Ayyukan haƙƙin jama'a a Amurka
 Ayyukan haƙƙin jama'a a Amurka | ||||
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aspect in a geographic region (en)  | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 an kafa ta ne a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1866, an sake kafa ta 1870) ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko ta Amurka don bayyana' yan ƙasa da tabbatar da cewa duk' yan ƙasa suna da kariya daidai ta doka. An fi nufin, a yayin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, don kare haƙƙin jama'a na mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da aka haifa ko aka kawo Amurka.
An fara aiwatar da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama a Lokacin sake ginawa bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta fadada haƙƙin bayi masu 'yanci ta hanyar bayyana cewa duk wani mutum da aka haifa a Amurka ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. Ayyukan tilasta aiki na 1870-1871 ya ba da damar Shugaban kasa ya kare haƙƙin maza na Black American na jefa kuri'a, don riƙe mukami, don yin aiki a cikin juriya, da kuma Black maza da mata su sami daidaitattun kariya ga dokoki, gami da kariya daga tashin hankali na wariyar launin fata. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 ta haramta nuna bambanci a cikin "gidan jama'a" har sai Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta same shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a 1883. An kafa Dokokin Jim Crow a cikin karni na 19 kuma sun yi aiki don toshe kuri'un Afirka ta Amirka, hana haɗin kai a wuraren jama'a kamar makarantu, da kuma hana auren launin fata a Kudu. Samar da wadannan dokoki ya sami damar lalata ci gaba zuwa daidaito wanda aka yi a zamanin sake ginawa.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 an kafa ta ne a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1866, an sake kafa ta 1870) ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko ta Amurka don bayyana' yan ƙasa da tabbatar da cewa duk' yan ƙasa suna da kariya daidai ta doka. An fi nufin, a yayin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, don kare haƙƙin jama'a na mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da aka haifa ko aka kawo Amurka.
Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar a 1865 kuma Shugaban Amurka Andrew Johnson ya hana ta. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1866 Majalisa ta sake zartar da lissafin don tallafawa Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku, kuma Johnson ya sake hana shi, amma kashi biyu bisa uku a kowane majalisa sun mamaye veto don ba da damar zama doka ba tare da sa hannun shugaban kasa ba.
John Bingham da sauran 'yan majalisa sun yi jayayya cewa Majalisa ba ta da isasshen ikon kundin tsarin mulki don aiwatar da wannan doka. Bayan wucewar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu a 1868, Majalisa ta tabbatar da Dokar 1866 a 1870.
Dokar tilasta aiki ta 1871
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Tilasta ta 1871 Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ce ta Amurka wacce ta ba Shugaban kasa ikon dakatar da rubuce-rubuce habeas corpus don yaki da Ku Klux Klan (KKK) da sauran kungiyoyin fararen fata. Majalisar Dattijai ta 42 ta Amurka ce ta zartar da dokar kuma Shugaban Amurka Ulysses S. Grant ya sanya hannu a matsayin doka a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1871. Dokar ita ce ta ƙarshe daga cikin Dokokin Tilastawa guda uku da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zartar daga 1870 zuwa 1871 a lokacin Reconstruction Era don yaki da hare-hare kan 'yancin' 'Yan Afirka na Afirka. Dokar ta kasance ƙarƙashin ƙananan canje-canje kawai tun daga wannan lokacin, amma ya kasance batun fassarar da kotuna suka yi.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka da aka kafa a Lokacin sake ginawa don mayar da martani ga keta haƙƙin bil'adama ga' 'Yan Afirka na Afirka. Majalisar Dattijai ta 43 ta Amurka ta zartar da lissafin kuma Shugaban Amurka Ulysses S. Grant ya sanya hannu a matsayin doka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1875. An tsara dokar ne don "kare dukkan 'yan ƙasa a cikin' yancin farar hula da na shari'a", samar da daidaito a cikin masauki na jama'a da sufuri na jama'aa da kuma hana fitarwa daga aikin juri. Sanata Charles Sumner ne ya fara rubuta shi a 1870, amma ba a wuce shi ba sai jim kadan bayan mutuwar Sumner a 1875. Ba a aiwatar da dokar yadda ya kamata ba, wani bangare saboda Shugaba Grant ya goyi bayan matakai daban-daban don taimaka masa ya murkushe tashin hankali da ya shafi zabe a kan baƙi da 'yan Republican a Kudu.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1950 ta matsawa Majalisa don kafa doka don kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Afirka ta Amirka. Babban bangare na farko na dokar kare hakkin bil'adama da Majalisa ta zartar shine Dokar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta 1957. Yayinda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'Yan Afirka na Afirka da aka tsara a cikin Kwaskwarima ta goma sha biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, aikin yana da hanyoyi da yawa. Jihohin Kudancin sun ci gaba da nuna bambanci ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka ta hanyar amfani da rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da dokokin zabe, a cikin rarrabe makaranta da wuraren jama'a, da kuma aiki.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957 ita ce dokar kare hakkin bil'adama na farko da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zartar tun lokacin Dokar 'Yanfin Bil'adami ta 1875. Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta 85 ta zartar da lissafin kuma Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1957.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1960
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ne ya gabatar da dokar a cikin sakonsa ga Majalisa ta 86 a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1959, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa "kowane mutum ba tare da la'akari da kabilanci ba, addini, ko asalin ƙasa yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga dokoki".
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 wata alama ce ta'addanci da Dokar aiki a Amurka wacce ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga launi fata, launi, addini, jima'i, da asalin ƙasa. Ya haramta yin amfani da buƙatun rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, rarrabe launin fata a makarantu da wuraren zama na jama'a, da nuna bambanci a aiki. Dokar "ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin majalisa a tarihin Amurka". [1]
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 ( Pub. L. 90-284 ) wata doka ce mai ban mamaki a Amurka wacce shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya wa hannu a lokacin tarzomar kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sarki .
Takardun shaida na II zuwa VII sun ƙunshi Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya, wanda ya shafi kabilun' 'Yan asalin Amurka na Amurka kuma ya sa da yawa amma ba duk tabbacin Dokar' Yancin Amurka ba wanda ya dace a cikin kabilun.[2] (Wannan Dokar ta bayyana a yau a cikin Title 25, sashe 1301 zuwa 1303 na Dokar Amurka). Takardun shaida na takwas zuwa na tara an san su da Dokar Gidaje ta Gaskiya. Title X, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Anti-Riot
Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1987
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Bil'adama doka ce ta Amurka wacce ta ƙayyade cewa masu karɓar kudaden tarayya dole ne su bi dokokin' yancin bil'adama a duk fannoni, ba kawai a cikin takamaiman shirin ko aikin da suka sami kudaden tarayya ba.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1991
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1991 dokar aiki ce ta Amurka, wacce aka zartar a matsayin martani ga hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka da suka iyakance haƙƙin ma'aikatan da suka kai ƙarar ma'aikatansu don nuna wariya.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". www.senate.gov.
- ↑ ""Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 14, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.