Asibitin kiwon lafiya
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asibiti (ko asibitin waje ko asibitin kulawa na ambulatory) Cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da aka fi mayar da hankali kan kula da marasa lafiya. Ana iya gudanar da asibitoci masu zaman kansu ko gudanar da su a fili. Yawanci suna rufe bukatun kulawa ta farko na yawan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin yankin, sabanin manyan asibitoci waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin jiyya na musamman da kuma shigar da marasa lafiya don zama na dare.
Yawanci, kalmar Ingilishi tana nufin aikin gama-gari, wanda ɗaya ko fiye na likitocin gabaɗaya ke gudanarwa waɗanda ke ba da ƙananan jiyya, amma kuma yana iya nufin ƙwararrun asibiti. Wasu dakunan shan magani suna riƙe sunan "asibiti" ko da yayin da suke girma zuwa manyan cibiyoyin manyan asibitoci ko kuma alaƙa da asibiti ko makarantar likita.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar asibiti ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Girkanci κλίνειν Klinein ma'ana ga gangara, jingina ko jingina. Saboda haka κλίνη klinē gado ne ko gado kuma κ辛ikos likita ne wanda ke ziyartar marasa lafiyarsa a gadonsu. A cikin Latin, wannan ya zama clīnicus.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sau da yawa ana danganta asibitocin da aikin likita na gabaɗaya wanda ƙwararrun likita ɗaya ko da yawa ke gudanarwa. Sauran nau'ikan dakunan shan magani ana gudanar da su ta nau'in ƙwararrun masu alaƙa da irin wannan nau'in: asibitocin motsa jiki ta likitocin likitancin jiki da asibitocin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da sauransu ga kowace sana'a ta kiwon lafiya. (Wannan na iya ma riƙe gaskiya ga wasu ayyuka a wajen aikin likita: alal misali, lauyoyi ne ke tafiyar da asibitocin doka.).)
Wasu asibitoci suna aiki a cikin gida ta hanyar ma'aikata, kungiyoyin gwamnati, ko asibitocin, kuma wasu ayyukan asibiti suna ba da izini ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. A kasar Sin, alal misali, masu mallakar irin waɗannan asibitoci ba su da ilimin likita na yau da kullun. Akwai asibitocin ƙauyuka 659,596 a kasar Sin a shekara ta 2011.[1]
Ana ba da kiwon lafiya a Indiya, China, Rasha da Afirka ga manyan yankunan karkara ta hanyar asibitocin kiwon lafiya ko asibitoci na gefen hanya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da maganin gargajiya. A Indiya waɗannan asibitocin gargajiya suna ba da maganin Ayurvedic da aikin likita na unani. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe, maganin gargajiya ya zama aikin gado.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ayyukan asibitoci sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, aikin janar na gida wanda likitan janar guda ɗaya ke gudanarwa yana ba da kulawa ta farko kuma yawanci ana gudanar da shi azaman kasuwanci na riba ta mai shi, yayin da asibitin kwararru na gwamnati na iya samar da tallafi ko kulawa ta musamman [dubious - tattauna].
Wasu asibitoci suna aiki a matsayin wuri ga mutanen da ke da rauni ko cututtuka da ma'aikacin jinya ko wani ma'aikaciyar kiwon lafiya za su gani. A cikin waɗannan asibitoci, raunin ko rashin lafiya bazai zama mai tsanani ba don buƙatar ziyarar dakin gaggawa (ER), amma ana iya canja mutumin zuwa ɗaya idan an buƙata.
Magani a waɗannan asibitoci sau da yawa ba shi da tsada fiye da yadda zai kasance a sashen masu rauni. Har ila yau, ba kamar ER ba waɗannan asibitoci galibi ba sa buɗewa a kan 24/7/365 . Wani lokaci suna da damar yin amfani da kayan bincike kamar na'urorin X-ray, musamman idan asibitin yana cikin babban wurin. Likitoci a irin waɗannan asibitoci na iya sauya marasa lafiya zuwa ƙwararru idan buƙata ta taso.
Manyan asibitocin marasa lafiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manyan asibitoci na waje sun bambanta da girman, amma suna iya zama babba kamar asibitocin.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kyakkyawan manyan asibitocin asibitoci suna da manyan Likitoci (GPs) kamar likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya don samar da kulawa ta ambulatory da wasu ayyukan kulawa masu tsanani amma ba su da manyan wuraren kulawa na tiyata da na kafin da bayan tiyata waɗanda ke da alaƙa da asibitofi.
Baya ga GPs, idan asibiti polyclinic ne, zai iya ba da gida ga sassan asibiti na wasu ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, kamar su gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, huhu, cardiology, da Endocrinology. A wasu biranen jami'a, polyclinics suna dauke da sassan waje don duk asibitin koyarwa a cikin gini ɗaya.
