin wani abu da ba a mayar da hankali a kai ba a matsayin abin da ya wuce gona da iri ga wani yanayi da ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin tsoro kawai. Sau da yawa yana tare da tashin hankali na tsoka, rashin natsuwa, gajiya, rashin iya numfashi, matsewa a yankin ciki, tashin zuciya, da matsalolin maida hankali. Damuwa tana da alaƙa da tsoro, wanda martani ne ga barazanar gaske ko da aka ɗauka nan take ( amsawa tsakanin faɗa ko gudu ); damuwa ta ƙunshi tsammanin barazanar da za ta iya tasowa nan gaba, gami da tsoro. [2] Mutanen da ke fuskantar damuwa na iya janyewa daga yanayin da ya haifar da damuwa a baya.

Lokutan da suka dace da motsin rai don mayar da martani ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru, don haka suka zama ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan damuwa da yawa (misali, matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya, matsalar tsoro ). [3] Bambancin da ke tsakanin matsalar damuwa da damuwa (a matsayin motsin rai na yau da kullun) shine cewa mutanen da ke da matsalar damuwa suna fuskantar damuwa fiye da kima ko na tsawon watanni 6, ko ma a cikin gajerun lokutan a cikin yara. Matsalolin damuwa suna daga cikin matsalolin tunani mafi ɗorewa kuma galibi suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa. [4] Hakanan ana iya fuskantar damuwa a cikin wasu matsalolin tunani (misali, matsalar damuwa ta obsessive-compulsive, matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali ). [5]

Damuwa da tsoro

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana bambanta damuwa daga tsoro, wanda shine martanin fahimta da motsin rai da ya dace ga barazanar da ake tsammani. Tsoro yana da alaƙa da takamaiman halayen martanin faɗa ko gudu, halin kariya ko tserewa. [6] Akwai zato na ƙarya wanda sau da yawa yana yawo cewa damuwa tana faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayi da ake ganin ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba ko kuma ba za a iya kauce masa ba, amma wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba. David Barlow ya bayyana damuwa a matsayin "yanayi mai hangen nesa na gaba wanda mutum bai shirya ko shirya yin ƙoƙarin jure wa abubuwan da ba su da kyau ba," [7] kuma cewa bambanci ne tsakanin haɗarin gaba da na yanzu wanda ke raba damuwa da tsoro. Wani bayanin damuwa shine azaba, tsoro, tsoro, ko ma tsoro. [8] A cikin ilimin halin dan Adam mai kyau, an kwatanta damuwa a matsayin yanayin tunani wanda ke haifar da ƙalubale mai wahala wanda mutumin ba shi da ƙwarewar jurewa .

Ana iya bambance tsoro da damuwa zuwa fannoni huɗu: (1) tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana jin motsin rai, (2) mai da hankali kan lokaci, (3) takamaiman barazanar, da kuma (4) alkiblar da aka tsara. Tsoro yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana mai da hankali kan halin yanzu, yana mai da hankali kan wata barazana ta musamman, kuma yana sauƙaƙa tserewa daga barazana. A gefe guda kuma, damuwa tana da dogon lokaci, tana mai da hankali kan makomar, tana mai da hankali kan barazanar da ke yaɗuwa, kuma tana haɓaka taka tsantsan yayin da take kusantar barazanar da ke iya tasowa kuma tana tsoma baki ga magancewa mai kyau. [9]

Joseph E. LeDoux da Lisa Feldman Barrett duk sun yi ƙoƙarin raba martanin barazana ta atomatik daga ƙarin ayyukan fahimta da ke da alaƙa da damuwa. [10] [11]

Ra'ayoyin juyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ilimin halin dan Adam na juyin halitta da ilimin halayyar juyin halitta suna fassara damuwa a matsayin kariya mai tasowa wadda ke taimaka wa halittu su guji barazanar da ka iya tasowa; ta hanyar ƙira, irin waɗannan kariya na iya haifar da "ƙararrawa na ƙarya" lokacin da farashin haɗarin da aka rasa zai yi yawa (wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da ƙa'idar "mai gano hayaki"). Sharhin zamani sun jaddada cewa wannan tsari ba ya ɗaukar cututtukan damuwa a matsayin mai daidaitawa, amma a matsayin rashin daidaituwa ko kunna yanayin tsarin da ba shi da wani tasiri; ana amfani da hangen nesa don bayani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ba a matsayin takamaiman magani ba. [12]

