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Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya

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Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na specialist hospital (en) Fassara, mental health facilities (en) Fassara, asibiti da gini
Filin aiki psychiatry (en) Fassara
Danvers State Hospital, Danvers, Massachusetts, Kirkbride Complex, c. 1893
Asibitin Jihar Springfield, Sykesville, Maryland, Cottage Plan, c. 1896
Ginin gwamnatin Asibitin McLean a Belmont, Massachusetts; asibitin ya kula da sanannun mazauna New England da yawa, ciki har da Gwamnan Massachusetts Nathaniel P. Banks, mawaƙi James Taylor, da mawaki Anne Sexton

asibiti mahaukata, wanda aka fi sani da asibitin masu duba lafiyar kwakwalwa, asibitin kiwon lafiya na halayyar mutum, ko mafaka cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta musamman wacce ke mai da hankali kan maganin cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani. Waɗannan cibiyoyin suna kula da marasa lafiya tare da yanayi kamar schizophrenia, rikicewar bipolar, babban rikicewar baƙin ciki, da rikicewar cin abinci, da sauransu.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Asibitocin mahaukatan. sun bambanta sosai a aikida kula da marasa lafiya. Wasu sun ƙware a cikin gajeren lokaci ko magani waje don marasa lafiya masu ƙarancin haɗari, yayin da wasu ke ba da kulawa ta dogon lokaci ga mutanen da ke buƙatar taimako na yau da kullun ko yanayin sarrafawa saboda yanayin su. Marasa lafiya na iya zaɓar sadaukarwar son rai, amma waɗanda aka ɗauka suna haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci ga kansu ko wasu na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin sadaukarwa da magani ba tare da son rai ba.[1]

A cikin asibitoci na gaba ɗaya, unguwanni na asibitocin kwakwalwa ko raka'a suna aiki da irin wannan manufar. Asibitocin kwakwalwa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar ra'ayi na mafaka, suna mai da hankali daga kawai kamewa da hanawa zuwa maganin da ke da tushe wanda ke da niyyar taimakawa marasa lafiya suyi aiki a cikin al'umma.[2][3] Gudanar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma tsarin magani da ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya (kamar maganin aiki da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa) suna taka rawa a cikin hanyoyin. Su ne mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan karatu kan nau'ikan magani da ke cikin unguwanni na psychiatric. Koyaya, saboda unguwanni na psychiatric wurare ne na zamantakewa, dangantakar marasa lafiya a cikin unguwanni masu kwakwalwa suma suna taka rawa a cikin hanyoyin rayuwa da farfadowa.

With successive waves of reform, and the introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, most modern psychiatric hospitals emphasize treatment, usually including a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy, that assist patients in functioning in the outside world. Many countries have prohibited the use of physical restraints on patients, which includes tying psychiatric patients to their beds for days or even months at a time, though this practice still is periodically employed in the United States, India, Japan, and other countries.[4][5]

Tarihi

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York Retreat, wanda William Tuke ya gina a ƙarshen karni na 18, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin halin kirki na marasa lafiya.

Asibitocin kwakwalwa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga, kuma daga ƙarshe sun maye gurbin, tsofaffin mafaka. Ci gaban su kuma ya haifar da hauhawar tsarin ilimin halayyar mutum. An gina asibitoci da aka sani da Bimarista a Gabas ta Tsakiya a farkon ƙarni na tara; an gina na farko a Baghdad a karkashin jagorancin Harun al-Rashid . Duk da yake ba a sadaukar da su kawai ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba, asibitocin kwakwalwa na farko galibi suna dauke da unguwanni ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke nuna mania ko wasu matsalolin kwakwalwa.[6]

Saboda tabo na al'adu game da ƙin kula da dangin mutum, marasa lafiya na hankali za a mika su ga Bimaristan ne kawai idan mai haƙuri ya nuna tashin hankali, rashin lafiya mai tsanani, ko wasu cututtukan da ke raunanawa sosai.[7] Ana rufe ɗakunan ilimin halayyar mutum da sandunan ƙarfe saboda tashin hankali na wasu daga cikin marasa lafiya.

