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Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli

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Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli
Finding the ways that work
Bayanai
Irinon-governmental organization (en) Fassara, nonprofit organization (en) Fassara da environmental organization (en) Fassara
Masana'antaenvironment (en) Fassara
ƘasaTarayyar Amurka
Mulki
HedkwataNew York
Tsari a hukumance501(c)(3) organization (en) Fassara
Financial data
Assets452,168,552 $ (2022)
Haraji157,295,165 $ (2016)
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira1967
Wanda ya samar
Dennis Puleston (en) Fassara
George M. Woodwell (en) Fassara
Victor Yannacone (mul) Fassara
edf.org

Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli ko EDF (wanda aka fi sani da Tsaro na Muhalli) ƙungiya ce ta Amurka mai ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kanta.  An san ƙungiyar don aikinta kan batutuwan da suka haɗa da ɗumamar yanayi, maido da yanayin muhalli, tekuna, da lafiyar ɗan adam, da masu ba da shawara ta amfani da ingantaccen kimiyya, tattalin arziƙi da doka don nemo hanyoyin magance muhalli waɗanda ke aiki.  Ba shi da bangaranci, kuma aikinsa yakan ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli na tushen kasuwa

Hedikwatar ƙungiyar tana cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a duk faɗin Amurka, tare da masana kimiyya da masana manufofi da ke aiki a duk duniya. Ofisoshin yanki na Amurka sun haɗa da Austin, Texas; Boston; Boulder, Colorado; Los Angeles; Raleigh, North Carolina; San Francisco; Washington, DC da St. Petersburg, Florida. Ƙungiyar tana da ƙaruwar kasancewar ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da ofisoshi a London, Brussels, Mumbai da Beijing.

Fred Krupp ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta tun shekara ta 1984. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 Krupp na cikin ƙungiyar masana da Sakataren Ma'aikatar Makamashi na Amurka Steven Chu ya kira zuwa wani karamin kwamiti na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Makamashi wanda aka chaje shi da yin shawarwari don inganta aminci da aikin muhalli na fashewar iskar gas ta halitta daga tsarin shale. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoto na wucin gadi a watan Agusta da rahotonsa na ƙarshe a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.

A cikin shekara ta 1991, The Economist ya kira EDF "Mafi yawan masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Amurka". An sanya ƙungiyar a matsayi na farko tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli a cikin binciken duniya na Financial Times na Shekara ta 2007 na haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci ba tare da riba ba. Charity Navigator, mai kimantawa mai zaman kansa, ya ba EDF darajar taurari huɗu daga cikin huɗu gabaɗaya tun daga 1 ga Yuni, Shekarar 2012.[1]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The organization's founders, including Art Cooley, Robert Burnap,[2] George Woodwell, Charles Wurster, Dennis Puleston, Victor Yannacone da Robert Smolker, sun gano a tsakiyar 1960s cewa osprey da sauran manyan raptors suna bacewa cikin sauri.  Binciken da suka gudanar ya bankado wata alaka tsakanin fesa DDT don kashe sauro da bawon kwai na manyan tsuntsaye.  Wataƙila bincikensu ya dogara ne akan littafin Silent Spring na Rachel Carson game da haɗarin DDT da tasirin da yake da shi akan tsuntsaye, wanda aka buga a Shekara ta 1962..Samfuri:Ana buƙatar hujja[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span>] Carson, wanda ya mutu a 1964, an lura da shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya ƙarfafa motsin muhalli.  Waɗanda suka kafa EDF sun yi nasarar neman haramcin DDT a gundumar Suffolk, Long Island, New York.  Bayan haka, sun yi nasarar hana DDT a duk faɗin jihar, sannan suka ɗauki ƙoƙarinsu na kasa baki daya.

A kallon baya game da wucewar Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki A shekara ta 1974, manyan jami'an EPA da ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokar sun tuna cewa EDF ta buga wani binciken ƙididdiga wanda ya goyi bayan alaƙar da ke tsakanin gurbataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙimar ciwon daji a Birnin New Orleans, binciken da ya sami babban hankalin kafofin watsa labarai kuma tabbas ya ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da dokar.

