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Arlo Dubi Dubi

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Arlo Dubi Dubi
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 25 ga Maris, 1954 (72 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Sana'a
Mamba Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka

Arlo Looking Cloud (an haife shi Fritz Arlo Lookin Cloud; Maris 25, 1954) tsohon dan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da hannu a kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Indiyawan Amurka Anna Mae Aquash . An same shi da laifin kisan ta kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. Koyaya, a cikin 2011, an rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 20 a matsayin lada ga shaidarsa a kan wanda aka tuhume shi, John Graham . An saki Looking Cloud daga kurkuku a shekarar 2020.

Rayuwa ta farko

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Looking Cloud wani Lakota Sioux ne wanda ya girma a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . [1]

Tarihin Shari'a

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Kisan Anna Mae Aquash

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Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash mace ce mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, Looking Cloud, tare da Theda Nelson Clarke da John "John Boy Patton" Graham, sun tilasta wa Aquash shiga bayan mota kuma suka kai ta wani bangare mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu.[2] An gano jikinta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a kasan wani kwari da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. [3][4]

An bayyana cewa an harbe Aquash har lahira; an matse bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta, kamar yadda binciken gawa ya bayyana.[5] Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa ban da mummunan raunin bindiga, fallasawa ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Aquash.[6]

Kamawa

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A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, mai kula da 'yan sanda na Denver, Abe Alonzo, ya ga Looking Cloud, wanda ya kasance mai shekaru 49 da ba shi da gida, yana tafiya a kan Colfax Avenue. Daga baya aka kama Looking Cloud a kan wata takardar shaidar da hukumomin tarayya suka bayar a Dakota ta Kudu, inda aka zargi Looking Cloud da wani mutum da harbi Pictou-Aquash yayin satar mutane a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975 kusa da Wanblee, Dakota ta Kudu.[7]

Amurka v. Looking Cloud

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Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa Leonard Peltier, wani dan gwagwarmayar AIM wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa da laifin kashe wasu jami'an FBI biyu a cikin Pine Ridge Shootout [8] (wanda FBI ta sanya shi a hukumance RESMURS), [9] ya gaya mata da Aquash cewa ya kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu a lokacin wani harbi na Yuni 1975 a wani wurin kiwon Pine Ridge. A cewar shaidar Ecoffey, "Ya ce (mai bayyanawa) [sic] yana roƙon ransa, amma na harbe shi duk da haka." [10] A cewar Nichols-Ecoffey, ita, tare da Leonard Peltier, 'yan uwanta Bernie Nichols-Lafferty [11] da Barbara Robideau, [12] sai mijinta Dennis Banks [13] da sauransu suna tafiya a cikin motar Hollywood a lokacin da motar Indiya ta Indiya . Ya ba da labarin wannan taron [ [14] ya shaida yadda ta ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquash ne.

A lokacin shari'ar, Nichols ya ba da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da suka shafi Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Uku daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, The Custer Courthouse Riot Incident wanda ya shafi daruruwan mutane, zama na kwana saba'in da daya na Wounded Knee, da kuma harbi a kusa da gidanta wanda ya kashe jami'an FBI biyu.[15] Nichols ya kuma tattauna zargin da kusan mambobi ashirin na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka suka yi game da Aquash ya zama mai ba da labari, ko kuma aƙalla sun saba da jita-jita.[15] Nichols ya kuma ba da shaida cewa mambobi da yawa, daya daga cikinsu ya riga ya yi barazanar rayuwar Aquash saboda ya yi zargin cewa ita mai ba da labari ce, ya ɗauki Aquash na makonni don "duba ta," yana bayanin cewa koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, ba a yarda ta je ko'ina ba, kuma ba a yarda da ita ta koma gida duk da buƙatun ta na yin hakan.[15] Mathalene White Bear, wani tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka wanda ya ba da mafaka ga Aquash a 1975, ya ba da shaida cewa Aquash ta yi imanin cewa rayuwarta tana cikin haɗari tun farkon Satumba na wannan shekarar.[16] Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa Leonard Crow Dog da Leonard Peltier sun yi tunanin Aquash mai ba da labari ne, kuma Nichols, 'yarta, da Dennis Banks, sun ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquasha mai ba da rahoto ne.[15]

Don shiga cikin kisan Aquash, Looking Cloud ya furta cewa ya kori Aquash daga Denver zuwa Rapid City sannan zuwa wurin da aka kashe Aquash; duk da haka, ya yi zargin cewa bai san komai game da shirin kashe Aquash ba, kuma memba ne na AIM John Graham, wanda ake kira John Boy Patton, [17] wanda ya harbe Aquash. [18]

Richard Two Elk daga baya zai ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta shafi kisan Aquash. Two Elk ya ba da shaida wanda ya nuna cewa Arlo Looking Cloud ya tuntube shi a cikin kaka na 1994, yana neman shawara kan yadda za a amsa wa hukumomin da ke binciken kisan Aquash, kuma Two Elk sun bayyana cewa Looking Cloud ta yarda da shiga cikin lamarin.[19] Two Elk ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwansa na tallafi yana da hannu a kisan Aquash kuma cewa a cikin shekaru, Looking Cloud kawai "yana aiki ne akan umarni".[20]

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, bayan juriyar tarayya (wanda ya kunshi mata 7 da maza 5) sun yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i bakwai, sun yanke Arlo Looking Cloud hukunci a cikin kisan kiyashi na 1975 na Aquash. [21][22]

Daukaka kara

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A shekara ta 2005, Looking Cloud ya daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, amma an soke karar kuma an tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kurkuku.[15]

Yarjejeniyar rantsuwa

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A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Lawrence Piersol ya sanya hannu kan wani umarni wanda ya rage lokacin da aka yanke hukuncin rai na asali na Looking Cloud zuwa shekaru 20 don musayar shaidar da aka ba masu gabatar da kara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan abokin makirci John Graham . [23][24] Shaidar Looking Cloud ta ba da ƙarin haske game da kisan Aquash, tare da Looking Cloud yana zargin cewa ya tsaya kusa yayin da Graham ya harbe Aquash.[24][25] An sanya Looking Cloud BOP # 07609-073 kuma an sake shi daga FTC Oklahoma City a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020.

