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Baƙar fata a Ireland

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Baƙar fata a Ireland

Baƙar fata a Ireland, wanda kuma aka sani da Black Irish, Baƙar fata da Irish ko a cikin Irish: Daoine Goirme/Daoine Dubha, ƙungiya ce ta kabilu da yawa na mutanen Irish na zuriyar Afirka. Bakar fata, ’yan Afirka da kuma mutanen Afirka sun zauna a Ireland da yawa tun daga karni na 18. A cikin karni na 18th an fi mayar da su a cikin manyan birane da garuruwa, musamman a cikin Limerick, Cork, Belfast, Kinsale, Waterford, da Dublin yankunan. Haɓaka ƙaura ya haifar da haɓakar al'umma a duk faɗin Ireland. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2022, mutane 67,546 sun bayyana a matsayin Baƙar fata ko Baƙar fata Irish masu asalin Afirka, yayin da mutane 8,699 suka bayyana a matsayin Baƙar fata ko Baƙar fata Irish tare da kowane Baƙar fata.

Tarihi

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Daga cikin misalai na farko na kasancewar baƙar fata a Ireland ya fito ne daga asusun da aka ba da cewa a kusa da 860AD, a lokacin Viking na zamani lokacin da Scandinavian Dublin ke da Kasuwar bayi mai aiki, an tattara fursunonin baƙar fata zuwa Maroko kuma daga baya aka sayar da su a Ireland ta zamani.[1]

A cikin karni na 18 ya zama ruwan dare kuma har ma da kyau ga iyalai na Anglo-Irish na tsakiya su dauki ma'aikatan baƙar fata zuwa cikin gidajensu a matsayin alamar wadata da daraja.[2] Musamman, samun wani matashi baƙar fata ya halarci wata mace ta Anglo-Irish na gidan an dauke shi alamar wadata ta musamman da matsayi mai girma a cikin al'umma.[3] Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ma'aikatan baƙar fata a Ireland a wannan lokacin shine Tony Small . [4] A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka (1775-1783), Small ya tsere wa masu shi daga Kudancin Carolina, ya sami Ubangiji Edward Fitzgerald a cikin yanayin kusa da mutuwa kuma ya taimaka masa ya warke. Daga baya, Ubangiji Fitzgerald ya koma Ireland, inda Tony Small ya zama ƙaunataccen aboki ga iyalin. Daga baya, a kan tafiya zuwa London, Tony ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, wata yarinya ta Faransa mai suna Julia. Ma'auratan daga baya sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, Moirico, Harriet Pamela da Edward, sun koma London kuma sun kafa kasuwanci.[4] 

Kodayake yawancin baƙar fata a cikin gidajen Anglo-Irish sun kasance bayi na Afirka, ba duk wasu baƙar fata da ke Ireland a wannan lokacin ba ne suka zama bayi ba. Mutane da yawa sun kasance ma'aikatan gida masu zaman kansu, mawaƙa masu tafiya, masu zane-zane, sojoji da 'yan kasuwa. Sauran ma'aikata ne waɗanda ke karɓar albashi kuma an ɗauke su 'yanci. Ƙananan adadin tsoffin bautar baƙi na Amurka sun koma Ireland. Baya ga Tony Small, mai wa'azi John Jea da masanin William G. Allen dukansu sun zauna a Ireland na shekaru da yawa kafin dukansu uku su koma Ingila.[5][4]

