Artemisia I ta Caria

Artemisia I ta Caria
regent (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Halicarnassus (en) , 5 century "BCE"
ƙasa	Achaemenid Empire
Mutuwa	Ephesus (en) , 5 century "BCE"
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Lygdamis I of Halicarnassus
Yara	view Pisindelis (en)
Yare	Lygdamid dynasty (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Ancient Greek (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa da Shugaban soji
Aikin soja
Ya faɗaci	Second Persian invasion of Greece (en) Battle of Salamis (en)

Artemisia I na Caria ( Ancient Greek , transl. Ártemisía ; fl. 480 BC) sarauniya ce ta tsohuwar birnin Girka ta Halicarnassus, wadda yanzu take a Bodrum, Turkiyya . Ita kuma sarauniya ce ta tsibiran Kos, Nisyros da Kalymnos, a cikin yankin Achaemenid na Caria, a kusan shekara ta 480 BC. Ta fito daga ƙabilar Carian -Girka ta mahaifinta Lygdamis na ɗaya, kuma Cretan na Girka ta mahaifiyarta. Ta yi yaƙi a matsayin ƙawar Xerxes na ɗaya, Sarkin Farisa a kan jihohin birnin Girka masu zaman kansu a lokacin mamayar Farisa ta biyu ga Girka . Ita da kanta ta jagoranci jiragen ruwa a yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Artemisium da kuma yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Salamis a shekara ta 480 BC. An fi saninta ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen Herodotus, wanda shi kansa ɗan asalin Halicarnassus ne, wanda ya yaba mata da ƙarfin halinta kuma ya bayyana girmamawar da Xerxes ya nuna mata.

Iyali

Mahaifin Artemisia shi ne shugaban Halicarnassus, Lygdamis I ( Λύγδαμις Α' ) kuma mahaifiyarta daga tsibirin Crete ce . Ta hau gadon sarauta bayan mutuwar mijinta, domin tana da ɗa, mai suna Pisindelis ( Πισίνδηλις ), wanda har yanzu yana matashi. Jikan Artemisia, Lygdamis II ( Λύγδαμις Β' ), shine satrap na Halicarnassus lokacin da aka kori Herodotus daga can kuma mawaƙi Panyasis ( Πανύασις ) an yanke masa hukuncin kisa, bayan boren da bai yi nasara ba a kansa.

Mamayar Farisa ta biyu a Girka

  A cewar Thessalus, Sarkin Farisa ya nemi ƙasa da ruwa daga Coans a shekara ta 493 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma suka ƙi, don haka ya ba wa Artemisia tsibirin don a ɓata shi. Artemisia ya jagoranci rundunar jiragen ruwa zuwa Cos don su yanka Coans, amma Thessalus ya yi iƙirarin cewa Zeus ya shiga tsakani kuma jiragen Artemisia suka lalace da walƙiya, kuma aka tilasta mata ja da baya. Duk da haka, daga baya ta dawo ta ci su da yaƙi.

Yaƙin Salamis

An jawo Xerxes ta hanyar saƙon Themistocles don kai hari ga rundunar sojojin Girka a cikin mawuyacin hali, maimakon aika wani ɓangare na jiragen ruwansa zuwa Peloponnese yana jiran rushewar sojojin Girka. Artemisia ita ce kaɗai daga cikin kwamandojin sojojin ruwa na Xerxes da ta ba da shawara game da matakin, sannan ta ci gaba da samun yabo daga sarkinta saboda jagorancinta a lokacin da sojojinsa suka sha kashi a hannun Girkawa a Yaƙin Salamis (Satumba, 480 BC).

Shirye-shirye

Tsabar kudin Caria a lokacin Artemisia (kimanin 480–460 BC).

Tsabar Kaunos, Caria a ƙarshen mulkin Artemisia, da kuma farkon mulkin ɗanta Pisindelis . Bayani: Siffa mace mai fikafikai tana gudu dama, kai hagu, riƙe da kerykeion a hannun dama, da kuma kambin nasara a hagu. Rev: Baetyl a cikin murabba'i. Kimanin 470–450 BC.

Kafin yaƙin Salamis, Xerxes ya tattara dukkan kwamandojin sojojin ruwansa ya aika Mardonios don ya tambaye shi ko ya kamata ya yi yaƙin jiragen ruwa ko a'a. Duk kwamandojin sun ba shi shawarar ya yi yaƙin jiragen ruwa sai Artemisia.

Kamar yadda Herodotus ya faɗa, ta gaya wa Mardonios:

Xerxes ya gamsu da shawararta kuma duk da cewa ya riga ya girmama ta sosai, yanzu ya ƙara yabe ta. Duk da haka, ya ba da umarni a bi shawarar sauran kwamandojinsa. Xerxes ya yi tunanin cewa a yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Artemisium, sojojinsa sun yi kamar matsorata domin bai kasance a wurin don ya kalle su ba. Amma a wannan karon zai kalli yaƙin da kansa don ya tabbatar da cewa za su yi aiki da jarumtaka.

Plutarch, a cikin littafin On the Malice of Herodotus, ya yi imani cewa Herodotus ya rubuta hakan ne saboda kawai yana son ayoyi ne domin ya sa Artemisia ta yi kama da Sibyl, wanda ke annabcin abubuwan da za su faru.

