Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Bundu (en) , 1701
Mutuwa	1773
Sana'a
Sana'a	Liman
Imani
Addini	Musulunci

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (1701-1773), wanda aka fi sani da Ayuba Ben Solomon, sanannen yarima ne na Musulmi Fulani daga Yammacin Afirka wanda aka sace shi kuma aka yi fataucin shi zuwa Amurka a lokacin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, bayan da ya mallaki kuma ya sayar da bayi da kansa.

An haife shi a Bundu, Senegal ( Afirka ta Yamma ), an buga abubuwan tunawa da Ayuba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin labarun bawa na farko, a cikin Thomas Bluett Wasu Tunawa da Rayuwar Ayuba, Ɗan Sulemanu Babban Firist na Boonda a Afirka; Wanda aka bautar kusan Shekaru biyu a Maryland; daga baya kuma aka kawo shi Ingila, aka sake shi, aka aika zuwa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a shekara ta 1734 . Koyaya, wannan sigar ba asusun mutum na farko bane. Ana iya samun cikakken bayanin kama Ayuba da komawa gida a cikin tafiye-tafiyen Francis Moore zuwa sassan Afirka ta Tsakiya .

Rayuwa ta farko

Ayuba Suleiman Ibrahima Diallo an haife shi a shekara ta a Bondu, a jihar Futa Tooro . Iyalinsa sanannun shugabannin addinai ne na Musulmi Fulbe - kakan Diallo, Malik Sy, ya kafa Bondu, kuma mahaifinsa, Suleiman Diallo, ya kasance shugaban addini da siyasa. An kafa Bundu a lokacin daya daga cikin farkon Jihads na Fulani a kan mutanen Mande. Don haka, yawancin mutanen Mande na yankin sun zama bayi ga sarakunan Fulani na Bundu, kamar mahaifin Ayuba Suleiman Diallo. Yayinda yake yaro, Ayuba ya saba da Sambo, yarima na Futa, kuma biyun sun yi nazarin Alkur'ani da Larabci. Ayuba ya auri mata biyu wadanda a baya sun kasance bayinsa kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1720.

Kamawa da bautar

Diallo ya yi tafiya zuwa gabar teku a cikin 1730, yana da niyyar siyan kayayyaki, kamar takarda, da sayar da bayi biyu na Mande (ko Mandinka) mallakar mahaifinsa ga wani abu da ke aiki ga Kamfanin Royal African. Yayinda yake kan tafiya, Diallo da Loumein Ndiaye, mai fassara, Mandinka ya kama su a matsayin fansa kuma ya sayar da su cikin bautar.

Mandinkas sun aske kawunan Diallo da Loumein don su bayyana a matsayin fursunonin yaki, kuma ta haka ne ake zaton suna da halattaccen bautar, sabanin ainihin yanayin mutanen da aka kama a wani hari na satar mutane don takamaiman manufar sayar da bayi don riba ta kudi. An sayar da maza biyu ga masu kula da Kamfanin Royal African.

Ayuba daga baya ya shawo kan kyaftin din jirgin bawa, mai suna Pike, cewa sun taba haduwa lokacin da Ayuba da kansa ke sayar da bayi. Ya shawo kan Pike game da matsayinsa na zamantakewa kuma ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa yana iya biyan fansa. Pike ya ba Ayuba izini don aikawa da kalma ga dangin Ayuba. An aika manzo, amma bai dawo a kan lokaci ba. A kan umarnin shugaban Pike, Kyaftin Henry Hunt, an tura fursunoni biyu (Ayuba da Loumein) a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa Annapolis, Maryland ba tare da bata lokaci ba. A nan, an ba da Diallo ga wani abu, Vachell Denton . A wannan lokacin, an canza sunansa kuma Diallo ya zama sananne da Ayuba Ben Solomon, wanda shine fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na sunansa na asali.

