Asusun Yanayi Mai Lafiya
 Asusun Yanayi Mai Lafiya | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Gajeren suna | GCF |
| Iri |
ma'aikata da Q1416389  |
| Ƙasa | Koriya ta Kudu |
| Mulki | |
| Hedkwata |
Songdo (mul) da Incheon |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 2010 |
    | |
|
| |
| Fayil:Green Climate Fund.svg | |
| Takaitaccen bayani | GCF |
|---|---|
| Kafawa | 2010 |
| Matsayi na Shari'a | Mai aiki |
| Hedikwatar | Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta Songdo, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Koriya ta Kudu |
| Shafin yanar gizo | GreenClimate.fund |
Asusun Green Climate (GCF) asusun ne na kudaden yanayi wanda aka kafa a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin yanayi (UNFCCC). An yi la'akari da asusun mafi girma a duniya na irin sa, manufar GCF ita ce ta taimaka wa Kasashe masu tasowa tare da daidaita canjin yanayi da ayyukan ragewa.[1] GCF ƙungiya ce mai aiki na tsarin kuɗi na UNFCCC. Tana zaune ne a Songdo, Incheon, Koriya ta Kudu . Kwamitin mambobi 24 ne ke jagoranta kuma Sakatariyar ke tallafawa.
Mafalda Duarte, masanin tattalin arziki na Portuguese, ita ce Babban Darakta na Asusun.[2]
Asusun Green Climate yana tallafawa ayyukan da sauran ayyukan a kasashe masu tasowa ta amfani da windows na tallafin kuɗi.[3] An yi niyyar cewa Asusun Yanayi na Green ya zama cibiyar kokarin tada kudaden yanayi a karkashin UNFCCC. Akwai wasu kudade huɗu, ƙananan kudade na yanayi na ƙasashe masu yawa don biyan kuɗi a cikin kudaden yanayi waɗanda UNFCCC ke daidaitawa. Wadannan sun hada da Asusun Adaptation (AF), Asusun Kasashen da suka Ci gaba (LDCF), Asusun Canjin Yanayi na Musamman (SCCF) da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF). GCF ita ce mafi girma daga cikin wadannan kudade biyar.[4][5]
Ya zuwa Disamba 2023, GCF tana da fayil na dala biliyan 13.5 (dala biliyan 51.9 ciki har da haɗin gwiwa). [6]
Tsarin tsara GCF ya tayar da batutuwa da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da tambayoyin da ke gudana game da yadda za a tara kudade, [7] rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa, [8] matakin "mallakin ƙasa" na albarkatu, [9] da kuma nuna gaskiya na Hukumar kanta. [10] Har ila yau, wannan ƙarin cibiyar yanayi ta duniya na iya kara ragargaza kuɗin mai biyan haraji wanda aka sanya don aikin yanayi.
Tsohon darektan Asusun Héla Cheikhrouhou ya koka a cikin 2016 cewa Asusun yana tallafawa "kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba da shawarwarin saka hannun jari". Wannan ra'ayi yana maimaitawa ta ƙungiyoyin farar hula da yawa.
A cikin 2023, Babban Darakta ya ba da sanarwar jerin gyare-gyare da nufin yin Asusun ya fi dacewa da kuma sanya shi don isar da tasiri mafi girma.[11]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasashe masu arziki, masu masana'antu sune Kasashen da ke da alhakin mafi yawan hayakin gas. A sakamakon haka, an yi jayayya cewa waɗannan ƙasashe suna da alhakin biyan rabo na zaki na farashin rage sauyin yanayi a duk duniya, gami da farashin sauyawa na ƙasashe marasa ci gaba da ƙarancin ci gaba. Yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula sun yanke shawarar cewa Amurka da Tarayyar Turai suna da alhakin akalla kashi 54% na farashin rage lalacewar bala'in canjin yanayi a Kudancin Duniya.[12] Sauran sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata kasashe masu arziki su taimaka wajen tallafawa sauye-sauyen kasashe marasa ci gaba da ci gaba saboda tsohuwar na iya samun babban saka hannun jari da ake buƙata yanzu don sauye-shiryen.
Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, wacce aka kafa a lokacin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009 (COP-15) a Copenhagen ta ambaci "Copenhagen Green Climate Fund". An kafa asusun ne a hukumance a lokacin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2010 a Cancun a matsayin asusun a cikin tsarin UNFCCC . [13] An karɓi kayan aikinsa na gudanarwa a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011 (COP 17) a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu.[14][15]
Hanyar da ake yi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin COP-16 a Cancun, an danƙa wa sabuwar hukumar Green Climate Fund, kuma an zaɓi Bankin Duniya a matsayin mai kula da wucin gadi.[13] Don haɓaka ƙira don aiki na GCF, an kafa "Kwamitin Canji na Asusun Yanayi na Green" a Cancun ma. Kwamitin ya haɗu sau hudu a cikin shekara ta 2011, kuma ya gabatar da rahoto ga COP na 17 a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. Dangane da wannan rahoton, COP ta yanke shawarar cewa "GCF za ta zama ƙungiya mai aiki na tsarin kuɗi" na UNFCCC, kuma a kan COP-18 a cikin 2012, ya kamata a karɓi ƙa'idodin da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa GCF "yana da alhakin kuma yana aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin COP".[16] Masu bincike a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasashen Waje sun bayyana cewa ba tare da wannan yarjejeniyar minti na ƙarshe a kan kayan aiki na GCF ba, da an yi la'akari da "COP na Afirka" a matsayin gazawar.
Bugu da ƙari, an ba Hukumar GCF aiki tare da haɓaka dokoki da hanyoyin rarraba kuɗi, tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ya kamata su dace da manufofin ƙasa na ƙasashen da za a gudanar da ayyukan da shirye-shirye. An kuma cajin Hukumar GCF da kafa sakatariyar mai zaman kanta da kuma mai kula da GCF na dindindin.[16]
Asusun yana da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi 84 waɗanda suka haɗa da bankunan kasuwanci da ci gaba, hukumomin jihohi da kungiyoyin farar hula, waɗanda ke jagorantar da aiwatar da sababbin hanyoyin shirye-shiryen yanayi.
Akwai wasu kudaden yanayi na kasa da kasa (watau gwamnatocin kasa da yawa) waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don biyan kuɗi a cikin kudaden yanayi. Ya zuwa 2022, akwai asusun yanayi na ƙasashe biyar da UNFCCC ta tsara. Waɗannan su ne Asusun Yanayi na Green (GCF), Asusun Adaptation (AF), Asusun Kasashen Kasuwanci mafi ƙanƙanta (LDCF), Asungiyar Canjin Yanayi ta Musamman (SCCF) da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF). GCF ita ce mafi girma daga cikin wadannan kudade biyar.[4][5]
Tushen kudi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasashe sun amince da tattara dala biliyan 100 a kowace shekara ta 2020 a cikin kudaden yanayi, wasu daga cikinsu an tattara su ta hanyar GCF. Rashin tabbas game da inda wannan kuɗin zai fito ya haifar da kirkirar Babban Kungiyar Ba da Shawara kan Yanayi (AGF) ta Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon a watan Fabrairun 2010. Babu wata alaƙa ta al'ada tsakanin AGF da GCF, kodayake rahotonta shine tushen muhawara game da "tattara albarkatu" ga GCF, wani abu da za a tattauna a taron GCF na Oktoba 2013.[17] Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da jayayya game da ko manufar kudade za ta dogara ne akan tushen jama'a, ko kuma za a ƙidaya kudaden masu zaman kansu zuwa jimlar.
Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2020, an yi alkawarin jimlar dala biliyan 10.3 kuma an tabbatar da dala biliyan 8.24, a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin Tattalin Arziki na Farko (IRM). Ya zuwa Disamba 2023, GCF tana da fayil na dala biliyan 13.5 (dala biliyan 51.9 ciki har da haɗin gwiwa). [6]
Rashin kudaden da aka yi alkawari da yiwuwar dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu yana da rikici kuma kasashe masu tasowa sun soki shi.