A Yammacin Turai, ra'ayin farko da aka kafa don asibitin mahaukaci ya shiga ta Spain. Wani memba na Mercedarian Order mai suna Juan Gilaberto Jofré ya yi tafiya akai-akai zuwa ƙasashen Musulunci kuma ya lura da cibiyoyi da yawa da suka tsare mahaukaci. Ya ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma ta musamman ga "mutane marasa lafiya waɗanda likitoci suka kula da su", wani abu na zamani sosai a lokacin. An kafa harsashin ne a cikin 1409 godiya ga mutane masu arziki da yawa daga Valencia waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa don kammala shi. An dauke shi ma'aikata ta farko a duniya a wannan lokacin da ta kware a maganin cututtukan kwakwalwa.

Daga baya, likitoci, ciki har da Philippe Pinel a Asibitin Bicêtre a Faransa da William Tuke a York Retreat a Ingila, sun fara ba da shawarar kallon cutar tabin hankali a matsayin cuta da ke buƙatar jinƙai wanda zai taimaka wajen farfado da wanda aka azabtar. A ƙasashen yammacin duniya, zuwan samar da cibiyoyi a matsayin mafita ga matsalar hauka abu ne da ya zo a karni na sha tara. An kafa matsugunan tunani na farko na jama'a a Biritaniya; Ƙaddamar da Dokar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta 1808 ta ba wa majistare ikon gina matsugunan da za su tallafa wa ƙima a kowace gundumomi don ɗaukar yawancin 'masu hauka'. Gundumomi tara sun fara nema, mafaka ta farko ta jama'a ta buɗe a 1812 a Nottinghamshire. A cikin shekara ta 1828, sabbin kwamishinonin da aka naɗa a Lunacy an ba su ikon yin lasisi da kula da mafaka masu zaman kansu. Dokar Lunacy ta 1845 ta sanya ginin mafaka a kowace gunduma ta zama tilas tare da dubawa akai-akai a madadin Sakatariyar Cikin Gida, kuma ta buƙaci masu neman mafaka su rubuta ƙa'idodi da likitan mazaunin.[1].

A farkon karni na 19 akwai 'yan dubban mutane da ke zaune a cibiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Ingila, amma a shekara ta 1900 wannan adadi ya karu zuwa kusan 100,000. Wannan ci gaban ya yi dai-dai da ci gaban alienism, wanda daga Baƙi aka sani da psychiatry, a matsayin ƙwararren likita. Kula da fursunoni a cikin mafaka na farko wani lokaci yana da mummunan hali kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamewa da kamewa.[2][3]

8A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, cibiyoyin kula da hankali sun daina amfani da kalmomi kamar "hauka", "rashin hankali" ko "haukaci", wanda ya ɗauki ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa guda ɗaya, kuma ya fara a maimakon haka ya rabu zuwa cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa, gami da catatonia, melancholia, da dementia praecox, wanda yanzu aka sani da schizophrenia.[8]

A cikin 1961, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Erving Goffman ya bayyana ka'idar game da "cikakken ma'aikata" da kuma tsarin da yake ɗaukar ƙoƙari don kula da halayyar da za a iya hangowa da kuma na yau da kullun a bangaren "mai tsaron" da "mai kafawa", yana ba da shawarar cewa yawancin fasalulluka na irin waɗannan cibiyoyin suna aiki ne na al'ada na tabbatar da cewa duka nau'ikan mutane sun san aikinsu da rawar zamantakewa, a wasu kalmomi na "kafa su".[9] Asylums a matsayin maɓallin rubutu a cikin ci gaban deinstitutionalization.[10]

Tare da sauye-sauye na sake fasalin da kuma gabatar da ingantattun jiyya na tushen shaida, asibitocin hauka na zamani suna ba da fifiko na farko kan jiyya; da kuma karawa, suna ƙoƙari-inda zai yiwu-don taimakawa marasa lafiya su mallaki rayuwarsu a cikin duniyar waje tare da yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar magungunan ƙwayoyi da ilimin halin mutum. [cikakkiyar magana da ake buƙata] Waɗannan jiyya na iya zama na rashin son rai. Jiyya na rashin son rai suna cikin yawancin ayyukan tabin hankali waɗanda ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na majinyata ke tambaya.