A Amurka

Daga nan ne Mista Tolsey na Kent Island, Maryland ya sayi Ayuba. Ayuba da farko an sanya shi aiki a gonakin taba; duk da haka, bayan an same shi bai dace da irin wannan aikin ba, an sanya shi mai kula da shanu. Yayinda yake cikin bauta, Ayuba ya saba zuwa cikin dazuzzuka don yin addu'a. Koyaya, bayan wani yaro ya wulakanta shi yayin addu'a, Ayuba ya gudu a 1731 kuma an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi a Kotun Kotun Kent County. Abin takaici, ba a fahimci dalilin da Ayuba ya yi na tserewa ba har sai an sami mai fassara na Afirka. Da yake yana iya sadarwa da bukatun sa, mai shi Ayuba ya ware wani yanki don yin addu'a ba tare da damuwa ba a lokacin da bawan ya dawo. A kotun ne lauya da firist na Anglican, Thomas Bluett na Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, ya gano shi, yana tafiya ta hanyar kasuwanci.

Lauyan ya burge da ikon Ayuba na rubutu a Larabci. A cikin labarin, Bluett ya rubuta wadannan:

A kan Magana da yin a gare shi, ya rubuta Layin ko biyu a gabanmu, kuma lokacin da ya karanta shi, ya furta Kalmomin Allah da Muhammadu; ta hanyar abin da, da ƙin gilashin ruwan inabi da muka ba shi, mun fahimci cewa shi Muhammadu ne, amma ba za mu iya tunanin wane Kasar da yake ba, ko kuma yadda ya samu can; domin ta hanyar jigilarsa mai kyau, da sauƙin kwanciyar hankali, za mu iya fahimtar cewa ba bawa ne na kowa ba.

Lokacin da wani dan Afirka wanda ke magana da Wolof, yaren wata kabila ta Afirka makwabta, ya iya fassara masa, sai aka gano cewa yana da jinin aristocratic. Da yake halin da ake ciki ya karfafa shi, Tolsey ya ba Ayuba damar rubuta wasika a Larabci zuwa Afirka don aikawa ga mahaifinsa. A ƙarshe, wasikar ta kai ofishin James Oglethorpe, Darakta na Kamfanin Royal African. Bayan da John Gagnier, Shugaban Laudian na Larabci a Jami'ar Oxford ya tabbatar da wasikar, Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba don £ 45.

A Ingila

A cewar nasa labarin, Oglethorpe ya motsa da jin dadi bayan ya ji wahalar da Ayuba ta jimre. Oglethorpe ya sayi Ayuba kuma ya tura shi ofishin Royal African Company a London. Bluett da Ayuba sun yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a 1733. A lokacin tafiya Ayuba ya koyi sadarwa a Turanci. Duk da haka ya damu da wasikunsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne, Oglethorpe bai kasance mai hankali ba don barin umarni tare da ofishin RAC na London game da abin da zai yi da Ayuba a ƙarshen Afrilu 1733.