Shugaba Obama na Amurka ya ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 3 ga asusun. A watan Janairun 2017, a cikin kwanaki uku na karshe a ofis, Obama ya fara canja wurin kashi na biyu na $ 500m zuwa asusun, ya bar $ biliyan 2 bashi. Tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a cikin Sanarwar janyewar Amurka daga Yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, ya kuma soki Asusun Green Climate, yana kiransa makirci don sake rarraba dukiya daga masu arziki zuwa ƙasashe matalauta.
| Kasar | An sanar da shi ($ Miliyoyin) |
An sanya hannu ($Millions) |
Sa hannu ga kowane mutum | GDP na kowane mutum | Rashin fitarwa ga kowane mutum (ton na CO2e) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amurka
|
$3,000 | $3,000 | $9.41 | $55,000 | 17 |
Japan
|
$1,500 | $1,500 | $11.80 | $36,000 | 9 |
Burtaniya
|
$1,211 | $1,211 | $18.77 | $46,000 | 7 |
Faransa
|
$1,035 | $1,035 | $15.64 | $43,000 | 5 |
Jamus
|
$1,003 | $1,003 | $12.40 | $48,000 | 9 |
Sweden
|
$581 | $581 | $59.31 | $59,000 | 6 |
Kanada
|
$277 | $277 | $7.79 | $50,000 | 14 |
Italiya
|
$334 | $268 | $4.54 | $35,000 | 7 |
Norway
|
$258 | $258 | $50.20 | $97,000 | 9 |
Ostiraliya
|
$187 | $187 | $7.92 | $62,000 | 17 |
Spain
|
$161 | $161 | $3.46 | $30,000 | 6 |
Netherlands
|
$134 | $134 | $7.94 | $52,000 | 10 |
Switzerland
|
$100 | $100 | $12.21 | $85,000 | 5 |
Koriya ta Kudu
|
$100 | $100 | $1.99 | $28,000 | 12 |
Denmark
|
$71.8 | $71.8 | $12.73 | $61,000 | 7 |
Belgium
|
$66.9 | $66.9 | $6.18 | $48,000 | 9 |
Finland
|
$107 | $46.4 | $8.49 | $50,000 | 10 |
Ostiraliya
|
$34.8 | $34.8 | $4.09 | $51,000 | 8 |
Luxembourg
|
$46.8 | $33.4 | $58.63 | $111,000 | 21 |
Mexico
|
$10.0 | $10.0 | $0.08 | $10,000 | 4 |
Jamhuriyar Czech
|
$5.32 | $5.32 | $0.57 | $20,000 | 10 |
Hungary
|
$4.30 | $4.30 | $0.43 | $14,000 | 5 |
New Zealand
|
$2.56 | $2.56 | $0.57 | $42,000 | 7 |
Estonia
|
$1.30 | $1.30 | $0.99 | $20,000 | 14 |
Monaco
|
$1.08 | $1.08 | $28.89 | $163,000 | - |
Panama
|
$1.00 | $1.00 | $0.25 | $12,000 | 3 |
Iceland
|
$1.00 | $0.50 | $1.55 | $52,000 | 6 |
Latvia
|
$0.47 | $0.47 | $0.24 | $16,000 | 4 |
Chile
|
$0.30 | $0.30 | $0.02 | $15,000 | 5 |
Colombia
|
$6.00 | $0.30 | < $0.01 | $8,000 | 2 |
Indonesia
|
$0.25 | $0.25 | < $0.01 | $4,000 | 2 |
Malta
|
$0.20 | $0.20 | $0.47 | $23,000 | 6 |
Poland
|
$0.11 | $0.11 | < $0.01 | $14,000 | 8 |
Lithuania
|
$0.10 | $0.10 | $0.04 | $16,000 | 5 |
Bulgaria
|
$0.10 | $0.10 | $0.02 | $8,000 | 7 |
Romania
|
$0.10 | $0.10 | < $0.01 | $10,000 | 4 |
Liechtenstein
|
< $0.1 | < $0.1 | $1.48 | $135,000 | 1 |
Cyprus
|
$0.50 | - | 0 | $27,000 | 7 |
Ireland
|
$2.70 | - | 0 | $53,000 | 8 |
Vietnam
|
$0.10 | - | 0 | $2,000 | 2 |
Portugal
|
$2.68 | - | 0 | $22,000 | 5 |
Peru
|
$6.00 | - | 0 | $7,000 | 2 |
Mongolia
|
< $0.1 | - | 0 | $4,000 | 7 |
Kasashe masu fa'ida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Kasar | Yawan ayyukan (kamar Yuli 2023) [1]
(kamar Yulin 2023) [19] |
Jimlar GCF Kudi
($ miliyan, tun daga watan Yulin 2023) [19] |
|---|---|---|
| Ghana | 7 | 103.7 |