Kyauta

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Shari'ar kotu game da Looking Cloud ta bar rarrabuwar da ke ci gaba. Akwai wasu bangarorin da suka yi imanin cewa Looking Cloud ba shi da laifi. A cewar Russell Means, memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, wariyar launin fata shine zuciyar yanke hukunci na tarayya na Looking Cloud. An nakalto shi yana cewa, "Racism ya ci gaba. An yi watsi da al'adunmu kuma ba a haɗa su ba, kuma an ba daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tausayi a birnin Denver alhakin kisan da wani shugaban kungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ya ba da umarni. Ina da cikakken fushi kuma ya yi takaici sosai". [26]

Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa an ba shi barasa da heroin kafin a tilasta masa ikirarin.[27]

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta da hannu, Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa lauyansa na shari'a, Timothy Rensch, ya yi makirci da Bruce Ellison, lauyan Leonard Peltier. A cewar Looking Cloud, "Na sami wasika da ke sanar da ni cewa Vernon B. Bellecourt ya ba da duk kayan shari'ata a cikin shari'ata ga Laliberte [ Lauyan Graham] a Kanada, a bayyane yake samun shi daga lauyan daukaka kara na Gilbert Arlo. Kuma na karanta Vernon da Gilbert suka koma baya. Kuma yadda Rensch ya yi aiki sosai don tabbatar da Candy Hamilton ba zai iya ambaton sunan Bruce Ellison ba. [28] Pelmony, tsohon abokin aikinsa Leech da Ellison ya koma baya ga shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita ga Barry Bachtier, mai suna Looking Cloud ba don tabbatar da ita ba don tabbatarwa ba.[29]

Hakazalika, an soki lauyan da aka nada a kotun Looking Cloud, Timothy Rensch, saboda rashin sanya kyakkyawar kariya tare don Looking Cloud . [30] A cikin roƙonsa na sabon shari'a, Looking Cloud ya haɗa da sabon lauya a cikin roƙon, amma kuma an musanta shi.[31]

Kuma duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da musayar shaidar da John Graham, Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, "Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. "[30]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Second Man Is Wanted in 1970s Slaying of an Indian Activist". Los Angeles Times. 4 April 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered?". Legend of Pine Ridge. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  3. ↑ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". The Huffington Post. 27 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  4. ↑ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". First Nation's Drums. 26 December 2000. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  5. ↑ "NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder". Mail Archives. 7 August 1999. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  6. ↑ Sparrow, CJ (22 June 2013). "Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway?". Occupirate. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  7. ↑ Mendez, Deborah (3 April 2003). "Man Held in Decades-old Slaying of American Indian Activist". Dick Shovel. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Quick Facts· Case of Leonard Peltier". Free Leonard. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "RESMURS Case (Reservation Murders)". FBI. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Merchant, Norman (8 December 2010). "Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial". Native Times. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  11. ↑ "Leonard Peltier". Ani-Kutani. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  12. ↑ Banks, Dennis (3 December 2010). "Testimony of Witness testifies FBI agent threatened Aquash's life". JFAMR. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  13. ↑ DeMain, Paul (23 February 2004). "Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash of Being Party to 1st Degree Murder". JFAMR. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  14. ↑ Kolpack, Dave (12 April 2010). "Trial set in 1975 killing of AIM activist in S.D." Journal Star. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "419 F. 3d 781 - United States of America v. Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud". OpenJurist. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  16. ↑ "United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz Arlo LOOKING CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant. No. 04-2173. Decided: August 19, 2005". Case Law. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  17. ↑ "Justice Delayed for Murdered Mi'kmaq Woman Annie Mae Pictou Aquash 32-year-old Murder Trial Delayed". JFAMR. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  18. ↑ "Leonard Peltier's Reaction to Kamook & Arlo Looking Cloud Trial". Freedom Archives. 10 February 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud". JFAMR. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder". Dick Shovel. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  21. ↑ "21st-century Developments". Sites by Dawn. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  22. ↑ Walker, Carson. "Jury convicts Looking Cloud in 1975 murder". Dick Shovel. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Lammers, Dirk (26 September 2011). "Denver Man's Sentence Reduced In 1975 AIM Slaying". Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  24. 1 2 "Looking Cloud has sentence reduced in Aquash murder case". Indian Country News. October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  25. ↑ "Denver man's sentence reduced in 1975 AIM slaying". The Denver Post. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession". Rapid City Journal. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  27. ↑ "Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession". BSNorrell. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "The Trial and Conviction of Arlo Looking Cloud in the Murder of Anna Mae Aquash". BSNorrell. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  29. ↑ Robideau, Robert (July 2007). "JOHN TRUDELL, A PROFILE OF COWARDICE AN FBI INFORMANT COVERS HIS TRACKS IN THE MURDER OF A". BSNorrell. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  30. 1 2 Melmer, David (12 February 2004). "Looking Cloud trial raises questions". Indianz. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  31. ↑ "Commentary: Racist Trial for Aquash murder". Indianz. 10 March 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
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