Wasu baƙar fata da suka zauna a Ireland sun shiga cikin yawan mutanen Irish, gami da shiga cikin auren da aka haɗu da kuma samun yara tare da fararen mutanen Irish.[6] 'Mulatto Jack' shi ma yaro ne na auren launin fata. An sace shi daga Ireland a farkon karni na 18, daga baya aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa a Antigua.[7] Bayan ya taimaka wajen shirya tawaye na bayi, masu mulkin mallaka sun gano shi, kuma an tattauna da sakin sa na watanni da yawa har sai an amince da shi don dawo da shi zuwa Ireland.[8] Mawakin Black Irish Rachael Baptist, wanda aka fi sani da Rachael Crow, ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a duk faɗin Ireland a tsakiyar karni na 18, tare da yin shekaru 10 a Ingila.[9] Dangane da akalla ƙididdiga ɗaya, yawan baƙar fata a Ireland a cikin karni na 18 ya kasance daga dubu biyu zuwa uku tare da mutane da yawa da ke zaune a Dublin, wannan maida hankali ya sanya birnin ya zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin karni ya 18 a Turai, bayan London, dangane da Mazaunan baƙar fata.[10]

Tsohon bayi da suka ziyarci ko suka ziyarci Ireland sun hada da Olaudah Equiano da Frederick Douglass .

Mutanen Afro-Caribbean sun fito ne daga mutanen Irish Caribbean, musamman wadanda ke Barbados, Jamaica, da Montserrat, sau da yawa suna da sunayen Irish, suna magana da wani nau'i na Caribbean Turanci wanda ya rinjayi yaren Irish kuma, a wasu lokuta, suna raira waƙoƙin Irish. [11][12]

Tun lokacin da aka raba shi

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Jamhuriyar Ireland

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Tsakanin Karni na 20

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A tsakiyar karni na 20, gwamnatin Irish ta gudanar da tsare-tsare da nufin jan hankalin dalibai daga kasashen Afirka, tare da manufar samar musu da ƙwarewar da za ta zama da amfani a ci gaban sabbin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu.[13] A shekara ta 1962, akwai daliban Afirka 1,100 a Ireland, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya cikin goma na yawan ɗalibai.[14] Yawancin waɗannan tsare-tsaren an sauƙaƙe su ta amfani da alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mishan na Irish. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da horo na soja, tare da kwalejin soja da ke karbar tawagar 'yan wasan Zambiya a 1967, suna mai nuna rashin tarihin mulkin mallaka na Ireland. Kasancewarsu galibi na wucin gadi ne tun lokacin da mutane da yawa suka koma kasashensu bayan kammala karatunsu kuma suka sami isasshen ƙwarewa don bunƙasa a gida.[15] Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1960 har zuwa kusan shekarun 1990, yawan mutanen Afirka a Ireland, kodayake sun kasance ƙananan, sun ƙunshi ba kawai ɗalibai ba amma na baƙi da ƙwararru, kamar likitoci.[13]

Misalan ɗaliban baƙar fata na Afirka a Ireland a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Jaja Wachuku, wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin a cikin 1940s kuma daga baya zai zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa a asalinsa Najeriya .[16]

Lokacin Celtic Tiger

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Karin yawan mutanen da ba fararen fata ba na Ireland ya fara ne tare da bunkasa Irish na 1997 zuwa 2009 ya kasance saboda wani bangare na dokokin da suka mallaki 'yan asalin Irish tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Jamhuriyar Ireland a 1937. Wadannan dokoki, wadanda suka ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta fassara su na ɗan lokaci kamar yadda suka ba da damar iyaye waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar Irish ba su kasance a cikin jihar bisa ga haƙƙin' ya'yansu 'yan ƙasar Ireland. A shekara ta 2001 gwamnati a karkashin Taoiseach Bertie Ahern ta aika da Tánaiste Mary Harney a kan tafiya ta duniya don gayyatar mutane su zo Ireland. Harney ya ziyarci kasashe 5 a Afirka, gami da Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu wanda daga ƙarshe ya ga mutane da yawa suna ƙaura zuwa Ireland. Wannan bayar da izini ta atomatik ta ƙare a cikin 2007, biyo bayan yanke shawara na Kotun Koli.[17] Kamar yadda Ireland ke magana da Ingilishi, da kuma yawan shige da fice tsakanin Ingila da Jamhuriyar, yawancin baƙi a Ireland baƙi ne (ko zuriya daga) ƙasashen Commonwealth a cikin Caribbean da Afirka.[18] Kwaskwarimar Kashi na ashirin da bakwai na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland ta canza cancantar zama ɗan ƙasar Irish a shekara ta 2004.[19]