 

Mutuwa

Wani tatsuniya, wanda Photius ya ambato, [1] kimanin ƙarni 13 bayan haka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Artemisia ta kamu da soyayya da wani mutum daga Abydos ( Ancient Greek ), mai suna Dardanus ( Greek ), kuma lokacin da ya yi watsi da ita, ta makantar da shi yayin da yake barci, amma ƙaunarta a gare shi ta ƙaru. Wani mai sihiri ya gaya mata ta yi tsalle daga saman dutsen Leucas, domin an ce waɗanda suka yi tsalle daga wannan dutsen sun warke daga sha'awar soyayya. Duk da haka, an kashe ta bayan ta yi tsalle daga dutsen aka binne ta kusa da wurin. A cewar wani tatsuniya, Sappho ta kashe kanta tana tsalle daga waɗannan duwatsun ma, saboda tana ƙaunar Phaon .

Ɗanta Pisindelis ne ya gaje Artemisia, wanda ya zama sabon azzalumi na Caria. Daga baya ɗansa Lygdamis zai gaje shi.

Liyafa a duniyar Girka da Romawa

Herodotus ya yaba wa Artemisia, duk da goyon bayan da ta bai wa Farisa. Ya yaba mata da ƙudurinta da basirarta, kuma ya jaddada dabarunta a ƙarƙashin Sarki Xerxes a matsayin Babban Admiral ɗinsa.

Polyaenus ya ce Xerxes ya yi magana sosai game da jarumtakarta. A cikin littafi na takwas na aikinsa Stratagems, ya kuma ambaci cewa lokacin da Artemisia (watakila ya ambaci Artemisia I, amma wataƙila ya ambaci Artemisia II ) yana son ya ci Latmus, ta sanya sojoji a cikin kwanton bauna kusa da birnin kuma ita, tare da mata, eunuchs da mawaƙa, suka yi bikin hadaya a wurin bauta na Uwar Alloli, wanda yake da nisan mil bakwai daga birnin. Lokacin da mazauna Latmus suka fito don ganin gagarumin jerin gwanon, sojoji suka shiga birnin suka mamaye shi.

A cikin littafinsa na Tarihin Duniya, Justin ya rubuta cewa "tana faɗa da babban ƙarfin hali a tsakanin manyan shugabanni; don ka ga tsoro irin na mace a cikin namiji, da kuma ƙarfin hali irin na namiji a cikin mace."

A gefe guda kuma, Thessalus, ɗan Hippocrates, ya bayyana ta a cikin wani jawabi a matsayin matsoraciyar ɗan fashi .

Aristophanes ya ambaci Artemisia a cikin ayyukansa Lysistrata da Thesmophoriazusae .

Pausanias, a cikin littafi na uku na aikinsa Bayanin Girka ( Greek ), mai suna Laconia ( Greek ), ya ambaci cewa a kasuwar Sparta abin tunawa mafi ban sha'awa shine baranda wanda suka kira Farisa ( Greek ), domin an yi shi ne da ganima da aka ɗauka a yaƙe-yaƙen Farisa. Bayan lokaci, mutanen Sparta sun canza shi har sai ya zama babba da kyau. A kan ginshiƙan akwai siffofi masu launin fari na Farisawa, ciki har da Mardonius . Akwai kuma siffar Artemisia.

Haka kuma, kundin sani mai suna Suda ya ambaci Artemisia.

A cikin al'adun jama'a

Jarumar Faransa Eva Green ta fito a matsayin jarumar Artemisia a fim ɗin 300: Rise of an Empire na shekarar 2014.

An sanya wa jiragen ruwa na zamani da dama suna bayan Artemisia. An sanya wa wani jirgin ruwa mai lalata jiragen ruwa na Iran ( Farisa : ناوشکن) da aka saya a zamanin daular Pahlavi suna <i id="mwAdo">Artemis</i> don girmama ta. Wannan jirgin ruwa mai lalata jiragen ruwa shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Iran. Sunan jirgin ruwan Girka na baya, Panagia Skiadeni, shine Artemisia (tsohon Star A, Orient Star da Ferry Tachibana).

Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Artemisia ta gundumar Nea Alikarnassos da ke Crete, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1979, an sanya mata suna ne bayan Sarauniya Artemisia.

A cikin fim ɗin 1962 mai suna The 300 Spartans Artemisia, Anne Wakefield ta ɗauki nauyinsa.

Artemisia ta bayyana a cikin littafin tarihi na Gore Vidal na 1981 (da kuma fitowar 2002) <i id="mwAfQ">Creation</i> . A cikin hoton Vidal, ta yi doguwar dangantaka da Janar Mardonius na Farisa, wanda a wasu lokutan yake zaune a Halicarnassus kuma ya yi aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin abokin zamanta - amma ta ƙi aure shi, tana da niyyar kiyaye 'yancin kanta.

A cikin fim ɗin 2014 mai suna 300: Rise of an Empire, an nuna Artemisia a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin ruwa da Girkawa dole ne su yaƙi, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban mai adawa da ita. Eva Green ce ta zana ta.

Masanin tarihi Dr. Roy Casagranda ya rubuta wani littafi na tarihi game da Artemisia mai suna Al'arshin Jini na Caria .

Duba kuma

• Yaƙin Artemisium
• Yaƙin Salamis
• Themistocles
• Ameinias na Athens