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Ayyukan yara a Eswatini

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Ayyukan yara a Eswatini
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Fuskar aikin yara
Ƙasa Eswatini

Yin aikin yara a birnin Eswatini lamari ne mai cike da cece-kuce da ya shafi yawancin al'ummar kasar. Sau da yawa ana kallon aikin yara a matsayin abin da ya shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam saboda "aiki ne da ke hana yara ƙuruciyarsu, ƙarfinsu da mutuncinsu, kuma yana cutar da ci gaban jiki da tunani," kamar yadda kungiyar kwadago ta duniya (ILO) ta ayyana. [1] Bugu da ƙari, yin aiki da yara yana da lahani ta yadda yana hana yaro damar zuwa makaranta ko samun ilimi. [1] ILO ta gane cewa ba kowane nau'in yara da ke aiki ke da illa ba, amma wannan labarin zai mai da hankali kan nau'in aikin yara da aka yarda da shi a matsayin cutarwa ga yaran da abin ya shafa. [1]

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1914 zuwa 1947, aikin yara ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yadda gwamnatin Birtaniyya ke iko da Eswatini. [2] A baya tarihin ma’aikata na Swazi ya gaza sanin irin gudunmawar da yara suka bayar ga sana’ar ƙwadago a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wataƙila saboda ana ganin yara a matsayin ƙawayen iyayensu maimakon ɗaiɗaikun ɗaya. [2] Da farko, yara kan yi aikin da ba a biya ba, amma tun daga shekarun 1930, aikin da ake biya ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. [2] Kamar a yau, noma da noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan aikin yara. [2]

Alkaluma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin yaran da ke cikin Eswatini da ke fama da matsananciyar yanayin aiki suna fama da fataucin mutane. [3] Duk da yunƙurin gwamnatin Eswatini na rage ƙwazo, waɗanda fataucin bil adama ke fama da su a tarihi sun yi aiki a cikin mafi munin ayyukan yi wa yara aikin yi. [3] Marayu kanjamau kuma suna cikin hatsarin da za a yi amfani da su don yin aiki mai arha. [4] A shekara ta 2006, rabin dukan yaran da suka tsunduma cikin cinikin jima'i na Eswatini marayu ne. [4]

Dalilai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da aikin yara, kuma kashi 69% na Swazis suna rayuwa cikin talauci tun daga 2006. Saboda aikin yara yana tsoma baki a makaranta, ikon mutum na gujewa talauci yana raguwa sosai. Hakan na iya haifar da tarko na aikin yara, wanda kuma a cikinsa ake tilasta wa na gaba su yi aikin yara saboda har yanzu danginsu na cikin talauci. Musamman tsadar sufuri wani shinge ne da ke hana yara matalauta zuwa makaranta a yawancin kasashen Afirka. A cewar Hannie Dlamini, shugabar kungiyar agaji ta Eswatini Aids Support Organisation (EASO), “tsarin iyali ya lalace kuma babu mai kula da marayu,” ma’ana ‘yan shekara goma sha biyar ne ke da alhakin kula da gidaje.

Eswatini kasa ce mai matsakaicin kudin shiga, amma duk da haka akwai tsananin talauci saboda akwai rashin daidaiton rabon arziki. [5] Kashi 10 cikin 100 na masu hannu da shuni ne ke rike da kusan rabin dukiyar kasar, inda kashi 43 cikin 100 na kasa ke fama da talauci. [5] A cikin 1999, UNICEF ta gano cewa yara da yawa sun fara zuwa aiki ne saboda iyayensu ba su da aikin yi, kuma iyali suna buƙatar hanyar samun kuɗi. [6]

Yara marayu suna cikin haɗari, kuma marayu da yawa sun rasa iyayensu saboda cutar AIDS. [4] [6] Eswatini ita ce ta fi kowacce yawan masu dauke da cutar kanjamau a duniya, inda kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. [7] [8]

Yawan yara a cikin gida kuma yana shafar raunin aikin yara. [9] Saboda yanayin da ake ganin ingancin yaro yana raguwa yayin da adadin yara a cikin iyali ke karuwa, iyaye da sauran mutane ba su damu da kare yaran da suka fito daga manyan iyalai ba. [9] Bugu da ƙari, manyan iyalai suna da ƙarin mutane da za su raba kuɗin shiga da albarkatun su tsakanin, saboda haka suna ƙara haɗarin talauci. [9]

Rigima akan ɗabi'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake ana yawan ganin yin aikin yara a matsayin mummunan abu saboda an gano yana da alaƙa da mace-macen matasa, wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa bai kamata a hana shi ba. [10] [11] Misali, ya kamata a bar yaro ya yi aiki bayan ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar aiki da son rai? [10] Rashin talauci na Eswatini ya haifar da bukatar yara suyi aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara. [5] Har ila yau, kashi 66% na al'ummar kasar ba sa iya biyan bukatu na yau da kullum, don haka a wasu lokuta, aikin yara kanana zai iya zama mafita ga iyali. [5]

