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Aure na yara a Indiya

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Aure na yara a Indiya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na child marriage (en) Fassara

Aure na yara a Indiya a cikin Dokar Indiya aure ne wanda amarya ba ta kai shekara 18 ba. Yawancin auren yara sun haɗa da 'yan mata da ba su kai shekara 18 ba, da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Iyalan matalauta.

Aure na yara sun zama ruwan dare a Indiya. Kimanin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin tushe game da girman auren yara. Wani rahoto na UNICEF na 2015-2016 ya kiyasta yawan auren yara na Indiya a kashi 27% . [1] Ƙididdigar Indiya ta ƙidaya kuma ta ba da rahoton mata masu aure ta hanyar shekaru, tare da rabo na mata a cikin auren yara da ke faduwa a kowane lokacin ƙidayar shekaru 10 tun 1981. A cikin rahoton ƙidayar jama'a na shekara ta 2001, Indiya ta bayyana aƙalla 'yan mata masu aure a ƙasa da shekaru 10, 'yan mata miliyan 1.4 da suka yi aure daga cikin' yan mata miliyan 59.2 masu shekaru 10-14, da kuma' yan mata masu aure miliyan 11.3 daga cikin' ya' yan mata miliyo 46.3 masu shekaru 15-19. Times of India ta ruwaito cewa 'tun daga shekara ta 2001, yawan auren yara a Indiya ya ragu da kashi 46% tsakanin 2005 da 2009'.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, an sanya mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure a 14 ga 'yan mata da 18 ga maza. An haramta auren yara a 1929, a karkashin doka a Indiya ta Burtaniya. A karkashin zanga-zangar kungiyoyin musulmai a Indiya da ba a raba ta ba, an zartar da Dokar Musulmi a 1937 wanda ya ba da izinin auren yara tare da yardar mai kula da amarya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Indiya a 1947, an sake fasalin dokar sau biyu. An kara mafi ƙarancin shekarun doka don aure zuwa 15 ga 'yan mata a 1949, kuma zuwa 18 ga mata da 21 ga maza a 1978. An kalubalanci dokokin rigakafin auren yara a kotunan Indiya, [2] tare da wasu kungiyoyin Musulmai na cikin gida da ba sa neman mafi ƙarancin shekaru kuma a bar batun shekaru ga dokarsu. Aure na yara batun siyasa ne mai aiki da kuma batun ci gaba da shari'a a karkashin bita a manyan kotuna na Indiya.[3]

Jihohi da yawa na Indiya sun gabatar da ƙarfafawa don jinkirta aure. Misali, jihar Haryana ta gabatar da shirin Apni Beti, Apna Dhan a cikin 1994, wanda ke fassara zuwa "Yata, dukiyata". Shirin canja wurin kuɗi ne wanda aka sadaukar don jinkirta auren yara ta hanyar samar da jinginar da gwamnati ta biya a cikin sunanta, wanda za'a biya iyayenta, a cikin adadin ₹25,000 , bayan ranar haihuwarta ta 18 idan ba ta da aure.

Ma'anar auren yara

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Indiya

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Aure na yara batu ne mai rikitarwa a karkashin Dokar Indiya. An bayyana shi ta hanyar Dokar Rarraba Auren Yara a cikin 1929, wanda ya kafa mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure ga mata ya zama 14 da maza 18. Musulmai sun yi adawa da dokar kuma daga baya sun maye gurbin Musulmai na Indiya ta hanyar Dokar Aikace-aikacen Musulmi (Shariat) ta 1937, wanda ke nuna babu iyaka mafi ƙanƙanta kuma ya ba da izinin iyaye ko yardar mai kula idan akwai auren Musulmai.

An yi wa dokar 1929 wa wadanda ba Musulmai ba sau biyu bayan Indiya ta sami 'yancin kai a 1947. A shekara ta 1949, an kara mafi ƙarancin shekaru ga 'yan mata zuwa 15, kuma a shekara ta 1978 an kara mafi karancin shekaru ga maza da mata: zuwa 18 ga mata da 21 ga maza. Amfani da izinin auren yara tsakanin Musulmai a karkashin Dokar 1937, a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya da aka karɓa a 1950, ya kasance batun mai rikitarwa, tare da jerin shari'o'in Kotun Koli da hukunce-hukunce.

