Ayyukan yara a Botswana

Ayyukan yara a Botswana
	aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Fuskar	aikin yara
Ƙasa	Botswana

An ayyana bautar da yara a Botswana a matsayin cin zarafin yara ta kowace irin aiki da ke cutar da ci gabansu na zahiri, tunani, zamantakewa da kuma ɗabi'a. Yin aikin yara a Botswana yana da nau'in aikin tilastawa a cikin shekaru masu alaƙa, sakamakon dalilai kamar talauci da rabon albarkatun gida. ^[1] Yin aikin yara a Botswana ba shi da wani kaso mafi girma bisa ga bincike. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa saboda gibin da ke tattare da tsarin kasa, karancin tattalin arziki, da kuma rashin shiri, "yara a Botswana suna shiga cikin mafi muni na aikin yara ". ^[2] Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya kungiya ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce ke yin aiki don bunkasa manufofin aiki da inganta al'amuran adalci na zamantakewa. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) a cikin yarjejeniya ta 138 ta bayyana mafi ƙarancin shekarun da ake buƙata don aiki don yin aiki a matsayin hanyar "warkewa da aikin yara yadda ya kamata" ta hanyar kafa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da manufofi ga ƙasashe lokacin da aka amince da su. ^[3] Botswana ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Shekaru mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin 1995, ta kafa manufofin ƙasa da ke ba yara aƙalla shekaru sha huɗu damar yin aiki a ƙayyadaddun yanayi. Botswana ta ƙara amincewa da mafi munin Forms na Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata na Yara na ILO, babban taron 182, a cikin 2000. ^[3]

Shirin kasa da kasa na kungiyar ILO kan kawar da ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki (IPEC) ya tallafa wa kasar dangane da shirin kawar da mafi muni na ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki (TECL) a Botswana . A cikin 2004 an kafa Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shirin kan Aikin Yara (PACC) don yin watsi da Wajen Kawar da Mafi Muni na Ayyukan Yara (TECL) a Botswana. ^[4] Wasu nazarin suna da ra'ayi na jayayya game da ma'amala da aikin yara a Botswana. Kamar yadda Eva Procek ta bayyana a cikin takardar tattaunawa ta 2006 kan aikin yara a Botswana "ba a samar da takamaiman dabarun da aka daure lokaci don magance ayyukan yara da kuma mafi munin aikin yara musamman ba". ^[4]

Sakamakon bincike na yanzu na aikin yara a Botswana

Aikin yara kowane nau'i ne na aiki mai cutarwa ga rayuwar yaro. Zai iya tasiri ikon shiga cikin wasu ayyuka kamar makaranta.

Hukumar Kwadago ta kasar Amurka ta gudanar da wani bincike kan batun yi wa kananan yara aiki a kasar Botswana tare da bayar da rahoton sakamakon. ^[2] Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka a cikin 2018 Yara Labour da kuma Tilasta Rahoton Rahoton, ga Botswana, ya bayyana cewa "Botswana ta sami ci gaba kadan don kawar da aikin yara a cikin 2018". ^[2] Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kara da cewa "Botswana na shiga cikin mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki, wadanda suka hada da yin lalata da kasuwanci, yin aikin tilastawa kiwo, da tilastawa aikin gida, kowane lokaci sakamakon fataucin mutane". ^[2] Matsalolin da ke cikin tsarin shari'a tare da tsarin zamantakewa mara kyau, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta bayyana sun haifar da asusu na aikin yara na zamani a Botswana. ^[2]

Dalilai

Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa yara "suna aiki don rayuwa" da kuma wasu dalilai da suka hana su ikon yin aiki cikin 'yanci. ^[5] Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa kamar wurin yanki, ƙididdigar alƙaluma da talauci wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da aikin yara a Botswana.