A kasa da kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manyan asibitoci na waje sune nau'ikan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun a kasashe da yawa, gami da Faransa, Jamus (al'ada mai tsawo), Switzerland, da yawancin ƙasashen Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas (sau da yawa suna amfani da tsarin Soviet-Jamus), da kuma tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet kamar Rasha da Ukraine; da kuma ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin Asiya da Afirka.
A Turai, musamman a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai, manyan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na waje, galibi a cikin birane da garuruwa, ana kiransu policlinics (wanda aka samo daga kalmar polis, ba daga poly- ba).
Recent Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[2]
A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, an mallaki asibitoci da yawa ko kuma an rarraba su a zamanin bayan kwaminisanci: wasu daga cikinsu masu ba da kuɗi ne kawai da masu tsara kiwon lafiya da ofisoshin likitoci masu zaman kansu suka bayar a cikin ginin asibitocin.
Indiya kuma ta kafa adadi mai yawa na polyclinics ga tsoffin ma'aikatan tsaro. Cibiyar sadarwa ta yi la'akari da polyclinics 426 a cikin gundumomi 343 na ƙasar wanda zai amfana da kimanin 33 lakh (3.3 miliyan) tsoffin ma'aikatan da ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa da masu nisa.
QPoliclinics kuma sune kashin baya na tsarin kulawa na farko na Cuba kuma an ba su lambar yabo tare da rawar da za su taka wajen inganta alamun kiwon lafiya na wannan al'umma.
Asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayar da sabis na kiwon lafiya ta hanyar asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka yana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga waɗannan yankuna masu nisa waɗanda har yanzu ba su yi hanyarsu ba a cikin yanayin da aka sanya siyasa. Misali, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka sun tabbatar da taimakawa wajen tunkarar sabbin tsarin zama a Costa Rica. Kafin kungiyoyin agaji na kasashen waje ko gwamnatin jiha su shiga harkar kiwon lafiya, mutanen Costa Rica sun kula da nasu kiwon lafiya da kariya. Mutane sun dogara da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da al'adu daban-daban da magunguna don hana cututtuka, kamar tsaftar mutum da tsarin zama. Lokacin da sabbin matsugunan da suka taso a bakin tekun suka zama al'ummomin '' wucin gadi '', kuma saboda rashin hanyoyin warkar da gida na gargajiya a nan, dole ne a aiwatar da wasu hanyoyin kamar asibitocin tafi da gidanka a cikin wadannan al'ummomi don kariya da rigakafin cututtuka..[3]
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a yankunan karkarar Namibiya ya nuna sauye-sauyen kiwon lafiya na marayu da yara marasa galihu da yara marasa galihu (OVC) da ke ziyartar asibitin tafi da gidanka inda cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ke da nisa da kauyuka masu nisa. Sama da watanni 6, an tattara bayanai game da matsayin rigakafi, gano cutar anemia, cututtukan fata da na hanji, abinci mai gina jiki, cututtukan hakori da kuma nuna cewa ziyartar asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka na inganta lafiyar yaran da ke ziyartar akai-akai. Ya kammala da cewa “tsarin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a wuraren da aka gano shinge iri ɗaya na iya taimakawa wajen gyara bambance-bambancen kiwon lafiya a tsakanin OVC Namibia kuma zai iya zama matakin farko na inganta cututtukan yara da mace-mace a yankunan karkara masu wahala.[4]
Ƙarin abinci a cikin mahallin ziyarar asibitin tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun ya nuna cewa ya inganta yanayin abinci mai gina jiki na yara, kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a matsayin hanyar rage rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki na yaro a yankunan da ba su da wadata. Wani binciken sashi ya mayar da hankali kan kwatanta ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki kafin da kuma bayan shirin samar da abinci mai gina gina jiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga kula da lafiya na yau da kullun ga 'ya'yan ma'aikatan ƙaura da ke zaune a yankunan karkara a Jamhuriyar Dominica.[5] Yawan Rashin abinci mai gina jiki ya ragu daga kashi 33% zuwa 18% bayan fara shirin samar da abinci kuma ya nuna cewa membobin al'umma da ke halartar asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka ba kawai suna karɓar bayanan ba amma suna haɗa shi kuma suna taimakawa wajen ciyar da yaransu.[5]
Akwai nau'ikan asibitoci daban-daban da ke ba da sabis na waje. Irin waɗannan asibitoci na iya zama na jama'a (gwamnati) ko ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu.
- CLSC suna cikin Quebec; suna da nau'in asibiti kyauta wanda gwamnatin lardin ke tallafawa; suna ba da sabis wanda shirin kiwon lafiya na Kanada bai rufe ba ciki har da ma'aikatan zamantakewa
- ↑ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ↑ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.