Ma'anar auren yara ta ƙarshe ta Indiya tare da Dokar haramtacciyar auren yara ta 2006, wanda ya Shari'a dukkan Indiyawan sai dai jihar Jammu da Kashmir da masu sabunta yankin Puducherry. Ga Musulmai na Indiya, ma'anar auren yara da ka'idoji bisa ga Sharia da Nikah wasu sun yi iƙirarin su a matsayin batun doka ta mutum amma kotuna daban-daban sun yi mulki cewa ya shafi Musulmai. Ga duk sauran, Dokar haramta auren yara ta 2006 ta bayyana "auren yara" yana nufin aure, ko aure da za a yi bikin aure, wanda ko dai daga cikin bangarorin kwangila yaro ne; kuma an bayyana yaro don dalilai na aure bisa ga jinsi na mutum - idan namiji, yana da shekaru 21, kuma idan mace, shekaru 18.

Duniya

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UNICEF ta bayyana auren yara a matsayin aure na al'ada ko haɗin kai kafin shekaru 18, [4] [5] saboda yana iya haifar da rayuwa ta wahala ga 'yan mata waɗanda suka fi fuskantar tashin hankali a cikin gida ko mutuwa saboda rikitarwa a cikin ciki da haihuwa. [6][4] Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da shawarar cewa a bayyana auren yara a matsayin auren tilas saboda sun yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekaru ba za su iya ba da izini na doka ba.[7]

Kididdiga

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Yawan auren yara ta Jihohin Indiya, 2015

Ƙididdigar yawan auren yara a Indiya ya bambanta sosai tsakanin tushe.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kimantawa

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Tushen % Mata da suka yi aure (< 18)
Shekarar Bayani Hanyar samfurori Bayani
ICRW 47 1998 ƙaramin samfurin binciken [8]
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 30 2005 ƙaramin samfurin binciken [9]
NFHS-3 44.5 1998–2002 ƙaramin samfurin binciken [10]
UNICEF 47 2005–06 [11]
27 2020-21
NFHS-4 26.8 2015–2016

Ƙananan binciken samfurin suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na kimanta auren yara gaba ɗaya a Indiya, wasu suna amfani da bayanan asali na shekaru da yawa. Misali, bayanan NFHS-3 da NFHS-4 na 2005 da aka ambata a cikin teburin da ke sama, sun yi amfani da binciken mata masu shekaru 20-24, inda aka tambaye su idan sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18. NFHS-3 ta kuma bincika tsofaffin mata, har zuwa shekaru 49, suna tambayar wannan tambaya. Binciken ya gano cewa mutane da yawa 40-49 sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru 18, fiye da mata masu shekaru 20-24 da aka yi hira da su. A cikin shekarun 1970s, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure, a Indiya, ga mata ya kasance 15.

Dangane da rahoton UNICEF da aka buga a 2005-06, an kiyasta yawan auren yara a Indiya ya kai kusan 47%. Wannan adadi ya ragu zuwa 27% a cikin 2015-16 bisa ga sabon rahoton da UNICEF ta buga. UNICEF ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa auren yara ya bazu a jihohin Indiya uku (Jharkhand, Bihar da West Bengal) kuma akwai kashi 40% na auren yara a cikin waɗannan jihohin.[11]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Ending Child Marriage: A profile of progress in India". UNICEF DATA (in Turanci). 2019-02-28. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named usfca
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rbit
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Child marriage". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "Child marriage is a violation of human rights, but is all too common". Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Child marriage around the world". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  7. ↑ "Definition of forced and child marriage". UN Women. 2012.
  8. ↑ "Child Marriage Facts and Figures". Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  9. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics".
  10. ↑ Raj, A.; Saggurti, N.; Balaiah, D.; Silverman, J. G. (2009). "Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study". The Lancet. 373 (9678): 1883–1889. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60246-4. PMC 2759702. PMID 19278721.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Child marriage widespread in Bihar and Bengal: Unicef report". India Today. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "UNICEF" defined multiple times with different content
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