Alamomin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya fuskantar damuwa ta hanyar dogayen alamu na yau da kullun waɗanda ke rage ingancin rayuwa, wanda aka sani da damuwa ta yau da kullun (ko ta gabaɗaya), ko kuma ana iya fuskantar ta a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da hare-haren firgici na lokaci-lokaci, wanda aka sani da damuwa mai tsanani. [13] Alamomin damuwa na iya bambanta da yawa, ƙarfi, da kuma yawan su, ya danganta da mutumin. Duk da haka, yawancin mutane ba sa fama da damuwa ta yau da kullun. [14]

Damuwa na iya haifar da wasu radadi na tunani (misali, baƙin ciki ) ko matsalolin tunani, kuma yana iya haifar da cutar da kai ko kashe kansa . [15]

Tasirin ɗabi'a na damuwa na iya haɗawa da janyewa daga yanayin da ya haifar da damuwa ko mummunan ji a baya. Wasu tasirin na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a yanayin barci, canje-canje a halaye, ƙaruwa ko raguwar cin abinci, da ƙaruwar tashin hankali a motsi (kamar taɓa ƙafa). [16]

Tasirin motsin rai na damuwa na iya haɗawa da jin tsoro ko tsoro, wahalar mai da hankali, jin damuwa ko tsalle-tsalle, tsammanin mafi muni, fushi, rashin natsuwa, kallon alamun haɗari, da jin rashin komai. [17] Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da jin rashin taimako. [18]

Illolin fahimta na damuwa na iya haɗawa da tunani game da haɗarin da ake zargi, kamar tsoron mutuwa ko bugun zuciya, alhali a zahiri, abin da mutum ke fuskanta kawai shine ɗan ciwon ƙirji, misali. [19] [20]

Alamomin damuwa na iya haɗawa da: [15]

  • Jijiyoyi, kamar ciwon kai, paresthesia, fasciculations, vertigo, ko presyncope .
  • Narkewa, kamar ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, gudawa, rashin narkewar abinci, bushewar baki, ko globus . Hormones na damuwa da aka saki a cikin yanayin damuwa suna da tasiri ga aikin hanji kuma suna iya bayyana alamun jiki waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa ko ƙara tsananta IBS .
  • Numfashi, kamar ƙarancin numfashi ko nishi numfashi.
  • Ciwon zuciya, kamar bugun zuciya, tachycardia, ko ciwon ƙirji .
  • Jijiyoyin tsoka, kamar gajiya, rawar jiki, ko kuma tetany .
  • Nau'in fata, kamar gumi, ko kuma kaikayin fata.
  • Ciwon ƙashin ƙugu, kamar yawan yin fitsari akai-akai, gaggawar fitsari, rashin ƙarfin mazakuta, ko rashin ƙarfin mazakuta, ciwon ƙashin ƙugu na yau da kullun .

Nau'o'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai nau'ikan damuwa daban-daban. Damuwa ta wanzuwa na iya faruwa lokacin da mutum ya fuskanci damuwa, rikicin rayuwa, ko jin daɗin rashin sani . Mutane kuma na iya fuskantar damuwa ta lissafi, damuwa ta somatic, tsoro a mataki, ko damuwa ta gwaji . Damuwar zamantakewa tana nufin tsoron ƙin yarda da kuma kimantawa mara kyau (wanda wasu mutane ke yi wa hukunci).

Kasancewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masanin falsafa Søren Kierkegaard, a cikin littafin The Concept of Anxiety (1844), ya bayyana damuwa ko tsoro da ke da alaƙa da "rashin jin daɗi na 'yanci" kuma ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar magance damuwa mai kyau ta hanyar yin aiki da alhakin kai da zaɓi. A cikin Art and Artist (1932), masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Otto Rank ya rubuta cewa raunin tunani na haihuwa shine babban alamar ɗan adam na damuwa ta wanzuwa kuma ya ƙunshi tsoron - da sha'awar - rabuwa, keɓancewa, da bambance-bambancen mutum a lokaci guda.

