Baƙaƙen Seminoles
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
|---|---|
Black Indians in the United States (en)  da Seminole (en) |
Seminoles Black Seminoles, ko Afro-Seminoles, ƙabila ce ta gauraye ƴan asalin Amirkawa da asalin Afirka[1] da ke da alaƙa da mutanen Seminole a Florida da Oklahoma. Yawancin su zuriyar jinni ne na mutanen Seminole, 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci, da kuma tserewa tsoffin bayi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Seminole a Florida ta Spain. Tarihinsu ya haɗa da ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da mamayewa da bauta tare da kiyaye al'adunsu daban-daban da sake haɗawa da danginsu a duk faɗin ƙasashen Afirka. Mutane da yawa suna da zuriyar Seminole, amma saboda rashin kunya na samun tushen gauraye,[2] an kasafta su duka a matsayin bayi ko 'Yanci a baya.[3]
A tarihi, Baƙar fata Seminoles sun rayu galibi a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kusa da Seminoles na Asalin Amirka. Wasu an rike su a matsayin bayi, musamman na shugabannin Seminole, amma Black Seminole yana da 'yanci fiye da yadda bayin da fararen fata ke rike da su a Kudu da sauran kabilun Amurkawa, gami da 'yancin ɗaukar makamai.[4][5] A yau, zuriyar Black Seminole suna rayuwa da farko a cikin yankunan karkara a kusa da Seminole Nation na Oklahoma. Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancinta guda biyu, Ƙungiyar Kaisar Bruner da Dosar Barkus Band,[6] suna wakiltar Babban Majalisar Ƙasa. Sauran cibiyoyin suna cikin Florida, Texas, Bahamas, da arewacin Mexico.[7] Al'adunsu hade ne na Afirka, Gullah, Seminole, Mexican, Caribbean, da al'adun Turai.
Tun daga 1930s, Seminole Freedmen sun yi kokawa da zagayowar keɓewa daga Seminole Tribe na Oklahoma. A cikin 1990, ƙabilar ta sami mafi rinjayen amincewar dala miliyan 56 da Amurka ta yi, don kwace filaye a Florida a 1823, kuma 'Yancin sun yi aiki don samun rabo daga ciki. A cikin 1999, an yi watsi da ƙarar Seminole Freedmen na gwamnati a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka don Zagayawa ta Goma; Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'Yancin ba za su iya kawo kara ba tare da 'yan Seminole Nation na Oklahoma ba, wanda ya ki shiga kan batun da'awar.[8]
A cikin 2000 al'ummar Seminole ta kada kuri'a don takaita zama memba ga wadanda za su iya tabbatar da zuriyarsu daga Seminole kan Dawes Rolls na farkon karni na 20, wanda ya ware kusan 1,200 'Yancin da aka hada a baya a matsayin membobi. 'Yancin da aka cire suna jayayya cewa Dawes Rolls ba daidai ba ne kuma galibi ana rarraba mutane tare da Seminole da zuriyar Afirka a matsayin 'Yanci kawai. Kotun Gundumar Columbia ta yanke hukunci a Seminole Nation na Oklahoma v. Norton cewa 'Yancin sun ci gaba da kasancewa memba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a.[9]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Espanya su ne Turawa na farko da suka yi mulkin mallaka a Florida da Arewacin Amirka a karni na 16. Yankin Mutanen Espanya Florida ya haɗa da Georgia, Carolinas, Mississippi, da Alabama. Kafin mulkin mallaka, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun rayu a ƙasar tsawon dubban shekaru inda suke farauta, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, da gudanar da bukukuwan addini. Bayan lokaci, hulɗar Turai ta shafi rayuwar ƴan asalin ƙasar. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar Sipaniya Florida sun kare ƙasarsu daga turawa mazauna da masu mulkin mallaka. A karni na 17, Mutanen Espanya ba su da albarkatun don kare duk yankin Florida. Spain ta rasa iko da Carolinas a cikin 1633 da yankin Jojiya a 1670 zuwa Ingilishi (British).[10]
Don gujewa rikici da Turawa, mutanen Muscogee daga Alabama da Georgia sun gudu zuwa Florida don neman sababbin ƙasashe. Bayan lokaci Creek (Muscogee) sun kasance tare da sauran ragowar ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin Amirkawa na Kudu maso Gabashin Amirka, irin su Miccosukee, Choctaw, da Apalachicola, kuma sun kafa al'ummomi. Sauran kabilun Amurkawa na asali, Yuchis da Yamasees, sun haɗu da Muscogee kuma ta hanyar tsarin ethnogenesis, 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun kafa Seminole. Spain ta ba da ƙasa ga wasu ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na Muscogee (Creek). Al'ummarsu ta samo asali ne a ƙarshen 18th da farkon ƙarni na 19 yayin da raƙuman ruwa na Creek suka bar Georgia a yau da Alabama a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga matsugunan fararen fata da Wars Creek. A cikin 1773, lokacin da masanin halitta ɗan Amurka William Bartram ya ziyarci yankin, ya kira Seminole a matsayin mutane na musamman. Ya yi imanin cewa sunan su ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "simanó-li", wanda a cewar John Reed Swanton, "Criques ke amfani da su ga mutanen da suka kaura daga garuruwa masu yawan gaske kuma suke zama da kansu."[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Mahon p. 21, 60, and continuous
- ↑ Mills p. 331-332
- ↑ Robertson, Ray Van (2008). "Prejudice and the Estelusti: A Qualitative Examination of Contemporary Status". Journal of African American Studies. 12 (3): 266–282. doi:10.1007/s12111-008-9041-x. JSTOR 41819174. Retrieved 27 February 2024
- ↑ Alexander, Otis (6 April 2022). "The Black Maroons of Florida (1693-1850)". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ↑ Gershon, Livia (29 November 2020). "The History of the Black Seminoles The community's resilient history speaks of repeated invasions and resistance to enslavement". JSTOR Daily. JSTOR. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ↑ Kevin Mulroy (2007). The Seminole Freedmen: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8061-3865-7.
- ↑ Howard, Rosalyn; Hahn, Steven (2005). "Black Seminoles in the Bahamas". African Diaspora Archeology Newsletter. 8 (4): 1–6. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ↑ "DAVIS v. UNITED STATES (1999)". FindLaw. September 21, 1999. Retrieved February 25, 2024
- ↑ The long fight for Freedmen citizenship continues in Oklahoma tribal nations", NonDoc, 4 March 2022
- ↑ Setting the stage: The early Spanish Period in Florida 1565–1763". Florida Arts and Culture. Florida Humanities. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2025
- ↑ John Reed Swanton (1922). Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 398. The name, as is well known, is applied by the Creeks to people who remove from populous towns and live by themselves, and it is commonly stated that the Seminole consisted of "runaways" and outlaws from the Creek Nation proper. A careful study of their history, however, shows this to be only a partial statement of the case