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, Shekara ta2018, ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen MethaneSAT, tauraron dan adam don taimakawa wajen gano hayakin methane na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan manyan yankuna 50 na mai da iskar gas da ke da alhakin kashi 80% na samar da methane. An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2024. [3] EDF ta ce za ta sa bayanan su zama jama'a. Manufar ita ce taimakawa wajen rage hayakin methane da kashi 45% nan da shekara ta 2025.[4] Kudin aikin ya fito ne daga The Audacious Project, wani shiri na kungiyar Taron TED ta duniya. MethaneSAT zai samar da bayanai game da hayaƙin methane wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da sauran tushen bayanan tauraron ɗan adam ciki har da Tropomi, GHGSat da shirin CarbonMapper.[5]

Yankunan aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni - EDF tana karɓar miliyoyin kuɗi daga ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi na kamfanoni, kamar su Walton Family Foundation . [6]
  • Tattalin arziƙin muhalli - Kungiyar tana inganta amfani da kasuwanni da ƙarfafawa don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin muhalli. Misalan wannan hanyar a wurin aiki sun haɗa da kamun da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Amurka).[7][8][13][13][13]

Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban nasarorin Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli sun had Ɗa da:

  • A shekara ta 1967 - Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun kafa ƙungiyar kuma sun shirya hana DDT (wanda ya faru a 1972). (Dubi haramcin DDT.)
  • 1970 - ƙoƙarin hana farautar whale.
  • 1974 - Wani rahoto na Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli game da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na ruwan Kogin Mississippi bisa ga nazarin nazarin EPA yana taimakawa wajen zartar da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki, wanda ya kafa cikakkun ka'idojin kiwon lafiya don ruwa a duk fadin kasar.
  • 1985 - Ya taimaka wajen shawo kan masu kula da tarayya don fitar da gubar daga man fetur, wanda ya haifar da raguwar guba a cikin yara.
  • 1986 - Ya tura McDonald's don kafa kwantena na kayan abinci masu narkewa.
  • 1987 - Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yarjejeniyar don kawar da amfani da CFCs, sunadarai da masu bincike da yawa suka yi imanin sun lalata Layer na ozone na Duniya, kodayake an ci gaba da ba da izinin CFC-22, an sake masa suna H-CFC-22 don kauce wa haramta.
  • 1990 - An tsara Title IV na Dokar Tsabtace Iska, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin kasuwa don yanke gurɓataccen iska da ruwan sama mai ƙamshi. Matakan sun rage gurɓataccen sulfur dioxide da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kuma a wani ɓangare na farashin.
  • 1990 - Inganta kayan kwalliya na McDonald, rage sharar gida a cikin haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni, wanda ya zo bayan wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nuna rashin amincewa da amfani da kayan kwalliya ta McDonald kuma kamfanin yana neman hanyar "ceton fuska" ta hanyar da'awar cewa shawarwarin EDF shine dalilin canjin. Citizens Clearinghouse on Hazardous Waste, wanda Lois Gibbs ta kafa, ta taimaka wajen daidaita zanga-zangar McDonald's.
  • 1993 - EDF na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhalli guda bakwai da aka ba da kuɗin tushe don amincewa da Yarjejeniyar NAFTA .
  • 1995 - An tsara shirin Safe Harbor wanda ke ba masu mallakar ƙasa sabon ƙarfafawa don taimakawa nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a kan dukiyarsu.
  • 2000 - Bakwai daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a duniya sun shiga Tsaron Muhalli a cikin haɗin gwiwa don magance dumamar yanayi, suna saita manufofi masu ƙarfi don rage fitar da iskar gas.
  • Shekara ta 2001, 2004, 2008 - Matakan da suka lashe wanda ya haifar da fitar da motar mai tsabta daga manyan motoci, jiragen ruwa da sauran motoci.
  • 2002 - Ya fara kamfen don cire madatsar ruwan O'Shaughnessy a Kwarin Hetch Hetchy a cikin Yosemite National Park.
  • 2004 - Ƙarshen haɗin gwiwar shekaru huɗu tare da FedEx don haɓaka da tura motocin lantarki na hybrid. Sabbin motocin sun rage gurɓataccen smog da kashi 65%, rage soot da kashi 96%, kuma suna motsawa da kashi 57% a kan galan na man fetur.
  • 2006 - Ya hada hannu da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta California ta 2006 tare da Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta.
  • 2006 - Ya jagoranci karɓar hannun jari na kamawa, hanyar kimiyya don sarrafa kamun kifi da sarrafa raguwar yawan kifi.[9]
  • 2007 - Co-kafa United States Climate Action Partnership (US-CAP), hadin gwiwar manyan kamfanoni da kungiyoyin muhalli da ke tallafawa aiki kan dumamar yanayi, gami da murfin hayaki na carbon na kasuwa. Wadanda suka halarci kamfanoni sun hada da GE, DuPont da Duke Energy; kungiyoyin da ba su da riba da ke da hannu sune Cibiyar Pew kan Canjin Yanayi na Duniya, Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta da Cibiyar Harkokin Duniya, wanda ya kafa.
  • 2007 - Ya taimaka wajen tattauna wani codicil na muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen TXU na Texas Pacific.
  • 2008-2011 - An kafa kuma ya haɓaka shirin Climate Corps, wanda ya dace da ƙungiyoyi tare da ɗaliban MBA da MPA don gano tanadin makamashi.
  • 2011 - Nasarar kamfen don tsaftace man fetur mai gurbataccen gurbataccen a Birnin New York.
  • 2011 - An gina hadin gwiwa don kayar da Shirin 23, wani shirin zaɓe na masana'antu wanda zai toshe Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta California (AB32).