Kyaftin Henry Hunt (ko watakila ɗan'uwansa, William Hunt), ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kula da bautar Ayuba, ya shirya don zama a lardin ƙasar. Duk da haka Ayuba ya ji jita-jita cewa Hunt yana shirin sayar da shi ga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin za su kawo shi gida. Ayuba, yana tsoron karin yaudara, ya tuntubi Bluett da sauran mutanen da ya sadu da su a kan hanyar zuwa London. Bluett ya ɗauki Ayuba zuwa gidansa a Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, kuma ya yi alkawarin ba zai sayar da shi ba tare da ya sanar da shi ba. RAC, biyo bayan umarnin Oglethorpe, wanda aka yi a wani bangare ta hanyar buƙatun da aka yi daga maza masu sha'awar a London, daga baya sun biya duk kuɗin da aka kashe da kuma farashin sayen jinginar Ayuba. Ayuba ya sake roƙon Bluett, yana bayanin cewa babu wani daga cikin waɗannan da ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai sake zama bautar ba. A cewar Bluett, duk mutanen da suka dace sun yi alkawarin cewa ba za su sayar da Ayuba cikin bautar ba, don haka, kodayake Ayuba ba ta cikin wata barazana ba, Bluett da sauran masu tausayi sun biya "filan hamsin da tara, shillings shida, da penny goma sha ɗaya rabin dinari" kawai don sauƙaƙa damuwar Ayuba. Mutanen Ingila a Landan da lardunan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka sadu da Ayuba sun tattara kuɗi don "yancinsa a cikin tsari," hatimi na takardar hukuma da RAC ta yi kuma ta rufe shi. Bluett ya bayyana cewa, "Tunanin Ayuba yanzu yana da sauƙin gaske," zai iya yin zumunci da ƙwararrun mutanen London, yana samun kyaututtuka da yawa da sabbin abota, yayin da yake aiki ga Hans Sloane ta hanyar sabon iyawarsa na fassara Larabci zuwa Turanci. Ayyukansa ga Hans Sloane sun haɗa da shirya tarin rubutun Larabci a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Yayinda yake Ingila, Ayuba yana cikin ƙungiyar wasu fitattun mutane da yawa, gami da dangin sarauta da John Montagu, Duke na biyu na Montagu da matarsa, Mary, Duchess na Montagu, wanda ya kai shi ga shigar da shi cikin Spalding Gentlemen's Society.

Ko da yake a Ingila, Ayuba ya ci gaba da yin addu'a a kai a kai kuma yana kiyaye imanin Islama. An ce ya kwafe, da hannu, Alkur'ani sau uku daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Abokansa sun yi ƙoƙari su juyar da shi zuwa Kiristanci, duk da haka, suna ba shi fassarar Larabci na Sabon Alkawari. Ayuba ya riga ya saba da tsarin imani na Kirista, ya yarda da rawar da Yesu ya taka a matsayin annabi, amma ya karyata ra'ayin Triniti mai tsarki. Ya yi la'akari da ra'ayinsa na allahntaka ɗaya game da addini ya dace da imanin Kirista a cikin "mahaifin," "ɗan," da "ruhu mai tsarki. " Ya sami kalmar "trinity" ba a ambaci ta a Sabon Alkawari ba. Ya kuma ba da shawara game da sanya siffofin mutum ga sunan Allah, kuma saboda wannan dalili, ya nuna wani ƙyama ga Roman Katolika da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin halayensa na bautar gumaka.

A watan Yulin 1734, Ayuba ya koma Gambiya kuma daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa. Daga cikin wannan, Bluett ya sake maimaitawa:

Game da ƙarshen Yuli da ya gabata ya shiga cikin jirgi ɗaya daga cikin Jirgin Kamfanin Afirka, wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Gambiya, inda muke fatan ya isa lafiya, ga babban Farin Ciki na Abokansa, da Darajar Ƙasar Ingila.

Koyaya, Ayuba ya gano cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin matansa, yana zaton Ayuba ta mutu, ya sake yin aure. Yaƙi ya lalata ƙasarsa, amma kasancewar mutum ne mai wadata, ya sami damar dawo da tsohuwar rayuwarsa - gami da bautar 'yan Afirka.

Bluett ne ya buga tarihinsa a Turanci da Faransanci. Ayuba ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai a cikin cinikin bayi. Saboda iliminsa da ƙarfin kuɗi, ya sami damar tserewa bisa doka daga wahalar bautar kuma ya koma gida zuwa Afirka.

Ayuba, duk da haka, ta fuskanci wahala daga baya. A watan Yunin 1736, Faransanci sun daure shi ko kuma sun tsare shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Wataƙila Faransanci ne suka yi niyya da Ayuba saboda kawancen da yake da shi da Birtaniya. Faransanci sun tsare shi watakila na shekara guda, lokacin da 'yan ƙasar Ayuba suka sami sakin sa. Daga baya ya aika da wasiƙu zuwa ga RAC na London don a ba shi izinin ziyartar London, amma an ƙi wannan buƙatar. Ayuba ya ci gaba da matsawa sanannunsa a Landan don 'yancin Loumein. Saboda sadaukarwar Ayuba da taimakon Bluett, an saki Loumein daga bautar kuma ya koma yankin Gambiya a shekara ta 1738.