A tarihin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan "12,225,000 Acre Bill" an jaddada cewa za a ba da kulawa a mafaka maimakon saukar da mutane a kurkuku, gidajen matalauta, ko kuma su zauna a kan tituna. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Saboda raguwa a cikin shekaru na asibitocin ƙwaƙwalwa da ke akwai dangane da jihar kasancewar sarari da gadaje ga sababbin marasa lafiya ya ragu sosai.  

Nau'o'in

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Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital 1 The Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in Naujoji Vilnia (Parko g. 15), is one of the largest health facilities in Lithuania; built in 1902, official opening on 21 May 1903
Asibitin Jamhuriyar Vilnius a Naujoji Vilnia, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren kiwon lafiya a Lithuania, wanda aka gina a 1902
Asibitin Röykkä mai suna Art Nouveau, wanda aka fi sani da Nummela Sanatorium, a Röykkä, Finland

Akwai nau'ikan asibitoci daban-daban na zamani, amma dukansu suna da mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa daban-daban. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ana ba da shigar da rikicin da kulawa ta matsakaici a kan unguwanni masu saurin shiga. Ana ajiye unguwanni na yara ko matasa a asibitocin kwakwalwa ko unguwanni don yara ko matasa da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Cibiyoyin kulawa na dogon lokaci suna da burin magani da farfadowa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (shekaru biyu ko uku). Wata ma'aikata don marasa lafiya ita ce gidan rabin gari.

Tsayawa da rikici

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A cikin Amurka, akwai manyan wuraren rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice da ƙananan wuraren rikice (ko Crisis Stabilization Units). Ƙungiyoyin daidaita rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice masu ƙarfi suna ba da sabis ga mutanen da ke son kashe kansu, tashin hankali, ko maye. Kadan wuraren rikicin rikicin sun haɗa da hutun tsara, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da sauran shirye-shirye don yiwa mutane hidima waɗanda ba sa son kashe kansu / tashin hankali.[11]

Abubuwan da aka buɗe

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Rukunin kiwon lafiya na budewa ba su da tsaro kamar na'urorin daidaita rikicin. Ba a amfani da su ga mutanen da ke son kashe kansu ba; a maimakon haka, abin da aka mayar da hankali a cikin waɗannan raka'a shine yin rayuwa kamar yadda ya kamata ga marasa lafiya yayin ci gaba da magani har zuwa inda za a iya sauke su. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a yarda marasa lafiya su riƙe magungunan su a cikin ɗakunan su ba saboda haɗarin wuce gona da iri. Duk da yake wasu sassan budewa suna buɗewa a zahiri, wasu sassan buɗewa har yanzu suna amfani da ƙofofi da ƙetare, dangane da nau'in marasa lafiya da aka shigar.

Matsakaicin lokaci

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Wani nau'in asibitin kwakwalwa shine matsakaici, wanda ke ba da kulawa na makonni da yawa. Yawancin magungunan da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na kwakwalwa suna ɗaukar makonni da yawa don yin tasiri, kuma babban manufar waɗannan asibitocin shine saka idanu kan mai haƙuri a cikin 'yan makonni na farko na magani don tabbatar da magani yana da tasiri.

Gidajen yara

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Gidajen yara sassan asibitocin kwakwalwa ne ko unguwanni na kwakwalwa da aka ware don yara masu fama da rashin lafiya. Koyaya, akwai cibiyoyi da yawa da ke ƙwarewa kawai a cikin kula da yara, musamman lokacin da suke hulɗa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, cutar kai, rikicewar cin abinci, damuwa, baƙin ciki ko wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa.

Ya zuwa 2020, kididdigar cututtukan kwakwalwa tsakanin fursunoni a cikin kurkuku da unguwanni na yara sun kasance daga 15% zuwa 20%. Saboda wannan, yawancin unguwanni da kurkuku sun buɗe sashin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wurin su.