Ƙididdigar Irish ta 2006 ta rubuta mutane 40,525 na kabilun baƙar fata na Afirka da mutane 3,793 na kowane baƙar fata da ke zaune a Jamhuriyar daga cikin yawan jama'a 4,172,013, ma'ana cewa kashi 1.06 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin baƙar fata.[18] Sakamakon farko na ƙidayar jama'a na 2011 ya rubuta mutane 58,697 na ƙabilar Afirka baƙar fata da mutane 6,381 na kowane baƙar fata mai zama a Jamhuriyar daga cikin yawan jama'a 4,525,281, ma'ana cewa kashi 1.42 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin baƙar fata.

Bum na Celtic Tiger na 1992-2007 ya kuma ƙara ƙaura zuwa Ireland daga dukkan sassan duniya, ciki har da Afirka, kuma hakan ya haifar da jinkirin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen a Ofishin Shige da Fice na Garda. Ga wadanda ba EU ba, wannan ya haifar da tsauraran dokoki da ɗaruruwan korar waɗanda ba su cancanci mafaka ko shiga ba. [ana binciken hujja] [ana bukatar] Wasu shari'o'in mafaka da suka gaza sun sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai sosai, kamar na Pamela Izevbekhai, wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'ya'yanta mata za su iya yi wa mata kaciya bayan an korisu, kuma wata 'yar ta mutu daga irin wannan tsari a cikin 1994. Duk da gabatar da ƙararta ga Seanad a 2008 da Kotun Koli ta Ireland 1 da Kotun Koli ta Ireland 1 da Kotun Koli ta Ireland ta samu. cewa yin amfani da takardun jabun bai isa ba.[ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

An lura da yankuna daban-daban da cewa suna da manyan kungiyoyin mutane da suka fito daga Afirka ta Kudu fiye da yawancin ƙasar. Garin Gort, County Galway, gida ne ga yawancin mutanen Brazil, gami da baƙar fata da mutane masu launin fata.[20]

Shekaru na 2010 da yanzu

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Bayan rikicin baƙi na Turai na 2015, 'yan gudun hijira daga yankunan rikici a Arewa, Gabas da Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar Eritrea, Sudan, Somaliya, Kongo, da Burundi sun zauna a Ireland.

Cibiyar samar da kayayyaki kai tsaye a Athlone, Jamhuriyar Ireland

Akwai ƙalubalen da yawa da baƙar fata na Ireland suka lura, gami da wariyar launin fata, ci gaba da ra'ayi, da rashin daidaito a ilimi.

Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira daga ƙasashen Afirka suna zaune a cikin tsarin samar da kai tsaye na Ireland, tsarin karɓar mafaka ga masu neman mafaka wanda aka hukunta akai-akai saboda lokutan sarrafawa da kuma rashin ingancin rayuwa.[21]

Arewacin Ireland

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Sojojin Afirka na Amurka a Arewacin Ireland a 1942.