Geographic

Botswana kasa ce marar iyaka da ke a yankin kudu maso yammacin Afirka . ^[6] Sonia Bhalotra a cikin bincikenta na OECD SOCIAL, EPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS binciken ta bayyana cewa, saboda "tabarbarewar ci gaban tattalin arziki, HIV/AIDS, rikice-rikice, yunwa da rashin tsafta ya ta'azzara batun bautar da yara a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ". ^[7] Rahoton na ILO na 2016 na duniya ya nuna cewa "daya cikin biyar na yaran Afirka na fuskantar aikin yara". Rahoton ya bayyana cewa a nahiyar Afirka yara miliyan 72.1 ke aiki a matsayin leburori, yayin da miliyan 31.5 ke aiki a cikin yanayi masu hadari, wanda wannan ya ninka adadin sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna. Sakamakon kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2016 na kididdigar da aka yi na aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, rahoton ILO ya nuna cewa, bangaren noma a fadin nahiyar ya kai kashi 85% na masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, da yawa da ke aiki a sana’o’in iyali da kuma gonaki, musamman yin noma na kasuwanci ko kiwo. ^[8] Bugu da ari, hanyoyin gargajiya a cikin al'ummomin Afirka sun ga yara suna barin makaranta don shiga aiki. ^[9] Ana ganin wannan a cikin mahallin Afirka don haɓaka haɓaka rayuwa da ƙwarewar jiki sabanin hanyoyin yamma. ^[10] Ana iya ganin misalin hakan ta hanyar mazauna karkarar Pare na Tanzaniya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka shafi yara masu shekaru 5 don yin noman amfanin gona. ^[10]

Watsawa zuwa Botswana

Ana iya ganin watsa al'amurran da suka shafi aikin aikin yara daga yanayin Afirka gaba ɗaya a Botswana. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta bayyana a cikin rahoton su na 2010 mafi muni na Ma'aikata Yara cewa rashin hangen nesa na tattalin arziki ga iyalai da rabon albarkatun kasa yana shafar hadewar Yara a cikin ma'aikata a lokuta da yawa kamar "iyaye daga yankunan karkara suna tura 'ya'yansu zuwa birni don zama tare da iyalai masu arziki kuma suyi aiki a matsayin bayin gida". Rahoton ya kara tabbatar da cewa yara da dama na tsunduma cikin ayyukan noma masu hadari, inda yara ke “mallakar da dabbobi a kebabbun wurare na kwanaki ba tare da isasshen abinci da matsuguni ba”. Botswana ita ce mabuɗin tushe da manufa don cin zarafin yara ta kasuwanci. Ana tilasta wa yara matalauta a matsayin ma'aikata kuma ana safarar su zuwa abokan ciniki ta manyan hanyoyi da direbobin manyan motoci.

Al'umma

Botswana gida ce ga kabilu da yawa kamar mutanen San da Okavango Delta . ^[11] Matyas Baan a cikin labarinsa na Fahimtar Haƙƙin Yara a Botswana ya bayyana cewa waɗannan al'ummomi suna da "marasa galihu kuma suna da rauni saboda an yi gudun hijira daga nesa ko kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin ƙetare". ^[11] Al'ummar San ƙabila ce maras rinjaye, waɗanda ke nesa, nesa da ayyukan manyan ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da al'amurran da suka shafi kare rayuwar jama'a game da yara. ^[11] Yaran waɗannan al'ummomin sun rage damar samun ayyuka kamar ilimi kuma a buɗe suke don ɗaukar matsayi na farko a cikin kasuwancin iyali da gonaki ko kuma a yi amfani da su cikin lalata da fataucin su. ^[11]

Canza Alkaluma

Canje-canje a cikin alƙaluma suna nuna canza halayen zamantakewa da ayyukan mutane don gamsar da takamaiman yanayi. Canje-canje a cikin ƙididdiga ta hanyar rarraba albarkatu na cikin gida, saka hannun jari na iyaye da bukatun gida a Botswana ya ga yara suna aiki don bukatun mutum da na gida, an cire su daga makaranta da haɓaka "ƙananan kasuwancin kasuwanci". ^[12] Ka'idar arziki ta Caldwell (1982), ta nuna yadda ƙasashe masu wadata ke gudana a sama, kamar ta manoman manoma, ke da sha'awar haɓaka yawan haifuwa don gamsar da kulawar tsufa da matsayin siyasa. ^[13] Yawan haifuwar haifuwa yana tasiri sosai ga jarin iyaye ga 'ya'yansu da ayyukansu kamar makaranta. ^[13] Iyakantaccen rabon kayan gida da dukiya ga yara yana haifar da aikin yara. ^[12] Ana iya bincika tasirin rabon albarkatun cikin gida a cikin Okavango Delta People of Botswana. Wani bincike da aka yi a 1992 a ƙabilu biyar na al’ummar ya nuna cewa cikin yara 122 20 sun halarci makaranta, 15 daga cikinsu sun yi balaguro 30. km ko sama da haka, yana haifar da ciniki ga tattalin arzikin gida na kiwo, nono da hatsi. ^[13] Wani bincike da John Bock ya yi a cikin tarihinsa na Juyin Halitta da rabon lokaci na cikin gida, ya haifar da bincike don alaƙar lokaci da rabon albarkatu dangane da ilimin yara da shiga cikin aiki. Binciken ya nuna yadda canjin jarin iyaye, matsayin aure, samun sauran ayyukan samar da albarkatu, tsarin haihuwa da jima'i na yara "suna da tasiri don fahimtar aikin yara da rabon lokaci da kuma jindadinsa". ^[13]