Gidajen kulawa na dogon lokaci

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Narrenturm a Vienna, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1784, an sanya masa suna ne don kalmar Jamusanci, ma'ana "hasumiyar wawaye"; asibitin yana daga cikin gine-ginen farko da aka tsara musamman don marasa lafiya.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ana maye gurbin wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci da ƙananan sassan tsaro, wasu a cikin asibitoci. Gine-gine na zamani, tsaro na zamani, da kasancewa a cikin gida don taimakawa tare da sake shiga cikin al'umma da zarar magani ya daidaita yanayin [12] sau da yawa siffofi ne na irin waɗannan raka'a.[13] Misalan wannan sun haɗa da Three Bridges Unit a Asibitin St Bernard a Yammacin London da asibitin John Munroe a Staffordshire. Wadannan raka'a suna da burin magani da farfadowa don ba da damar komawa cikin al'umma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu ko uku. Ba duk maganin marasa lafiya ba ne ya cika wannan ma'auni, duk da haka, yana haifar da manyan asibitoci don riƙe wannan rawar.

Wadannan asibitoci suna ba da kwanciyar hankali da farfadowa ga waɗanda ke fama da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar su baƙin ciki, cututtukani na bipolar, cututƙan cin abinci, da sauransu.

A Amurka ana amfani da wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci ga mutanen da ke fama da gwagwarmayar lafiyar kwakwalwa mai tsanani da ci gaba. Wadannan asibitoci suna ba da wani nau'i daban na kulawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran asibitocin kwakwalwa; an tsara wannan nau'in don samar da cikakken kulawa a tsawon lokaci, matakin tallafi da kulawa mafi girma, da kuma sa ido kan marasa lafiya.[14] A cikin waɗannan wuraren kulawa za a iya daidaitawa da kyau don dacewa da kowane mai haƙuri, wannan yana ba da damar mai da hankali kan hanyar kulawa da suke karɓa.

Gidaje masu tsakiya

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Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikata don marasa lafiya shine gidan rabin gari. Wadannan wuraren suna ba da taimako ga rayuwa [15] na dogon lokaci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma galibi suna taimakawa wajen sauyawa zuwa wadatar kansu. Wadannan cibiyoyin ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman bangarorin tsarin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ta hanyar likitoci da yawa, kodayake wasu yankuna ba su da isasshen kudade.

Kurkuku na siyasa

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A wasu ƙasashe, ana iya amfani da ma'aikatar mahaukaci don ɗaure fursunonin siyasa a matsayin hanyar azabtarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalai na tarihi shine amfani da maganin azabtarwa a Tarayyar Soviet da China. Kamar tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da China, Belarus ta kuma yi amfani da maganin azabtarwa ga abokan adawar siyasa da masu sukar gwamnati ta yanzu a zamanin yau.

Rukunin tsaro

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A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, kotunan masu aikata laifuka ko Sakataren Cikin Gida na iya, a ƙarƙashin sassa daban-daban na Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya, ba da umarnin tsare masu laifi a asibitin mahaukaci, amma kalmar "mai aikata laifya" ba ta da izini ko kuma likita. Akwai sassan asibitoci masu aminci a duk yankuna na Burtaniya don wannan dalili; Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu asibitocin ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba da magani tare da matakan tsaro masu yawa. Wadannan wuraren an raba su zuwa manyan rukuni uku: High, Medium da Low Secure. Kodayake ana amfani da kalmar "Mafi Girma" sau da yawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, babu irin wannan rarrabuwa. "Local Secure" wani kuskuren gama gari ne ga rukunin Low Secure, kamar yadda kotunan masu aikata laifuka na gida ke tsare marasa lafiya a can don kimantawa kafin yanke hukunci.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa ce ke gudanar da su, waɗannan wuraren da ke ba da kimantawar kwakwalwa na iya samar da magani da masauki a cikin yanayin asibiti mai aminci wanda ke hana guduwa. Don haka akwai karancin hadarin marasa lafiya da ke cutar da kansu ko wasu. A Dublin, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Tsakiya yana yin irin wannan aikin.[16]

Amfani da asibitin al'umma

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Asibitocin al'umma a duk faɗin Amurka a kai a kai suna fitar da marasa lafiyar tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi ana tura su zuwa jiyya da jiyya. Wani bincike na bayanan sallamar asibitocin al'umma daga 2003 zuwa 2011, duk da haka, ya gano cewa asibitocin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa sun karu ga yara da manya. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran amfani da asibitoci, fitar da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara shine mafi ƙanƙanta yayin da mafi saurin karuwar asibitocin na manya ne a ƙasa da 64.[1] An buɗe wasu raka'a don samar da ingantattun jiyya, wani yanki zuwa manyan nau'ikan asibitoci guda uku.