Yaƙin Duniya na II

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Sojojin Afirka da yawa sun kasance a Arewacin Ireland a matsayin wani ɓangare na shigar Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu . Halin wadanda ke Arewacin Ireland ya kasance 'yawanci makaho', tare da karɓar da aka bayar daga al'ummomin Katolika da Furotesta, waɗanda suka kalli sojoji masu ziyara da farko a matsayin Amurkawa. Gwamnatin Stormont ta ki aiwatar da dokokin wariyar launin fata bisa umarnin sojojin Amurka, kodayake akwai lokuta na wariyar launin fatar da ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi daga jahilci. An ba da shawarar cewa akwai, duk da haka, bambancin bi da sojojin Amurka da baƙar fata na Arewacin Ireland suka yi, musamman a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na yakin. Rashin mashaya mai launi, gabaɗaya, a cikin magani a Arewacin Ireland ya haifar da jin cewa ana iya samun daidaito a gida kamar yadda yake a ƙasashen waje. Mata da yawa da suka shiga cikin dangantaka da sojojin Amurka, baƙar fata ko fari, sun yi barazanar ostracism daga al'ummarsu. Yawancin kafofin watsa labarai game da sojojin baƙar fata na Amurka sun dogara sosai ga ra'ayoyi, koda kuwa ɗaukar hoto ya fi kyau. Duk da cewa Gwamnatin Stormont ba ta adana rubuce-rubuce game da haihuwar yara masu launin fata ba, kafofin hukuma da wadanda ba hukuma ba sun lura da haihuwar da yawa. An kuma lura da daidaito tsakanin fararen sojoji da baƙar fata kamar yadda ya haifar da babbar fushi tsakanin fararen sojojin.[22]

Matsalar

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Yawancin baƙar fata daga ƙasar Burtaniya sun kasance a Arewacin Ireland a lokacin Matsalar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tura Sojojin Burtaniya. Ƙananan mutane 3,000 da aka azabtar da tashin hankali a lokacin Matsalar baƙar fata ne, duka sojojin Sojojin Burtaniya da fararen hula.[23]

Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau

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At the time of the 2001 United Kingdom census, of the total population of Northern Ireland (1,685,267), 255 people described their ethnicity as Black Caribbean, 494 as Black African and 387 as Other Black, meaning that the total Black population was 1,136. These figures do not include individuals who described themselves as being of mixed-race.[24] The UK census of 2011 recorded 3,616 Black people in Northern Ireland (0.2% of the total population).[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span>] The next census will be in 2021.

Kazalika da taimako daga Hukumar Daidaitawa ta Arewacin Ireland, an kafa kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta tallafa wa Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Arewacin ƙasar Ireland (ACSONI) a shekara ta 2003 don wakiltar ra'ayoyin baƙar fata. ACSONI ta shirya wani rahoto a cikin 2011 game da ra'ayoyin wasu mazauna da kuma ilimin Afirka da 'yan Afirka.

Gidajen uwa da jariri

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An lura cewa an haifi kimanin yara 275 na launin fata kuma an gudanar da su a Gidajen Uwargida da Jariri tsakanin 1922 da 1998. Ciki tsakanin ma'aurata na White Irish da baƙar fata ba sa haifar da aure, tare da haifar da yara sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, suna barin su da bayanan da ba cikakke ba na tarihin iyali.[25] Yara masu launin fata sun kasance suna fuskantar nuna bambanci a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin, tare da ba a ba da su kaɗan don tallafi a daidai adadin da jarirai White Irish. An aika da mutane da yawa don 'ƙin yarda' ga yara da aka ɗauka 'marasa karɓa' bisa ga launin fatar su. Wani rahoto a cikin Gidajen Uwargida da Jariri ya musanta cewa akwai nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin.[26]

Wani shahararren misali na nuna bambancin launin fata ga yara masu launin fata a Ireland da kuma ko'ina cikin Burtaniya shine binciken da Masana ilimin ɗan adam Rachel Fleming da Herbert Fleur suka gudanar a 1924. Ya bincika bayyanar jiki na yara Black Irish kuma ya bayyana siffofin su na musamman dangane da tseren.[27] Sun nuna "duniyar" waɗannan yara ta hanyar kwatanta siffofin su da na yara na Burtaniya kawai, suna ba da shawarar cewa ba za su iya kamawa ko zama iri ɗaya ba. A cikin 1930 Muriel Fletcher, masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa, ya samar da irin wannan rahoto, kodayake yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin halayyar dangantakar launin fata da yaransu.[27] Dukkanin binciken sun kammala cewa halaye na jiki da na ɗabi'a na yara masu launin fata suna da lahani kuma za su hana su shiga cikin al'umma a nan gaba.[28]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, musamman daga 1942 har zuwa 1945, an kafa adadi mai yawa na sojojin Black American a duk faɗin Burtaniya. Matsayi na yankunan karkara na sansanonin sojojinsu sau da yawa ya haifar da alaƙar launin fata tsakanin matan White British da Irish da GIs na Afirka. Wadannan dangantaka ba sa haifar da aure, kodayake sau da yawa ga ciki. Yaran irin wannan kawance sau da yawa sun ƙare a cikin Gidajen Uwargida da Jariri, waɗanda aka ba su don tallafi, kodayake wasu sun kasance a cikin iyalan mahaifiyarsu, duk da kasancewa samfurin al'amuran lokacin yaƙi.[29] Koyaya, jarirai masu launin fata ba kawai 'ya'yan GIs na Amurka ba ne, har ma da ɗaliban Afirka.[30]