Masanin ilimin tauhidi Paul Tillich ya kwatanta damuwa ta rayuwa a matsayin "yanayin da wani abu ke sane da yiwuwar rashin wanzuwarsa", kuma ya lissafa nau'i uku na rashin wanzuwa da damuwa da ke haifar da su: ontic (ƙaddara da mutuwa), ɗabi'a ( laifi da hukunci), da kuma ruhaniya (rashin komai da rashin ma'ana ). A cewar Tillich, na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan damuwa ta rayuwa guda uku ya fi yawa a zamanin yau, yayin da sauran suka fi yawa a baya. Tillich ya yi jayayya cewa damuwa ta ruhaniya za a iya yarda da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanayin ɗan adam ko kuma a tsayayya da shi da mummunan sakamako. A cikin yanayinsa na cututtuka, yana iya "tura mutum zuwa ga ƙirƙirar tabbaci a cikin tsarin ma'ana wanda al'ada da iko ke tallafawa" duk da cewa irin wannan "tabbacin da ba shi da tabbas ba a gina shi a kan dutsen gaskiya ba". [21]

A cewar Viktor Frankl, marubucin littafin Man's Search for Meaning, idan mutum ya fuskanci mummunan haɗari na mutuwa, mafi mahimmancin burin ɗan adam shine neman ma'anar rayuwa don yaƙar "rashin lafiyar jiki" yayin da mutuwa ke gabatowa.

Dangane da tushen barazanar, ka'idar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta bambanta nau'ikan damuwa guda uku: na gaske, na jijiyoyi da kuma na ɗabi'a.

Gwaji, aiki, da kuma gasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwaji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A bisa dokar Yerkes-Dodson, ana buƙatar matakin motsa jiki mafi kyau don kammala aiki kamar jarrabawa, aiki, ko gasa. Duk da haka, idan damuwa ko matakin motsa jiki ya wuce wannan mafi kyawun, sakamakon shine raguwar aiki. [22]

Damuwar gwaji ita ce rashin jin daɗi, tsoro, ko fargaba da ɗaliban da ke tsoron faɗuwa jarrabawa ke ji. Ɗaliban da ke da damuwar jarrabawa na iya fuskantar ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: alaƙar maki da darajar kansu ; tsoron kunya daga malami; tsoron nisantar iyaye ko abokai; matsin lamba na lokaci; ko jin rashin iko. Gumi, jiri, ciwon kai, bugun zuciya mai sauri, tashin zuciya, rawar jiki, kuka mara iko ko dariya da ganguna a kan tebur duk abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare. [1] Saboda damuwar jarrabawa ta dogara ne akan tsoron kimantawa mara kyau, [2] muhawara tana nan game da ko damuwar jarrabawa ita kanta cuta ce ta musamman ta damuwa ko kuma takamaiman nau'in tsoron zamantakewa. [3] DSM-IV ta rarraba damuwar jarrabawa a matsayin nau'in tsoron zamantakewa. [4]

