Asirin banki

Switzerland is known for its bank secrecy and strict bank–client confidentiality. Pictured: the Swiss Alps, the location of many underground storage bunkers for gold. 

Asirin banki
Asali
Characteristics

In ba haka ba an san shi da sirrin abokin ciniki na banki ko damar abokin ciniki na abokin ciniki, 'Yan kasuwa na Italiya ne suka fara aikin a cikin shekarun 1600 kusa da Arewacin Italiya (yanki wanda zai zama yankin Italiyanci na Switzerland). Bankunan Geneva sun kafa sirri a cikin jama'a da kuma ta hanyar dokar farar hula a Yankin da ake magana da Faransanci a cikin shekarun 1700. An fara tsara sirrin banki na Switzerland tare da Dokar Bankin 1934, don haka ya zama laifi a bayyana bayanan abokin ciniki ga wasu ba tare da yardar abokin ciniki ba. Dokar, tare da tsayayyen kuɗin Switzerland da tsaka-tsaki na kasa da kasa, ya haifar da babban jirgin sama zuwa asusun Switzerland masu zaman kansu. A cikin shekarun 1940, an gabatar da asusun banki masu lamba wanda ya haifar da ka'idar sirri ta banki wanda ke ci gaba da la'akari da ɗayan manyan fannoni na banki mai zaman kansa a duniya. Ci gaba a cikin Bayanan kuɗi (ta hanyar bayanan maɓallin jama'a) na iya ba da damar amfani da kuɗin lantarki da ba a san su ba da takaddun shaida na mai ɗaukar dijital don sirrin kuɗi da banki na Intanet, wanda aka ba da damar cibiyoyin da tsarin kwamfuta mai aminci.

Duk da yake wasu cibiyoyin banki da son rai suna tilasta sirrin banki a cikin ma'aikata, wasu suna aiki a yankuna inda doka ta ba da umarni da kuma kare aikin (misali cibiyoyin kudi na waje). Kusan dukkanin ka'idojin sirrin banki sun hana bayyana bayanan abokin ciniki ga wasu ba tare da yardar ko ƙarar aikata laifuka ba. Ana ba da ƙarin sirri don zaɓar abokan ciniki ta hanyar asusun banki mai lamba ko asusun banki na karkashin kasa.

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa amfani da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na waje ya kasance abin damuwa saboda masu laifi suna shiga cikin su. An yi jayayya cewa waɗannan cibiyoyin kuɗi suna ba da damar ayyukan masu laifi. Koyaya, akwai ƙoƙari da cibiyoyin duniya suka yi don tsara karkatar da kuɗi da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Haɗin kai da aikata laifukan kuɗi

An tuhumi Mobster Al Capone kuma an gurfanar da shi saboda kauce wa harajin samun kudin shiga a cikin shekarun 1930.

Asusun banki masu lamba, waɗanda bankunan Switzerland da sauran bankunan da ke cikin wuraren haraji suka yi amfani da su, al'ummomin duniya sun zarge su da kasancewa babban kayan aiki na tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa, sauƙaƙe kauce wa haraji da karkatar da kuɗi.[1] Bayan hukunta Al Capone a shekara ta 1931 saboda kauce wa haraji, a cewar 'yar jarida Lucy Komisar:

Mai zanga-zangar Meyer Lansky ya ɗauki kuɗi daga na'urorin caca na New Orleans kuma ya sauya shi zuwa asusun ƙasashen waje. Dokar sirrin Switzerland shekaru biyu bayan haka ta tabbatar masa da G-man-proof-banking. Daga baya, ya sayi bankin Switzerland kuma shekaru da yawa ya ajiye gidan caca na Havana a cikin asusun Miami, sannan ya tura kudaden zuwa Switzerland ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwa ta harsashi da kamfanoni masu riƙewa da asusun waje.

Masanin tattalin arziki kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Nobel Joseph Stiglitz, ya gaya wa Komisar:

Kuna tambaya me ya sa, idan akwai muhimmiyar rawa ga tsarin banki mai tsarawa, shin kuna ba da damar tsarin banki mara tsari ya ci gaba? Yana da amfani ga wasu daga cikin masu amfani da kudi don ba da damar wannan ya faru. Ba hatsari ba ne; da an rufe shi a kowane lokaci. Idan ka ce Amurka, Burtaniya, manyan bankunan G7 ba za su yi hulɗa da cibiyoyin banki na waje waɗanda ba su bi ka'idodin bankunan na G7 ba, waɗannan bankunan ba za su iya kasancewa ba. Sun wanzu ne kawai saboda suna shiga ma'amaloli tare da daidaitattun bankunan.