Black Irish a cikin siyasa

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Ireland ba ta taba zabar Teachta Dála (TD) ko Sanata na asalin Afirka ba. Hakazalika, ba a taɓa samun wani memba na Black majalisar ba, ko shugaban babban ma'aikatar gwamnati ba. Baƙar fata ba su da wakilci a siyasar Irish. An ba da shawarar dalilai da yawa game da wannan rashin wakilci, gami da cewa mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun fi sauran jama'a ƙuruciya, tsarin jefa kuri'a na PR-STV ya kasa sauƙaƙe wakilcin 'yan tsiraru da ba a taru a cikin yanki ɗaya ba, da kuma yanayin siyasa na Irish yana da wahala ga baƙi su yi muhimmiyar alaƙa ta siyasa.[31]

A shekara ta 2007, an zabi dan gudun hijira da ɗan siyasa na Najeriya Rotimi Adebari a matsayin magajin gari na Portlaoise, magajin gari baƙar fata na farko a Ireland. A shekara ta 2011, Darren Scully ya yi murabus a matsayin magajin gari na Naas bayan ya bayyana cewa zai ki wakiltar "baƙi na Afirka" saboda "tsananin fushi da mummunar hali".

A cikin 2018, mai zane-zane na Black Irish Kevin Sharkey ya nemi gabatarwa don yin takara a zaben shugaban kasa, ya kasa samun gabatarwa daga ko dai majalisun ko Oireachtas.[32] Sharkey ya gudu a kan wani dandamali na yaki da shige da fice.[33]

Ya zuwa 2021, akwai 'yan majalisa biyu kawai daga cikin 949 - Cllr. Uruemu Adejinmi, wanda ke wakiltar Fianna Fáil a Majalisar Gundumar Longford, da Cllr. Yemi Adenuga, tsohon tauraron Gogglebox Ireland wanda ke wakiltar Fine Gael a Majalisar Gundumar Meath . Adenuga ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Ireland.[34] A cikin 2021, Adejinmi ba tare da nasara ba ya nemi zaben Fianna Fáil don zaben Seanad na 2021. Tsohon mai neman mafaka Ellie Kisyombe, asalinsa daga Malawi, ya gudu don mazabar Arewacin Inner City ta Dublin tare da Social Democrats a lokacin zaben kananan hukumomi na 2019, ya zama tsohon mai neman mafakar farko da ya nemi zabe a Jamhuriyar Ireland. Ta kasa samun zabe, bayan rashin daidaituwa a cikin jadawalin lokacinta don neman mafaka ya fito.[35]

In June 2021, Lilian Seenoi-Barr, who is Maasai and originally from Kenya, was co-opted by the SDLP to the Derry and Strabane District Council, becoming Northern Ireland's first Black councillor. She subsequently retained her place on the council at the 2023 Northern Ireland local elections. In April 2024, she was selected as the next first citizen of Derry City and Strabane, making her Northern Ireland's first black mayor.[36]