A cikin Burtaniya, akwai manyan asibitocin tsaro, gami da Asibitin Ashworth a Merseyside, [1] Asibitin Broadmoor a Crowthorne, Asibitin Tsaro na Rampton a Retford, da Asibitin Jiha a Carstairs, Scotland.[2]  A Arewacin Ireland, Isle na mutum, da tsibirin Tsibirin, Matsakaici da ƙananan rukunin gidaje, wuraren da suka dace a Burtaniya sun fi dacewa a Burtaniya.  Tun daga 2009, akwai rukunin mata kawai 27 a Ingila.[3]  Rukunin Irish sun haɗa da waɗanda ke kurkuku a Portlaise, Castelrea, da Cork..

Rashin amincewa

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Asibitin Jihar Traverse City a Traverse City, Michigan, Amurka, yana aiki daga 1881 zuwa 1989

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Thomas Szasz a Hungary ya yi jayayya cewa asibitocin halayyar mutum kamar kurkuku ne ba kamar sauran nau'ikan asibitoci ba, kuma likitocin halayen da ke tilasta wa mutane (a cikin magani ko sadaukarwa ba da gangan ba) suna aiki a matsayin alƙalai da masu kurkuku, ba likitoci ba.[17] Masanin tarihi Michel Foucault sananne ne saboda cikakken sukar da ya yi game da amfani da kuma cin zarafin tsarin asibitin mahaukaci a cikin Madness and Civilization . Ya yi jayayya cewa mafaka ta Tuke da Pinel alama ce ta sake farfadowa game da yanayin yaro a ƙarƙashin iyali mai arziki. Yana da microcosm wanda ke nuna manyan tsarin al'umma da dabi'un ta: dangantakar Iyali-Yara (ikon uba), Fault-Punishment (hanzarin adalci), Madness-Disorder (tsarin zamantakewa da ɗabi'a).

Erving Goffman ya kirkiro kalmar "cikakken ma'aikata" don asibitocin mahaukaci da irin waɗannan wurare waɗanda suka karɓi mulki kuma suka tsare dukan rayuwar mutum. : :150: 9 Goffman ya sanya asibitocin mahaukaci a cikin wannan rukuni kamar sansanoni, Kurkuku, kungiyoyin soja, marayu, da kuma gidajen ibada. [18] A cikin littafinsa Asylums Goffman ya bayyana yadda tsarin tsarin kafawa ke zamantakewa da mutane cikin rawar mai haƙuri mai kyau, wani "mai laushi, mara lahani da rashin bayyane"; bi da bi, yana ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin rashin lafiya a cikin mummunar rashin lafiya.[19] Gwajin Rosenhan na 1973 ya nuna wahalar rarrabe marasa lafiya daga marasa lafiya.

Franco Basaglia, babban likitan kwakwalwa wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma ya tsara sake fasalin kwakwalwa a Italiya, ya kuma bayyana asibitin kwakwalwa a matsayin mai zalunci, kulle, da kuma cikakken ma'aikata wanda ake amfani da ka'idojin azabtarwa kamar kurkuku, don a hankali kawar da abubuwan da ke ciki. Marasa lafiya, likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya duk suna ƙarƙashin (a matakai daban-daban) ga wannan tsari na tsarin tsarin mulki.[20] Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka Loren Mosher ya lura cewa ma'aikatar ilimin halayya da kanta ta ba shi manyan darussan a cikin fasahar "cikakken ma'aikata": lakabi, dogaro mara amfani, shigarwa da ci gaba da rashin iko, bikin ƙasƙantarwa, mulkin mallaka, da kuma fifiko na bukatun ma'aikata a kan marasa lafiya, wanda ya kasance a bayyane a can don hidima.[21]

Ƙungiyar anti-psychiatry da ke fitowa a cikin 1960s ya saba wa yawancin ayyuka, yanayi, ko wanzuwar asibitocin kwakwalwa; saboda tsananin yanayin da suke ciki. Ƙungiyar masu amfani da tabin hankali ta sau da yawa tana adawa da ko yin yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan yanayi a asibitocin tabin hankali ko amfani da su, da son rai ko kuma ba da son rai ba. Ƙungiyar 'yantar da majiyyaci ta hankali tana adawa da jiyya ba tare da son rai ba amma gabaɗaya baya ƙin yarda da duk wani magani na tabin hankali wanda aka yarda da shi, muddin duka bangarorin biyu za su iya janye yarda a kowane lokaci.