An rubuta mutuwar Ayuba a cikin minti na Spalding Gentlemen's Society a cikin 1773.

Hoton Fuska

Hoton Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (wanda ake kuma kira Job ben Solomon), yana sanye da kayan gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka, wanda William Hoare na Bath ya zana a shekarar 1733. Yawanci bayi ana tilasta musu karɓar Kiristanci. Amma Diallo, wani malamin addinin Musulunci mai asalin sarauta, ya ci gaba da rike addininsa. A hoton, yana sanye da Alkur'ani a wuyansa kuma yana da alamar salla a goshinsa — alamar tsantsar ibada. A da, hoton yana samuwa ne kawai a bugun hoto, sai dai asalin zanen an siya shi ne daga Qatar Museums Authority (QMA) a kasuwar Christie's a watan Nuwamba 2009.

Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta saka takunkumin wucin gadi na hana fitar da zanen saboda muhimmancinsa ga tarihin da al'adun kasar. Gidan Hoton Fuskoki na Ƙasa (National Portrait Gallery) ya kaddamar da gangamin tara kuɗi domin hana fitar da zanen, inda suka bukaci fam 554,937. Mafi yawan wannan kuɗi ya fito ne daga Heritage Lottery Fund da Art Fund, sannan gidan ya buƙaci taimakon jama’a don tara sauran fam 100,000. An samu nasarar tara kuɗin don siyan hoton, amma QMA ta yarda za ta bayar da aron zanen maimakon siyar da shi.

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Austin, Allan D. (1997). African Muslims in Antebellum America: transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415912693.
• Turner, Richard Brent (1997). Islam in the African-American Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253343239.
• Curtis, Edward E. (2009). Muslims in America: a short history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195367560. OCLC 268957395.
• Diouf, Sylviane Anna (1998). Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas. New York City: New York University Press.
• Painter, Nell (2005). Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513755-2.
• Grant, Douglas (1968). The Fortunate Slave: An Illustration of African Slavery in the Early Eighteenth Century. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215634-1.
• Judy, Ronald A. T. (1993). (Dis)forming the American Canon: African-Arabic Slave Narratives and the Vernacular (in Turanci). U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-0144-2.
• Weaver, Jace (2011). "The Red Atlantic: Transoceanic Cultural Exchanges". The American Indian Quarterly. 35 (3): 418–463. doi:10.5250/amerindiquar.35.3.0418. S2CID 162829945.

Primary sources

• Bluett, Thomas. Some Memories of the Life of Job, the Son of the Solomon High Priest of Boonda in Africa; Who was a Slave about two Years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the Year 1734. London: Richard Ford, 1734.
• Moore, Francis. Travels into the Inland parts of Africa: containing a description of the several nations for the space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia; their Trade, Habits, Customs, Language, Manners, Religion and Government; the Power, Disposition and Characters of some Negro Princes; with a particular Account of Job Ben Solomon, a Pholey, who was in England in the Year 1733, and known by the Name of the African. To which is added, Capt. Stibbs's voyage up the Gambia in the Year 1723, to make Discoveries; with an accurate map of that River taken on the Spot: And many other Copper Plates. Also extracts from the Nubian's Geography, Leo the African, and other authors antient and modern, concerning the Niger-Nile, or Gambia, and Observations thereon. By Francis Moore, Factor several Years to the Royal African Company of England. London: Printed by Edward Cave, at St. John's Gate, for the author, and sold by J. Stagg, in Westminster Hall; and at St. John's Gate aforesaid, 1738, 216, 202, and 213–124.