Tasirin al'adun Irish da haɗin kai

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Addini

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An lura da shige da fice daga Afirka kamar yadda yake kara yawan mabiyan Furotesta a Ireland, yana ba da gudummawa ga juyawa a cikin raguwar lambobi. An kuma lura da wasu firistocin Katolika kamar yadda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Ireland daga ƙasashen Afirka, saboda raguwar adadin firistoci a cikin Ikklisiyoyin Irish.[37]

Waƙoƙi, rubuce-rubuce, da kuma magana

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Waƙar 'For Our Mothers', ta mawakiyar Najeriya-Irish Felicia Olusanya (FeliSpeaks) an nuna ta a cikin tsarin karatun Takardar shaidar barin 2023.[38] Mawallafi Emma Dabiri tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Irish da yawa tare da al'adun Afirka.

A watan Yulin 2021, ƙungiyar daga Jami'ar Maynooth, wacce ta kunshi Rí Anumudu da Chikemka Abuchi-Ogbonda, ta zama ƙungiyar Black Irish ta farko da ta lashe babbar gasar Irish Times Debating Competition.

Harshen Irish

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An lura da yawancin mutanen Irish na asalin Afirka a matsayin Gaeilge estudi (masu magana da harshen Irish), kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga juyin halitta na harshen, kamar masu watsa shirye-shirye Zainab Boladale da Ola Majekodunmi.

Wasanni

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Mai tsere da filin wasa Isra'ila Olatunde mai tsere ne wanda ya wakilci Ireland a lokuta da yawa. Yana riƙe da rikodin Irish na tseren 60m da 100m, kuma an kira shi "mutumin da ya fi sauri a Ireland". [39]

Yawancin 'yan wasa a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ireland sun fito ne daga asalin Afirka.

A cikin kafofin watsa labarai

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Shahararrun mutane

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Baƙar fata a Ireland

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Baƙar fata Irish da suka yi hijira

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Masu ƙaura zuwa Faransa

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  • Kwame Ampadu, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa

Masu ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya

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Lokacin da aka taɓa tambayar yadda yake Black da Irish, ana zaton mawaƙi Phil Lynott ya amsa "Yana da ɗan kama da kasancewa ɗan Guinness".[40]
  • Emma Dabiri, marubuciya, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye
  • Layla Flaherty, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin
  • Rianna Jarrett, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Phil Lynott, mawaƙin dutse, bassist kuma jagorar mai ba da labari na Thin LizzyLizzy mai laushi
  • Cassia O'Reilly, mawaƙiya
  • Darren Randolph, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Christopher Simpson, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo

Masu ƙaura zuwa Amurka

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  • Samantha Mumba, mawaƙan pop
  • Ruth Negga, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
  • Fionnghuala O'Reilly, ta wakilci Ireland a gasar Miss Universe 2019
  • Emma Dabiri, masanin kimiyya

An haife shi, ya girma kuma ya zauna a Burtaniya

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  • Craig Charles, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
  • Cyrus Christie, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • John Conteh, tsohon ɗan dambe
  • Liam George, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Gabriel Gbadamosi, marubuci, mawaki
  • Anthony Joshua, ɗan dambe
  • Dolores Mantez, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Irish
  • Chris Hughton, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Henry Hughton, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • David McGoldrick, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Clinton Morrison, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Lanre Oyebanjo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
  • Annie Yellowe Palma, marubuciya
  • Kit de Waal, marubuci 