Duk da yake akwai zargi da yawa ga saitin da kuma irin kulawar asibitocin kwakwalwa da ke bayarwa, akwai mafi mahimmancin batun zargi daga wasu mutane da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da waɗannan asibitoci. An sami karuwar zargi ga mutanen da ke karɓar kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa a asibitocin kwakwalwa. Stigmatization yana da babban tasiri ba kawai ga marasa lafiya a cikin waɗannan asibitoci ba har ma da abokan ciniki na abin da ake kira madadin saitunan.[22] Samun wannan zargi na iya haifar da marasa lafiya na gaba da mutanen da ke buƙatar wannan kulawa su kasance masu jinkirin samun kulawa saboda tsoron hukunci na gaba da kasancewa wanda aka azabtar da wannan zargi.

Wasu zargi da za su iya faruwa daga takwarorinsu ne. Wannan na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya. Wannan kadai na iya sa su ji ba kamar yadda za su iya raba ko neman taimako daga ƙwararren mai ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Ayyukan jarida na ɓoye

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Tare da binciken ilimi na 1973 da Rosenhan da sauran Irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, an shigar da 'yan jarida da yawa a asibitoci don gudanar da aikin jarida na ɓoye. Wadannan sun hada da:

  • Julius Chambers, wanda ya ziyarci Bloomingdale Insane Asylum a 1872, wanda ya haifar da littafin 1876 A Mad World and Its People .
  • Nellie Bly, wacce ta shigar da kanta a cikin wani asibiti a 1887, wanda ya haifar da aikin Kwanaki Goma a cikin Mad-House .
  • Frank Smith a cikin 1935 ya shigar da kansa cikin asibitin Kankakee, wanda ya haifar da labaran "Kwanaki Bakwai a cikin Madhouse" a cikin Chicago Daily Times .[23][24]
  • Michael Mok, wanda ya bincika irin wannan a New York 1961, inda ya lashe Kyautar Lasker.[25][26]
  • Frank Sutherland, wanda ya sami horo daga likitan kwakwalwa don ya nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka daidai, kuma ya kwashe kwanaki 31 a ƙarshen 1973 zuwa farkon 1974, wanda ya haifar da jerin labarai a cikin Nashville Tennessean . [27]
  • Betty Wells, wacce ta yi bincike a shekara ta 1974, tare da labaran da ake kira "A Trip into Darkness" don Wichita Eagle . [28]

Lokacin kallon ka'idojin mutanen da za su iya buƙatar shigar da su cikin asibitocin mahaukaci akwai abubuwa shida da ake dubawa don nuna bukatar asibitin. Wadannan sun hada da matsayin tunani, ikon kula da kai, ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da ke akwai, tasirin marasa lafiya akan muhalli, yiwuwar haɗari da hangen nesa na magani.[29] Bukatar kula da marasa lafiya na iya canzawa dangane da mutum da batutuwan da ake gabatar da su da ake buƙatar magance su. Wasu wasu ka'idoji na iya zama idan mutum yana da barazana ga kansu ko wasu, ana iya gabatar da wannan a cikin wani abu da ake kira ra'ayin kashe kansa. Wasu daga cikin cututtuka ko alamu na wani wanda ke buƙatar asibitin mahaukaci sune: babban matsalar baƙin ciki, tunanin kashe kansa, schizophrenia, matsalar cin abinci, matsalar damuwa ta bayan rauni, da sauransu da yawa.  