ILO ta kuma gane cewa wasu nau'ikan aikin yara na iya halatta kuma ta bambanta tsakanin "aikin yara" da "aiki mai haɗari." [1] A cikin 2012, kungiyar ta ba da rahoton cewa yara miliyan 168 masu shekaru 5-17 suna fama da aikin yara a duk duniya, tare da miliyan 85 na waɗannan lamuran da aka ɗauka a matsayin aiki mai haɗari. [1]

Kokarin rage aikin yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A duniya baki daya, an yi nasara a kokarin rage ayyukan yi wa yara aikin yi a shekarun baya-bayan nan. [1] ILO ta ba da rahoton cewa duka aikin yara da ayyukan haɗari sun ragu tun 2000. [1]

Ƙoƙarin nahiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1963, an kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), tare da Eswatini ya shiga cikin 1968. [12] Manufarta ita ce a amince da jerin sunayen haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da kuma tilasta su a faɗin duniya. [12] Kungiyar ta samar da Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a a shekarar 1981, wadda ta kunshi labarin kare yara. [12] [13] A shekara ta 2002, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta maye gurbin OAU, wanda hangen nesanta shi ne "hadaddiyar kasa, wadata da zaman lafiya, da 'yan kasarta ke tafiyar da ita da kuma wakiltar wani karfi mai karfi a fagen duniya." [14]

Sokar aiki ta 1980

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Eswatini ta kuma yi kokari da dama mai zaman kanta domin rage ayyukan yi da kananan yara. [15] A cikin 1980, an zartar da Dokar Aiki, wanda ke ba da umurni cewa kada a yi wa yara aiki don kowane aikin masana'antu, sai dai idan yaron ya kasance dan gidan kai tsaye na ma'aikaci, ko kuma aikin ya kasance na ilimi. [15] Dokar Aiki ta bayyana yaro a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 15 ba. [15] Ga ma’aikatan da ba na masana’antu ba, dokar ta haramta wa yara aiki a lokutan makaranta, na dare, sama da sa’o’i 6 a rana ko sa’o’i 33 a mako, ko fiye da sa’o’i hudu a ci gaba da aiki ba tare da hutun awa daya ba. [15]

Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Aiki ta fayyace hane-hane don ɗaukar “matasa,” wanda aka ayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka haura shekaru 15 amma ƙasa da 18. [15] Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar ilimi ita ce babban keɓanta ga ƙuntatawa, kamar yadda Ministan zai iya amincewa da koyo ko horar da sana'a. [15] An hana yara da matasa duka daga aikin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ya haɗa da sayar da barasa, ko kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jiki ko ta tunanin su. [15]

Daya daga cikin illolin da ake yi wa aikin yara shi ne hana yara samun ilimi

RECLISA Project

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2004, an ƙaddamar da aikin RECLISA (Rage Exploitative Child Labor in Southern Africa) a Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia da Eswatini. [16] Aikin da aka yi niyya ga duka waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙwazo da waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, aikin ya tallafa wa yara 2,000 a Eswatini. [16] Baya ga tabbatar da an shigar da yara a makarantun firamare da sakandare, aikin ya yi kokari wajen wayar da kan jama’a game da cin zarafin yara. [16] A cikin shekaru huɗu na farko, Ayyukan Gudanar da Khulisa ne suka ɗauki nauyin aikin RECLISA. [16] Tun daga lokacin, gwamnatin Swazi ta karbe kudade don ci gaba da tallafawa yara. [3] [16] A shekarar 2014, gwamnatin kasar Swazi ta tallafa wa marayu da sauran kananan yara masu rauni ta hanyar biyan kudin makaranta tare da tsara yadda za su taimaka wajen biyan kudin shekarar karshe ta firamare na karin yara. [3] Koyaya, saboda Eswatini ba shi da shekarun ilimi na tilas, wannan yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi kuma ya sami nasara kaɗan kawai. [3]

Amincewa da yarjejeniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Eswatini ya amince da yarjejeniyar ILO mafi ƙarancin shekaru (C138) da ILO mafi muni na Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata na Yara (C182) a cikin 2002. [3] Ta kuma rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a 1992, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. [17]

Nau'in aikin yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A duk duniya, kashi 58.6% na ma'aikatan yara suna aikin noma. [1] A Eswatini, kashi 84% na talakawan kasar suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, kuma kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne kan noman noma don rayuwa. [5] [18] A sakamakon haka, aikin noma ya mamaye aikin yara a Eswatini. [5] Musamman manyan kayayyakin da ake samu a kasar nan su ne rake, masara, saiwoyi da tubers. [19] Itacen itace, citrus da sauran 'ya'yan itace, auduga, da nama suma suna da mahimmanci ga bangaren noma na Eswatini. Kiwon dabbobi, nau'in aikin noma, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi tsanani nau'in aikin yara. [3]

Masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan masana'antu sune nau'in aikin yara na uku a duniya, a kashi 7.2%. [1] Kamfanoni da dama na duniya irin su Coca-Cola da Cadbury sun zuba jari a Eswatini, inda suka gina masana'antu a can. [20] Hakar ma'adinan kwal da lu'u-lu'u a tarihi sun kasance manyan masana'antu, amma mahimmancinsu ya ragu sosai tun shekarun 1960. [20] Har ila yau Eswatini na fitar da masaku zuwa kasashen waje, amma dubban ma'aikatan masaku sun rasa ayyukansu a shekarar 2015 lokacin da aka cire kasar daga yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta gaskiya da Amurka ta kulla, saboda matsalolin kare hakkin bil'adama. [21]

Aikin jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci yana daya daga cikin mafi tsanani nau'i na aikin yara, tare da marayu musamman masu rauni. [3] Yawancin yaran da ke yin jima'i a Eswatini suna rayuwa nesa da wurin haihuwarsu. [22] Ana fataucin 'yan mata zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, suna cinikin lalata da abinci. [22] Yawan karuwanci da sauran nau'o'in aikin jima'i suna yada cututtuka masu yaduwa, suna ci gaba da batun HIV a Eswatini. [23]

Yawon shakatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 20, masana'antun yawon shakatawa na Eswatini sun amfana daga rashin yaki da zaman lafiya a kasar. [24] Domin nishadantar da ’yan yawon bude ido, a wasu lokuta ana daukar yara aikin yi da sanya kayan gargajiya. [24] Tare da babbar hanya mai ban sha'awa a Piggs Peak, alal misali, yara masu tsada suna rawa don yawon bude ido don kuɗi. [4]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "What is child labour". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Simelane, H. S. (1998). "Landlords, The State, and Child Labor in Colonial Swaziland". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 31 (3): 571–593. doi:10.2307/221476. JSTOR 221476.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor". Bureau of International Labor Affairs. United States Department of Labor. 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Growing number of children working". The inside story on emergencies. IRIN. 10 November 2006.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Rural poverty in the Kingdom of Swaziland". Rural Poverty Portal. IFAD.
  6. 1 2 Riba, Velephi (8 November 2006). "Child Labour: Pull and Push Factors in Swaziland" (PDF). RECLISA Swaziland Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Chothia, Farouk (12 July 2011). "Swaziland: A kingdom in crisis". News. BBC.
  8. ↑ "Swaziland country profile". News. BBC. 22 January 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Becker, Gary S.; Lewis, H. Gregg (2016). "On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children". Journal of Political Economy. 81 (2, Part 2): S279–S288. doi:10.1086/260166. S2CID 152624744.
  10. 1 2 Basu, K. (1999). "Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 37 (3): 1083–1119. doi:10.1257/jel.37.3.1083. S2CID 18155508.
  11. ↑ Roggero, Paola (February 2007). "The health impact of child labor in developing countries: evidence from cross-country data". American Journal of Public Health. 97 (2): 271–275. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066829. PMC 1781398. PMID 17194870.
  12. 1 2 3 Neff, Stephen C. (1984). "Human Rights in Africa: Thoughts on the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in the Light of Case Law from Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 33 (2): 331–347. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/33.2.331. JSTOR 759063.
  13. ↑ "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. 2016. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  14. ↑ "AU in a Nutshell". African Union. African Union. 2016. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The Employment Act, 1980" (PDF). Government of Swaziland. 26 September 1980.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Mazibuko, Mandla. "Reducing Exploitive Child Labor in Southern Africa (RECLISA) The case of Save the Children Swaziland" (PDF). RECLISA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  17. ↑ "Ratification Table: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  18. ↑ "Swaziland looks to a revitalized agriculture sector". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. UN. 2016. Archived from the original on 2025-04-28. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
  19. ↑ "Swaziland". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistics Division. FaoStat. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  20. 1 2 "Swaziland - Industry". Nations Encyclopedia. Advameg. 2016.
  21. ↑ Cowie, Sam (3 April 2015). "Swaziland textile industry hit by removal of US free trade agreement". Globalization. Deutsche Welle.
  22. 1 2 Keregero, Miriam (1 January 2006). "Commercial sexual exploitation of children in Swaziland". The Department of Labour (Swaziland).
  23. ↑ Patt, Martin. "The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children". Child Prostitution.
  24. 1 2 Hall, James (14 April 2004). "Swazi tourism looks to the future". Mail & Guardian: Africa's Best Read. Mail & Guardian Online.
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