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Ray, Michael (2007). "A black slave on the run in Thirteenth-Century England". Nottingham Medieval Studies. 51: 5. doi:10.1484/J.NMS.3.409.
  2. ↑ Hart, W. A. (2002). "Africans in Eighteenth-Century Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 33 (129): 19–32. doi:10.1017/S0021121400015480. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30006953. S2CID 163774589.
  3. ↑ "Multiracial Britain". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  4. 1 2 3 "'Foreign' Mixed Race Couples in Ireland". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-22. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "mixedmuseum.org.uk" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "John and Mary Jea". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  6. ↑ "Mixed Race Possibilities?". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  7. ↑ Hogan, Liam (2020-02-01). "An Irish slave in Antigua". Medium. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  8. ↑ "Ireland's Early Multiracial History". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  9. ↑ William, Hart (October 2009). "Baptist (Crow), Rachael". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  10. ↑ Hart, William A. (2002). "Africans in 18th Century Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 33 (129): 4. doi:10.1017/S0021121400015480.
  11. ↑ "The Black Irish". RTÉ Archives.
  12. ↑ "Irish roots in the Caribbean run deep". IrishCentral.com. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  13. 1 2 Mutwarasibo, Fidèle (2002). "African Communities in Ireland". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 91 (364): 348–358. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30095581. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC African-Irish children
  15. ↑ Ejorh, Theophilus (2007). "Immigration and Citizenship: African Immigrants in Ireland". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 96 (381): 47–55. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 27896434.
  16. ↑ "Portrait Unveiling: Programme: Hist250: 1770–2020: Trinity College Dublin: Jaja Wachuku". Trinity College Dublin: University of Dublin: Ireland. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  17. ↑ "Parents of an Irish Child" (PDF). Immigrant Council of Ireland. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  18. 1 2 "This is Ireland – Highlights from Census 2011, Part 1" (PDF). Stationery Office. July 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 4 July 2007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "census" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ "Irish Nationality And Citizenship Bill 2004 Explanatory Memorandum" (PDF). oireachtas.
  20. ↑ "Little Brazil". RTÉ Archives. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  21. ↑ Quinn, Eugene (2016). "The Refugee and Migrant Crisis: Europe's Challenge". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 105 (419): 275–285. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 24871398.
  22. ↑ Topping, Simon (2013). ""The Dusky Doughboys": Interaction between African American Soldiers and the Population of Northern Ireland during the Second World War". Journal of American Studies. 47 (4): 1131–1154. doi:10.1017/S0021875812001764. JSTOR 24485878. S2CID 145077924.
  23. ↑ "Remembering the black lives murdered by Irish republican terrorists". newsletter.co.uk. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  24. ↑ "Table KS06: Ethnic group (numbers)". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  25. ↑ "The stories of African Irish in Mother and Baby Homes". IrishCentral.com. 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  26. ↑ Cox, Aengus (2021-01-19). "Group 'shocked' at racism conclusions in homes report". RTÉ.ie.
  27. 1 2 "Moral Concern over Mixed Race Children in the 1930s". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  28. ↑ "Mixed Race Studies » Muriel Fletcher". Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  29. ↑ "The 'Brown Babies' of World War 2". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  30. ↑ "Beyond 'Brown Babies'". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  31. ↑ "Where are the Irish-Black and Irish-Polish TDs? Ethnic minorities in the Dáil". Irish Politics Forum. 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  32. ↑ "Kevin Sharkey pulls out of presidential race citing 'corruption', gives backing to Gemma O'Doherty". 17 September 2018.
  33. ↑ "Balbriggan pushed 'to the edge,'claims candidate, Sharkey". 18 March 2017.
  34. ↑ "Making history: Gogglebox star elected as 'Ireland's first black female councillor'". Irish Independent. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  35. ↑ Duffy, Rónán (4 May 2019). "SocDems say Ellie Kisyombe will run in election after 'correcting the chronology of her backstory'". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  36. ↑ White, Nadine (30 April 2024). "'I'm proud to be a Derry girl' – former refugee Lilian Seenoi-Barr to become Northern Ireland's first black mayor". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  37. ↑ O'Donnell, Tim (8 October 2019). "The 'imported' priests saving Ireland's ageing clergy". BBC. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  38. ↑ Brennan, Marjorie (2021-04-27). "Felispeaks and Tolü Makay: African-Irish duo build on Tommy Tiernan Show success". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  39. ↑ Allen, Greg (19 February 2022). "Blistering Israel Olatunde smashes 60m national indoor record". RTÉ. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  40. ↑ Luck, Richard (20 August 2019). "The rise and tragic fall of Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott". The New European. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
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