EDF ta jawo zargi saboda alakar da take da ita da manyan kamfanoni ciki har da McDonald's, FedEx, Walmart, [10] da kamfanin makamashi na Texas TXU, wanda ƙungiyar ta tattauna da shi don rage hayaki da haɓaka ayyukan kasuwanci masu kyau. Falsafar EDF ita ce tana shirye ta yi magana da manyan kasuwanci kuma ta gwada sabbin hanyoyin don samun sakamakon muhalli.

Kare kifi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani labari na shekarar 2009 na Ƙungiyar Masu Kifi ta Tekun Pacific a cikin mujallar kasuwanci Fishermen's News ya yi jayayya cewa hanyar EDF game da manufofin kifi a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific na iya lalata ƙananan, masu aiki na gida waɗanda ke da sha'awar kare kifi da iyakance kamawa. Yawancin masunta suna tsoron cewa hanyar tana ba da fa'ida ga gasa ga manyan ayyukan da ba na gida ba, suna jefa masu aiki masu zaman kansu cikin haɗari, gami da jiragen ruwa, kamun kifi, da tashar jiragen ruwa.[11]

EDF ta yi jayayya cewa yadda muke gudanar da kamun kifi yana buƙatar canzawa idan muna so mu kare masunta, kamun kiɗa, da al'ummomin bakin teku. A cikin wani rahoto da ke ba da shawarar sharar tattalin arziki a wasu wuraren kamun kifi na duniya, EDF ta ba da shawarar hanyar: [9] hannun jari na kamawa, wanda ke sanya iyaka ta kimiyya akan jimlar kifin da za a iya kamawa; wannan adadin ana raba shi tsakanin mutane ko ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda zasu iya sayar da hannun jarin su ko hayar su ga masunta. EDF ta nuna cewa damuwa game da karfafawa ko mallakar kamfanoni na kamun kifi ba shi da tushe.[12]

An zargi EDF da tallafawa da yaɗa karatu [13] wanda ke amfani da kimiyya da tattalin arziki masu tambaya [14] a cikin ingantawar gudanar da kamun kifi. Har ila yau, sun yi amfani da manyan 'yan siyasa don inganta manufofin kamun kifi waɗanda ke tilasta ƙananan kasuwancin kamun kiɗa don tallafawa manyan jiragen ruwa, yayin da suke musanta duk wani mummunan tasirin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suke da shi a kan iyalai da al'ummomi.[15][16][17]

EDF ta gudanar da tarurruka tare da masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu [18] inda mataimakin shugaban su na West Coast, David Festa, ya inganta sayen haƙƙin kamun kifi a matsayin saka hannun jari wanda zai iya samar da riba 400%, da kuma "darajar zaɓuɓɓuka" duk da ikirarinsa [17] cewa an tsara waɗannan haƙƙoƙin don samar da ƙarfafa kuɗi ga masunta da kansu. ƙungiyoyin da ba na riba ba da yawa sun nuna takaici akai-akai tare da EDF da inganta waɗannan manufofin gudanarwa.[19][20] Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa duk da ikirarin EDF, hannun jari na kamawa ba ya kawo ƙarshen kamun kifi kuma yawanci ba ya haifar da samun riba ta muhalli na dogon lokaci.[21][22][23]

Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli yana tallafawa shirin Rigs-to-Reefs a cikin Tekun Mexico, inda aka canza tsoffin dandamali na samar da mai na waje zuwa reefs na wucin gadi na dindindin. EDF tana ganin shirin a matsayin hanyar adana mazaunin da ke akwai na dandamali na mai.

