Ayyukan Gwamnati

Ayyukan Gwamnati
general principles of French law (en)

A cikin Dokar kundin tsarin mulki ta Amurka, matakin jihar wani mataki ne na mutumin da ke aiki a madadin hukumar gwamnati, sabili da haka yana ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ɗora wa gwamnati, gami da Kwaskwarimar Farko, Na biyar, da ta goma sha huɗu, wanda ke hana gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi keta wasu hakkoki da 'yanci.

Shari'a

Ma'anar

Kodayake kalmar za ta haɗa da mutanen da jihar ke aiki kai tsaye, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta fassara waɗannan gyare-gyare da dokoki da aka zartar da su don rufe mutane da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta kai tsaye da gwamnati. Rikici ya tashi, alal misali, kan ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da garuruwa ("kamfani-birni") da kurkuku (a al'ada aikin jihar) za a iya ɗaukar su da alhakin yin aikin jihar lokacin da suka keta haƙƙin jama'a na asali. Wannan tambaya ba a warware ta ba, amma Kotun Koli ta dauki 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu a matsayin masu alhakin matakin gwamnati lokacin da suka yi makirci tare da jami'an gwamnati don hana mutane hakkinsu.

An yanke hukuncin shari'ar DeShaney v. Winnebago County a shekarar 1989 bisa ga koyarwar matakin jihar. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa sun raba wani ƙaramin ɗa Joshua daga mahaifinsa mai cin zarafi Randy, amma sun kammala cewa babu isasshen shaida don rabuwa ta dindindin, kuma daga baya sun sake haɗuwa da ɗa tare da mahaifinsa; daga baya, mahaifin ya doke ɗansa cikin yanayin ci gaba. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa duk da shigar ma'aikatan zamantakewar al'umma na jihar, aikin da ba daidai ba ya danganta ne kawai ga mahaifin, yana mai da shi aikin sirri. Dangane da haka, Kariya ta Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ba ta aiki ba.

Ba kamar aikin gwamnati ba, ba a buƙatar aikin sirri don ba wa mutane haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki da aka ambata a sama. A kusan dukkanin jihohin Amurka, masu mallakar cibiyoyin cin kasuwa masu zaman kansu na iya fitar da masu zanga-zangar daga ƙasarsu don shiga, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu zasu iya fitar da mambobi ko hana shigar da masu neman, ba tare da gargadi ba kuma ba tare da dalili ba. Amma a cikin jihohi kaɗan, musamman California, an tsawaita kariya ta tsarin mulki da wasu haƙƙin doka don iyakance ayyukan sirri. California tana ba da izinin yin amfani da 'yancin magana a cikin zaman lafiya a cibiyoyin cin kasuwa masu zaman kansu (duba Cibiyar Siyayya ta Pruneyard v. Robins (1980)) kuma tana buƙatar wasu nau'ikan ayyukan masu zaman kansu don ba da membobin yanzu ko masu yuwuwar wani nau'i na tsari mai kyau wanda ake kira hanya mai kyau.

Shari'o'i

Akwai yanayi da yawa inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da halayyar mutane ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don zama "aikin gwamnati," sabili da haka suna ƙarƙashin tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki kamar Kariya ta Daidaitawa, Tsarin Daidaitaccen, ko Kwaskwarimar Farko. An tabbatar da daidaito a karkashin Sashe na I na Kwaskwarima ta 14 kuma an tabbatar da Tsarin Daidaitawa a karkashin Kwaskwarimar ta 5. Kotun Koli ta gudanar da wadannan:

• Kawai bude kasuwanci ga jama'a ba aikin jihar ba ne, amma aikin "aikin jama'a" (aikin da aka yi a al'ada kuma na musamman ta jihar) aikin jihar ne (Marsh v. Alabama, 326 US 501 (1946));
• Idan mutum ko kungiya kawai ta shiga kwangila ko ta tabbatar da haƙƙin kwangila a waje da kotu ba matakin jihar ba ne, amma idan mutum ko ƙungiya ta kai karar aiwatar da haƙƙin yarjejeniya ta hanyar shari'a zai iya zama matakin jihar (Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 US 1 (1948));
• Idan gwamnati kawai ta yarda da aiwatar da wani aiki ta mutum mai zaman kansa ko ƙungiya ba aikin gwamnati ba ne, amma idan gwamnati ta tilasta, ta rinjayi, ko ta karfafa aikin aikin, aikin gwamnati ne (Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 US 830 (1982));
• Idan gwamnati kawai ta shiga kwangila tare da mutum ko ƙungiya don kayayyaki ko ayyuka, ayyukan jam'iyyar masu zaman kansu ba aikin gwamnati ba ne, amma idan gwamnati da jam'iyyar mai zaman kanta sun shiga cikin "kasuwanci na hadin gwiwa" ko "dangantaka ta symbiotic" tare da juna aikin gwamnati ne (Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 US 715 (1961));
• Idan hukumomin gwamnati mambobi ne kawai na ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu, ayyukan kungiyar ba aikin gwamnati ba ne, amma idan gwamnati ta kasance "mai zurfi" tare da jagorancin ƙungiyar masu zaman kanta, ayyukan kungiyar aikin gwamnati ne (Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, 535 US 971 (2002)).

Tattaunawar masana

A cewar masanin shari'ar kundin tsarin mulki Gillian E. Metzger:

Tunanin da ke tattare da shi shine cewa lokuta inda masu zaman kansu ke amfani da ikon jama'a ba su da yawa kuma suna faruwa galibi lokacin da gwamnati ke ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa a bayan masu zaman kansu waɗanda take sarrafawa. Koyarwar yanzu ba ta da hankali sosai ga ko gwamnati, a zahiri, tana ba da iko ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don yin aiki a madadin ta. Har zuwa yadda ake la'akari da wakilan masu zaman kansu, yana ƙarƙashin rubric na koyarwar wakilan masu sirri, wanda ke kimanta ko rabuwa da iko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da bukatun tsarin da ya dace sun hana gwamnati daga ba da wasu nau'ikan iko ga hannun masu zaman kansu. Amma dokar kundin tsarin mulki ba ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɗa tsarin mulki na wakilan masu zaman kansu da haɗarin cewa za ta sanya ikon gwamnati a waje da ikon tsarin mulki.

Dubi kuma

• Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa
• Cin amana
• <i id="mwVA">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</i>
• Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., jam'iyya mai zaman kanta an ɗauke ta da alhakin nuna bambanci