| Afghanistan | 1 | 17.2 |
| Albania | 4 | 29.1 |
| Antigua da Barbuda | 2 | 39.4 |
| Argentina | 4 | 208.7 |
| Armenia | 5 | 117.1 |
| Azerbaijan | 4 | - |
| Bahamas | 4 | 31.2 |
| Bahrain | 1 | 2.3 |
| Bangladesh | 7 | 374.0 |
| Barbados | 3 | 87.0 |
| Belize | 2 | 12.0 |
| Benin | 8 | 66.6 |
| Bhutan | 2 | 51.9 |
| Bolivia | 1 | 33.3 |
| Bosnia da Herzegovina | 1 | 17.3 |
Tambayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin tsara GCF ya tayar da batutuwa da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da tambayoyin da ke gudana game da yadda za a tara kudade, [7] rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa, [8] matakin "mallakin ƙasa" na albarkatu, [9] da kuma nuna gaskiya na Hukumar kanta. [10] Bugu da kari, an gabatar da tambayoyi game da bukatar wani sabon cibiyar yanayi ta kasa da kasa wanda zai iya kara ragargaza dala na jama'a waɗanda ake sanyawa don ragewa da daidaitawa a kowace shekara.
Kasuwancin farko na Asusun ya sadu da martani mai rikitarwa. Amma a kalla daya hali ya kuma jawo yabo don shigar da al'ummomin cikin gida a cikin tsari na aikin daidaitawa, da kuma haɗa kariya ga mabukaci a cikin shirin don hasken rana.[20]
Matsayin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da suka fi rikitarwa na GCF ya shafi kirkirar Asusun Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa (PSF). Yawancin kasashe masu tasowa da ke wakiltar kwamitin GCF suna ba da shawarar PSF wanda ke kira ga kasuwannin jari, musamman kudaden fansho da sauran masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi waɗanda ke kula da tiriliyoyin daloli da ke wucewa ta Wall Street da sauran cibiyoyin kudi. Suna fatan cewa Asusun zai yi amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa.
Koyaya, kasashe masu tasowa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata PSF ta mai da hankali kan "kudin kuɗi na yanayi" wanda ke magance matsalolin da ƙananan kamfanoni, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaitan kamfanoni ke fuskanta a kasashe masu ci gaba. Wannan jaddadawa kan karfafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida an kuma rubuta shi a cikin GCF's Governing Instrument, takardar kafa ta.
Ƙarin kuɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar Cancun a bayyane ta bayyana cewa kudaden da aka bayar ga kasashe masu tasowa a matsayin kudaden yanayi, gami da ta hanyar GCF, ya kamata su zama "sabon" da "ƙarin" ga taimakon ci gaban da ke akwai.[13] Yanayin kudade dole ne ya zama sabuwar hanyar da alkawura ya kamata ta zo sama da waɗanda aka yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Game da ƙarin, babu wani ma'anar wannan kalmar, wanda ya riga ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani wajen kimanta ƙarin raguwar fitarwa ta hanyar Ayyukan CDM, wanda ke haifar da rashin amfani, har ma da zamba.[21][22] Duk da yake kudaden yanayi yawanci kawai suna ƙidaya alkawura daga ƙasashe masu tasowa, dala biliyan 10.3 da aka yi wa GCF kuma sun haɗa da wasu (ƙananan) gudummawa daga ƙasashe mai tasowa.