EDF tana ganin iskar gas a matsayin hanyar da za a sauya kwal da sauri, tare da ra'ayin cewa za a maye gurbin iskar gas cikin lokaci da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kungiyar ta matsawa don tsauraran kula da muhalli a kan hako gas da fashewar ruwa, ba tare da hana su ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, bayan tattaunawa tare da masana'antar mai, wakilan EDF sun shiga masu magana da yawun Anadarko Petroleum, Noble Energy, da Encana, don amincewa da shawarar da gwamnan Colorado John Hickenlooper ya yi na ingantaccen tsari na hayaki na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar samar da mai da iskar gas. EDF ta ba da kuɗin karatu tare da masana'antar man fetur kan tasirin muhalli na samar da iskar gas. Wasu masu kula da muhalli sun soki manufofin. Mai ba da shawara na EDF kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Mark Brownstein ya amsa:

Bukatar iskar gas ba ta tafi ba, kuma ba ta lalacewar ruwa. Dole ne mu kasance a bayyane game da wannan, kuma mu yi gwagwarmaya don kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli daga tasirin da ba a yarda da shi ba. Dole ne mu yi aiki tuƙuru don sanya manufofi don tabbatar da cewa iskar gas tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, ba cikas ga shi ba. Muna tsoron cewa waɗanda ke adawa da duk samar da iskar gas a ko'ina, a zahiri, suna sa ya zama da wahala ga tattalin arzikin Amurka ya cire kansa daga kwal.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  1. ↑ "Charity Navigator - Historical Ratings for Environmental Defense Fund". Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  2. ↑ "DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy" Thomas Dunlap 1981 Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691613901
  3. ↑ Kuthunur, Sharmila (2024-03-05). "SpaceX rocket launches pioneering methane-tracking satellite to orbit". Space.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  4. ↑ Krupp, Fred (13 April 2018). "Transcript of "Let's launch a satellite to track a threatening greenhouse gas"" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  5. ↑ "Carbon Mapper launches satellite program to pinpoint methane and CO2 super emitters – California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  6. ↑ "Walton Family Foundation". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
  7. ↑ "EDF's Approach: Markets: Acid Rain". Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  8. ↑ "EPA Administrator Reilly Hails Signing of New Clean Air Act" [EPA press release – November 15, 1990], site accessed 4/16/2007 "EPA History - EPA Administrator Reilly Hails Signing of New Clean Air Act". Archived from the original on 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  9. 1 2 Costello, Christopher; Steven D. Gaines; John Lynham (19 September 2008). "Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?". Science. 321 (5896): 1678–1681. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1678C. doi:10.1126/science.1159478. PMID 18801999. S2CID 24879449.
  10. ↑ "CorpWatch: Greenwashing Walmart". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  11. ↑ And the Big Fool Said "March On". Groundfish Ratz and the Fate of Coastal Fishing Communities "PCFFA Fishermen's News Column, August 2009: Crab Rationalization and the Fate of Coastal Fishing Communities". Archived from the original on 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
  12. ↑ "Sustaining America's Fisheries and Fishing Communities: An Evaluation of Incentive-Based Management" (PDF). Environmental Defense Fund.
  13. ↑ "System turns US fishing rights into commodity, squeezes small fishermen". Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  14. ↑ Bromley, Daniel W. (2009). "Abdicating Responsibility: The Deceits of Fisheries Policy" (PDF). Fisheries. 34 (6): 280–290. Bibcode:2009Fish...34..280B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.557.1944. doi:10.1577/1548-8446-34.6.280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-17.
  15. ↑ "Environmental Defense Fund". 2012. D000033473. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  16. ↑ Brewer, J. F. (2011). "J. F. Brewer, Paper Fish and Policy Conflict: Catch Shares and Ecosystem-Based". Ecology and Society. 16 (1). doi:10.5751/ES-03765-160115. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. 1 2 Grimm, Dietmar (2011). "Assessing catch shares' effects evidence from Federal United States". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "Milken Institute Global Conference" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "A cautionary Tale".
  20. ↑ "Distorting Catch Share Criticism". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11.
  21. ↑ Essington, Timothy (2012). "Catch shares, fisheries, and ecological stewardship: a comparative analysis of resource responses to a rights-based policy instrument". Seattle School of Aquatic Fisheries Science. 5 (3): 186. Bibcode:2012ConL....5..186E. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00226.x. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  22. ↑ Essington, T. E. (2012). "Catch Shares Improve Consistency, not Health, of Fisheries". Lenfest Ocean Program.
  23. ↑ "Catch Shares: A Useful Tool with Limits" (PDF).
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