Talauci

Talauci shine yanayin da al'umma ko daidaikun mutane ba su da damar samun kayan masarufi da albarkatun kuɗi don dorewar mafi ƙarancin rayuwa. [1] Botswana tana da kashi 36.7% na iyalai da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin layin talauci, wanda ya ga matasa sun kasance masu rauni. [2] A cikin 2012 Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida, Peter Siele, ya ziyarci kuma ya yi magana da wani ma'aikaci mai shekaru 12 da ba ya zuwa makaranta game da rashin zuwa makaranta. Amsar da aka rubuta ita ce “lehuma ke lone le le ntireleng gore ke tlogele sekolo, ke bolawa ke tlala” ( talauci ya tilasta ni barin makaranta, ina fama da yunwa). [3] Alamun macroeconomic mara kyau sun yi tasiri ga rashin ingantaccen rabon kasafin kuɗi zuwa shirye-shiryen tushen yara. [3] Eva Procek a cikin takardar tattaunawa ta 2006 kan aikin yara a Botswana ta yi bincike kan cewa yara a yankunan karkara da na nesa suna da rauni. [2] Procek ya bayyana cewa yaran kungiyoyin karkara kamar na al'ummar San suna fuskantar matsanancin talauci saboda yawan jahilci, suna saurin shiga aikin kwadago da wuri don tallafa wa gidajensu saboda "an kama su tsakanin tsammanin al'adu masu cin karo da juna". [2] Batutuwa na bashi da matsalolin kuɗi kuma suna haifar da yara su ɗauki matsayi a cikin ma'aikata.

Girman da Girman

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin rahotonta na kare hakkin bil'adama na Botswana na 2017 ya bayyana cewa, yadda al'amarin ke yaduwa yana ganin "yara a cikin kasar na shiga cikin mafi munin ayyukan aiki" da suka hada da: cin zarafin kasuwanci, noma da tilastawa aikin gida. Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Lafiya ta ƙunshi yara 25000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 15 suna aiki a gonaki. Ana kuma ƙididdige ƙarin 1500 don aikin gida a cikin gidaje masu arziki. ^[2] Botswana ta kara yin aiki don zama tushe da makoma na fataucin yara na kasuwanci, musamman ta hanyar manyan motoci da abokan ciniki. ^[14]

2005/2006 Binciken Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru

Binciken ma'aikata na 2005/2006 daga Ofishin Kididdiga na Tsakiya, wani bincike ne na farko da ke nazarin yanayin aikin ma'aikata dangane da matsayin aikin yara a Botswana. ^[15] Binciken da aka yi kan yara 415,751 ya nuna cewa kashi 72.4 cikin 100 sun tsunduma aikin cikakken lokaci, kashi 21.2 cikin 100 na aikin kwadago tare da makaranta kuma kashi 2.6 na aiki da farko. ^[15] Binciken da ya danganci jinsi a cikin binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 69.2% na maza a lokacin suna shiga makaranta idan aka kwatanta da kashi 75.1% na mata. Yara 39,170 sun bayyana karara dalilin aikinsu tare da manyan dalilai guda biyu da suka shafi taimakon iyali (62.8%), da bukatun kudi na sirri (12.8%). ^[15]