Bincike ya nuna cewa damuwar gwaji tsakanin ɗaliban makarantun sakandare da kwaleji na Amurka ta ƙaru tun ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Damuwar gwaji ta kasance ƙalubale ga ɗalibai, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba, kuma tana da tasiri mai yawa a fannin jiki da tunani. [23] Gudanar da damuwar gwaji yana mai da hankali kan cimma annashuwa da haɓaka hanyoyin magance damuwa. [24] Aikin numfashi a hankali wanda aka saba yi (DGB) babban ɓangare ne na jiyya ga yanayin damuwa. [25]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Crocq MA (September 2015). "A history of anxiety: from Hippocrates to DSM". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (3): 319–325. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/macrocq. PMC 4610616. PMID 26487812.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "DSM-5 189".
  3. ↑ Robinson OJ, Pike AC, Cornwell B, Grillon C (December 2019). "The translational neural circuitry of anxiety". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. BMJ. 90 (12): 1353–1360. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321400. PMID 31256001. S2CID 195758112. Anxiety is an adaptive response that promotes harm avoidance, but at the same time excessive anxiety constitutes the most common psychiatric complaint.
  4. ↑ Hovenkamp-Hermelink JH, Jeronimus BF, Myroniuk S, Riese H, Schoevers RA (May 2021). "Predictors of persistence of anxiety disorders across the lifespan: a systematic review" (PDF). The Lancet. Psychiatry. 8 (5): 428–443. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30433-8. PMID 33581052 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 231919782 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  5. ↑ Marras A, Fineberg N, Pallanti S (August 2016). "Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11". CNS Spectrums. 21 (4): 324–333. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000110. PMID 27401060. S2CID 13129793.
  6. ↑ Heeren A (2020). "On the distinction between fear and anxiety in a (post)pandemic world: a commentary on Schimmenti et al. (2020)". Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 17 (3): 189–191. doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200307. PMC 8629083 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34908991 Check |pmid= value (help). Archived from the original on 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  7. ↑ Barlow DH (November 2000). "Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory". The American Psychologist. 55 (11): 1247–1263. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247. PMID 11280938.
  8. ↑ Iacovou S (2011). "What is the difference between existential anxiety and so called neurotic anxiety? 'The sine qua non of true vitality' an examination of the difference between existential anxiety and neurotic anxiety". Existential Analysis. 22 (2). Samfuri:Gale.
  9. ↑ Sylvers P, Lilienfeld SO, LaPrairie JL (February 2011). "Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: implications for psychopathology". Clinical Psychology Review. 31 (1): 122–137. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.004. PMID 20817337.
  10. ↑ "On Fear, Emotions, and Memory: An Interview with Dr. Joseph LeDoux". Brain World (in Turanci). June 7, 2018. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  11. ↑ Barrett LF (January 2017). "The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154. PMC 5390700. PMID 27798257.
  12. ↑ Nesse, Randolph M. (2023). "Evolutionary psychiatry: foundations, progress and challenges". Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. 25 (10): 1731–1749. doi:10.1093/emph/eoad031. PMC 10168175 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37279174 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Rynn MA, Brawman-Mintzer O (October 2004). "Generalized anxiety disorder: acute and chronic treatment". CNS Spectrums. 9 (10): 716–723. doi:10.1017/S1092852900022367. PMID 15448583. S2CID 24207457.
  14. ↑ "Generalized Anxiety Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  15. 1 2 Testa A, Giannuzzi R, Sollazzo F, Petrongolo L, Bernardini L, Daini S (February 2013). "Psychiatric emergencies (part I): psychiatric disorders causing organic symptoms". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 17 (Suppl 1): 55–64. PMID 23436668. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2018-10-26. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "TestaGiannuzzi2013partI" defined multiple times with different content.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Barker, P. 2003".
  17. ↑ "Anxiety attacks and disorders: Guide to the signs, symptoms, and treatment options". Helpguide. June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  18. ↑ Milfayetty S, Fadli RP, Ifdil I, Zola N, Amalianita B, Putri YE, Ardi Z (September 2020). "The Effectiveness of Multidimensional Counseling in the Intervention of Student Anxiety" (PDF). Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 19 (3): 131–5. doi:10.1097/ADT.0000000000000187. S2CID 209255441. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-08-12. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  19. ↑ "Anxiety symptoms – Fear of dying". Anxiety Centre. 27 March 2021 [1987]. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  20. ↑ Eifert GH (1992-07-01). "Cardiophobia: a paradigmatic behavioural model of heart-focused anxiety and non-anginal chest pain". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 30 (4): 329–345. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90045-i. ISSN 0005-7967. PMID 1616469.
  21. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ Teigen KH (1994). "Yerkes-Dodson: A Law for all Seasons". Theory & Psychology. 4 (4): 525–547. doi:10.1177/0959354394044004. S2CID 145516099.
  23. ↑ Stearns, Peter (May 2023). "Student Anxiety and Its Impact: A Recent American History". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 271–297. doi:10.1017/heq.2023.10. S2CID 258190141 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Mathur S, Khan W (2011). "Impact of Hypnotherapy on Examination Anxiety and Scholastic Performance among School" (PDF). Delhi Psychiatry Journal. 14 (2): 337–342. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1027.7497. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  25. ↑ Ovadia-Blechman Z, Tarrasch R, Velicki M, Chalutz Ben-Gal H (2022). "Reducing Test Anxiety by Device-Guided Breathing: A Pilot Study" (PDF). Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.678098. PMC 9167931 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35677145 Check |pmid= value (help). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
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