  1. ↑ Mahomed, Faraaz; Stein, Michael Ashley; Patel, Vikram (18 October 2018). "Involuntary mental health treatment in the era of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". PLOS Medicine. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 15 (10): e1002679. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002679. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 6193619. PMID 30335757.
  2. 1 2 "Life Magazine". Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  3. 1 2 "Life Magazine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  4. ↑ Khandelwal, SudhirK; Deb, KoushikSinha; Krishnan, Vijay (2015). "Restraint and seclusion in India". Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry (in Turanci). 31 (2): 141. doi:10.4103/0971-9962.173294. ISSN 0971-9962. Archived from the original on 2022-09-14. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
  5. ↑ Reyes, Emily Alpert (2023-10-19). "How often are psychiatric patients restrained at your local hospital?". Los Angeles Times (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  6. ↑ Miller, Andrew C (December 2006). "Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99: 615–617. doi:10.1177/014107680609901208. PMC 1676324. PMID 17139063. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 055–62. doi:10.1177/0957154x9600702503
  8. ↑ Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013). "Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a challenge". Scientific American Mind (March 2013). Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  9. ↑ "Extracts from Erving Goffman". A Middlesex University resource. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  10. ↑ Mac Suibhne, Séamus (7 October 2009). "Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates". BMJ. 339: b4109. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4109. S2CID 220087437.
  11. ↑ "Psychiatric Times". An Imperfect Guide to Crisis Stabilization Units. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  12. ↑ "Residential Facilities and Long-Term Psychiatric Care". Medscape.
  13. ↑ "Hospital.com". Archived from the original on 2009-11-15. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  14. ↑ Casali, Mark (2024-05-01). "Long-Term Psychiatric Hospitals and Alternatives". Turnbridge (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  15. ↑ Vaslamatzis, G.; Katsouyanni, K.; Markidis, M. (1997). "The efficacy of a psychiatric halfway house: a study of hospital recidivism and global outcome measure". European Psychiatry. 12 (2): 94–97. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(97)89647-2. PMID 19698512. S2CID 26503203.
  16. ↑ "The Central Mental Hospital is being closed down". 3 June 2015.
  17. ↑ Szasz, Thomas (2011). "The myth of mental illness: 50 years later" (PDF). The Psychiatrist. 35 (5): 179–182. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  18. ↑ Weinstein R. (1982). "Goffman's Asylums and the Social Situation of Mental Patients" (PDF). Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 11 (4): 267–274. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Lester H.; Gask L. (May 2006). "Delivering medical care for patients with serious mental illness or promoting a collaborative model of recovery?". British Journal of Psychiatry. 188 (5): 401–402. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015933. PMID 16648523.
  20. ↑ Tansella M. (November 1986). "Community psychiatry without mental hospitals—the Italian experience: a review". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 79 (11): 664–669. doi:10.1177/014107688607901117. PMC 1290535. PMID 3795212.
  21. ↑ Mosher L.R. (March 1999). "Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review" (PDF). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 187 (3): 142–149. doi:10.1097/00005053-199903000-00003. PMID 10086470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012.
  22. ↑ Verhaeghe, Mieke; Bracke, Piet; Bruynooghe, Kevin (2007-04-01). "Stigmatization in Different Mental Health Services: A Comparison of Psychiatric and General Hospitals". The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research (in Turanci). 34 (2): 186–197. doi:10.1007/s11414-007-9056-4. ISSN 1556-3308. PMID 17333402.
  23. ↑ ""Seven Days in the Madhouse!" - Frank Smith - Chicago Daily Times · Undercover Reporting". undercover.hosting.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  24. ↑ "Blog4 — 7 days of Frank Smith doing undercover reporting at a mental hospital by Baidi Wang". C409 - News Media Ethics. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  25. ↑ Hofschneider, Mark. "Historical Archive: Awards No Longer Given by the Foundation". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  26. ↑ ""I Was a Mental Patient" - Michael Mok - New York World-Telegram & Sun · Undercover Reporting". undercover.hosting.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  27. ↑ "Central State Psychiatric Hospital Exposé - Frank Sutherland - Nashville Tennessean · Undercover Reporting". undercover.hosting.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  28. ↑ ""Trip Into Darkness" - Betty Wells - Wichita Eagle and Wichita Beacon · Undercover Reporting". undercover.hosting.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  29. ↑ Henisz, Jerzy E.; Etkin, Kathleen; Levine, Michael S. (1981-07-01). "Criteria for psychiatric hospitalization: A checklist approach". Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation (in Turanci). 13 (4): 629–636. doi:10.3758/BF03202077. ISSN 1554-3528.
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