Matsayin Aikin Yara da Matsayin Makaranta ta Jinsin Yara
Aikin yara da matsayin makaranta	Jinsi		Jimlar % (N= 415,751)
Aikin yara da matsayin makaranta	Namiji % (N=207,713)	Mace % (208,038)	Jimlar % (N= 415,751)
Aiki da makaranta	24.1	18.3	21.2
Aiki kuma ba makaranta ba	3.5	1.8	2.6
Ba aiki da makaranta	69.2	75.1	72.0
Ba aiki kuma ba makaranta	3.2	4.8	4.0
Jimlar	100.0	100.0	100.0

Tushen: Ƙididdiga na marubuta bisa ga Binciken Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na CSO (2005/06) ^[15]

Tasiri

Ana iya ganin tasirin aikin yara yana da alaƙa da alaƙar da ke shafar jin daɗin yawancin yaran da abin ya shafa. ^[16] Ana ganin tasirin ta hanyar ilimi da sakamakon talauci.

Ilimi

A cikin Botswana aikin yara "yana da mummunan dangantaka da ilimi", kamar yadda rahoton Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Makarantu a Botswana ya kafa ta hanyar nazarin binciken binciken aikin ma'aikata a 2005/2006. ^[15] Bugu da ari, binciken UNICEF na 2016 ya kai kashi 9% na yawan yaran Botswana da za su tsunduma cikin aikin yi wa yara aikin yi, ya kara nuna cewa kashi 16% na yaran da suka isa makarantar firamare ba sa zuwa makaranta. Tasirin alƙaluma kamar saka hannun jari na iyaye da wurin zama na ƙara yin tasiri ga ikon shiga makarantar yara. ^[13] Halartar makaranta ya shafi yadda darajar karatun sakandare ke raguwa saboda tsadar karatun. Misali, ana ganin wannan ta hanyar halartar net 35.7% daga cikin 56.7% na maza masu rajista. ^[17]

Sakamakon Talauci

Yaduwar talauci tsakanin tsararraki ta hanyar gurbacewar yanayin tattalin arzikin Botswana, yana ganin kashi 2 cikin 3 na yaran da suka rasa makarantar sakandare. ^[17] Emmanuel Bothale a cikin Case na Kasafin Kudi na Yara a Botswana yana amfani da Taswirar Talauci (Moseki, 2009) da Rahoton Ci gaban Bil Adama na UNDP (2009,2010) don ƙididdige adadin talauci na 22.9% a Botswana. ^[18] Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na jima'i da tsafta sune sakamakon talauci na dogon lokaci, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin binciken 2010 daga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Botswana . Hukumar ta gudanar da wani bincike na jima'i wanda ya tabbatar da cewa 'yan mata suna yin karuwanci saboda bukatar tattalin arziki da kuma sanya abinci a kan tebur. ^[18] Bugu da ari, talauci na al'umma, ya haifar da rashin tsabta da lafiya; misali, a ƙarƙashin mace-macen matasa 5, ya ƙaru da 0.5% (1990-2012). ^[17] Yawaitar rashin tsafta ya kara yaduwa cututtuka irin su HIV/AIDS. Matakan kariya marasa kyau suna ganin adadin 15.7% na yaduwar cutar kanjamau a cikin marayu masu shekaru 0-18. ^[4]

Dynamics

Akwai hukumomin gwamnati da tsare-tsare tare da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da aka kafa don magance matsalar. ^[2]

Hankalin Gwamnati

Tsakanin 2006 da 2008 kasar ta kasance tana kan aiwatar da shirin aiwatar da shirin kasa don kawar da aikin yara a Botswana, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin watan Fabrairun 2008. ^[4] An tsara wannan ne tare da taimakon shirin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ILO), don kawar da mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara . ^[4] Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Shirin kan Aikin Yara (PACC), wanda ke wakiltar sassan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kasuwanci, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, suna jagorantar ci gaba da aiwatar da shirin. ^[4] Gwamnatin kasa ta samar da manufofi don daidaita martanin su kan lamarin. Shirin Ayyukan Kasa don Kawar da Ayyukan Yara a Botswana ya bayyana tsarin gwamnatoci don ƙirƙirar dokoki da manufofi game da batun don samar da wayar da kan jama'a. ^[2] Shirin dorewa na Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida wani tsari ne wanda ke ganin masu aikin sa kai da masu haɗin gwiwar gwamnati suna aiki a matsayin masu kula da aiki don bayar da rahoto game da ayyukan yara ga ma'aikatan zamantakewa da malaman makaranta don fahimtar yanayin halartar makaranta da matsayi na aiki. ^[2]