Rashin hana kudade da kuma kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A taron kwamitin da aka gudanar a Koriya ta Kudu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, GCF ta ki amincewa da haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan ayyukan man fetur, yadda ya kamata ta ba da damar samar da kudade ga tsire-tsire na kwal. Japan, China, da Saudi Arabia sun yi adawa da haramcin.[23]
Tsohon darektan Asusun Héla Cheikhrouhou ya koka cewa Asusun yana tallafawa "kasuwanci-kamar yadda ake amfani da shi na saka hannun jari", ra'ayi da kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa suka nuna.
Daidaitawa tsakanin ragewa da daidaitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Har ila yau, an yi alkawarin cewa Asusun zai ba da tallafi "daidaitawa" ga daidaitawa da ragewa, kodayake akwai wasu damuwa tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa cewa za a ba da isasshen kudade na daidaitawa, musamman idan asusun ya dogara da "amfani" na kudaden kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[24] Duk da yake kayan aikin gudanarwa na GCF yana jaddada bukatar daidaitattun kudade don daidaitawa da ragewa, babu wani ma'auni na duniya na daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da damar samun kudaden GCF da yawa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "U.S. Delivers for the Green Climate Fund and the World's Most Vulnerable". 20 April 2023.
- ↑ "Executive Director, Green Climate Fund". 25 September 2024.
- ↑ UNFCCC. "Transitional Committee for the design of the Green Climate Fund". Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Climate Finance | UNFCCC". unfccc.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-12-03. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Global, IndraStra. "Climate Finance: Essential Components, Existing Challenges, and On-going Initiatives". IndraStra Global (in Turanci). ISSN 2381-3652. Retrieved 2022-12-27. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fund, Green Climate (2023-12-03). "COP28: Green Climate Fund reaches record funding level". Green Climate Fund (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-08. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wu, Brandon (2013). "Where's the Money? The Elephant in the Boardroom". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Reyes, Oscar (2013). "Songdo Fallout: is green finance a red herring?". Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Carvalho, Annaka Peterson. "3 ways country ownership is being put to the test with climate change funding". Oxfam America. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Godoy, Emilio (2013). "Civil Society Pushes for More Active Participation in Green Climate Fund". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Executive Director unveils "50by30" blueprint for reform, targeting USD 50 billion by 2030". 22 September 2023.
- ↑ CSO Equity Review (2019) "Can Climate Change Fuelled Loss and Damage Ever be Fair?" Manila, London, Cape Town, Washington, et al.: CSO Equity Review Coalition. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.10565549
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 UNFCCC. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Cancunagreement" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ UNFCCC. "Green Climate Fund - report of the Transitional Committee" (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Fund, Green Climate (March 14, 2023). "Green Climate Fund names Mafalda Duarte as new Executive Director". news.trust.org.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 IISD (13 December 2011). "Summary of the Durban Climate Change Conference: 28 November - 11 December 2011" (PDF). Earth Negotiations Bulletin. 12 (534). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ENBDurban" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ UN. "UN Secretary-General's High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF)". Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ↑ Fund, Green Climate (5 November 2020). "Resource mobilization". Green Climate Fund.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Fund, Green Climate (2022-07-29). "Countries". Green Climate Fund (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-19.
- ↑ Reyes, Oscar (2016). "The Little-Known Fund at the Heart of the Paris Climate Agreement". Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ↑ Wara, M. W.; Victor, D. G. (April 2008). "A Realistic Policy on International Carbon Offsets" (PDF). PESD Working Paper (74). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ International Rivers. "Failed Mechanism: Hundreds of Hydros Expose Serious Flaws in the CDM". Internationalrivers.org. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ "Green Climate Fund Can Be Spent To Subsidise Dirty Coal". CleanTechnica. Cleantechnica. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ↑ Abbott, K.W., Gartner, D. (2011). "The Green Climate Fund and the Future of Environmental Governance". Earth System Governance Working Paper No. 16. SSRN 1931066.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)