Gwamnati ta samar da hanyoyin daidaita martanin su kan lamarin. Kwamitin fataucin bil adama an kafa shi ne ta hanyar dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2014 kuma Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Shari'a, da Tsaro (MDJS) ce ke jagoranta don yin aiki a matsayin hanyar bayar da rahoto da mika kai. Kwamitin ba da shawara kan aikin yara wata hanya ce da ta ƙunshi masu sa kai na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da jami'an gwamnati don kai rahoto ga gwamnati. ^[2] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin rahotonta na kare hakkin bil'adama na Botswana na 2017 ya gabatar da wata hujja cewa hanyoyin "ba su da inganci saboda karancin albarkatu da rashin iya kaiwa yankunan karkara hari".

Tsarin Shari'a

Botswana ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta ILO a cikin 1995 (C138) da ILO Mafi Muni na Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata na Yara (C182) a cikin 2000. ^[4] Bugu da kari, kasar ta kuma amince da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin da jin dadin yara a shekarar 1995. ^[4] Dokar Aiki ta Botswana ita ce babbar doka da ke tafiyar da al'amuran da suka shafi aikin yi a Botswana. Yana da nufin kare yara daga cin zarafi da ayyuka masu haɗari, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin duk wani aiki da ke da haɗari ga lafiyar yaro, ci gabansa da ɗabi'a. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a cikin rahoton aikin yi wa yara aikin yi da tilasta ma'aikata na 2018, ga Botswana, ta bayyana cewa "akwai gibi a tsarin shari'ar Botswana don ba da kariya ga yara daga aikin yara" saboda babu wajabta shekarun dokar ilimi, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da ILO ta gindaya. ^[2]

tilastawa

Gwamnati tana da tsarin da za ta taimaka wa aiwatar da doka ta hanyar aikata laifuka da dokokin aiki. Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Aiki da Kwarewar Kasuwanci Ta Kafa dokar Kwadago ta Yara Abubuwan da aka samo daga Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka don binciken ma'aikata 2335 a Botswana don 2017, wanda ya ragu daga asusun 4999 a cikin 2016. ^[2] Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Shari'a, da Tsaro tana sauƙaƙe aiwatar da dokar laifuka ta hanyar da ta shafi aikin yara. A shekarar 2017 hukumar da ke kula da kararrakin jama’a (DPP) ta yi kiyasin zarge-zarge 7 a kan cin zarafin yara amma ba ta fito karara ta danganta sanadin da aikin yara ba. ^[2]

Ƙaddamarwar zamantakewa

Gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi shirye-shiryen zamantakewa don magance matsalar aikin yara wani ɓangare ne na tsarin da ake nufi da batun. Tare da albarkatu daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna samar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun da kuma samar da albarkatu ga al'umma. ^[2] Shirin Kula da Marayu da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi yana ba da tallafin kuɗin makaranta tare da ba da abinci ga yara don haɓaka haɓaka ilimi. ^[2] Wani shirin kuma shi ne shirin yara mabukata da mabukata wanda ma’aikatar kananan hukumomi da raya karkara ta shirya da nufin samar da muhimman albarkatu da abinci ga iyalai marasa galihu.

Shawarwari

Shawarwari daga hukumomin gwamnati da sauran hukumomi sun isar da hanyoyin magance matsalar. ^[2] Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a cikin rahoton su na 2018 mafi muni na Ma'aikata na Yara ya bayyana cewa gyara ga Dokar Ma'aikata za ta "rage rata tsakanin hukumomi da hukumomin tilasta yin aiki don kawar da batun tare da mafi ƙarancin shekarun da ake buƙata don makaranta. ^[2] Eva Procek a cikin Takardun Tattaunawa na 2006 game da Ma'aikata na Yara a Botswana, irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za ku iya haifar da talauci a cikin jihohin Botswana. kyauta da ^[4] a cikin shirye-shiryen karatu "don hana yara fadawa cikin mummunan aiki ^[18] Bugu da ari, ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don ba da damar cikakken haɗin kai don fahimtar gaskiyar iyakar da girman batun. ^[16]

Manazarta

↑ Edmonds. E. (2008) Handbook of Development Economics, Chapter 57 Child Labor, Elsevier, p. 3607–3709. doi:10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04057-0
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 "United States Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. (2018)". Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports. Retrieved 2020-05-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "ILO. (N/A)". Conventions and Recommendations on child labour (IPEC) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 ^4.8 Procek, Eva (2006). "Discussion document on child labour in Botswana". ILO. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "ILO. (2013)". Causes (in Turanci). 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
↑ "Toney and Boo Peel. (2019)". Geography of Botswana - Where is Botswana?. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
↑ Bhalotra.S (2003). OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS. doi:10.1787/1815199X
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
↑ "Streit.K. (N/A)". Child Labor in Africa: Facts & Statistics (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-17.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Loretta E, Bass (2004). "Child labour in sub-Saharan Africa": 32. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 "Baan.M. (2020)". Children of Botswana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Katz, C (1996). "Anthropology of Work Review": 3. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Bock, J (2003). "Evolutionary demography and intrahousehold time allocation: School attendance and child labor among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana". American Journal of Human Biology (in Turanci). 14 (2): 206–221. doi:10.1002/ajhb.10040. ISSN 1042-0533. PMID 11891934. S2CID 30487369. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Okurut, F. and Yinusa, D., 2010. Determinants of Child Labour and Schooling in Botswana: Evidence from 2005/2006 Labour Force Survey. Botswana Journal of Economics, 6(10), pp.1-19. doi:10.4314/boje.v6i10.60206 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Anwar, Elspeth; Hesketh, Therese (2008-06-01). "Child labour". BMJ (in Turanci). 336 (Suppl S6): 0806248. doi:10.1136/sbmj.0806248. ISSN 1756-1833. S2CID 220110114. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 "UNICEF Botswana. (2018)". Education (in Turanci). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Bothale, E (2012). "The Case for Children's Budgeting in Botswana". International Journal of Children's Rights. 20 (3): 440–456. doi:10.1163/157181811X615933. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content

[1] Edmonds. E. (2008) Handbook of Development Economics, Chapter 57 Child Labor, Elsevier, p. 3607–3709. doi:10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04057-0

[:0-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 "United States Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. (2018)". Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports. Retrieved 2020-05-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "ILO. (N/A)". Conventions and Recommendations on child labour (IPEC) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 ^4.8 Procek, Eva (2006). "Discussion document on child labour in Botswana". ILO. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content

[5] "ILO. (2013)". Causes (in Turanci). 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-15.

[6] "Toney and Boo Peel. (2019)". Geography of Botswana - Where is Botswana?. Retrieved 2020-05-27.

[7] Bhalotra.S (2003). OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS. doi:10.1787/1815199X

[:8-8] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8

[9] "Streit.K. (N/A)". Child Labor in Africa: Facts & Statistics (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-17.

[:4-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Loretta E, Bass (2004). "Child labour in sub-Saharan Africa": 32. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:9-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 "Baan.M. (2020)". Children of Botswana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.

[:13-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Katz, C (1996). "Anthropology of Work Review": 3. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:5-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Bock, J (2003). "Evolutionary demography and intrahousehold time allocation: School attendance and child labor among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana". American Journal of Human Biology (in Turanci). 14 (2): 206–221. doi:10.1002/ajhb.10040. ISSN 1042-0533. PMID 11891934. S2CID 30487369. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content

[:7-14] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7

[:11-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Okurut, F. and Yinusa, D., 2010. Determinants of Child Labour and Schooling in Botswana: Evidence from 2005/2006 Labour Force Survey. Botswana Journal of Economics, 6(10), pp.1-19. doi:10.4314/boje.v6i10.60206 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content

[:12-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Anwar, Elspeth; Hesketh, Therese (2008-06-01). "Child labour". BMJ (in Turanci). 336 (Suppl S6): 0806248. doi:10.1136/sbmj.0806248. ISSN 1756-1833. S2CID 220110114. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content

[:3-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 "UNICEF Botswana. (2018)". Education (in Turanci). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content

[:6-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 Bothale, E (2012). "The Case for Children's Budgeting in Botswana". International Journal of Children's Rights. 20 (3): 440–456. doi:10.1163/157181811X615933. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content

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