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Babban jari da kiwo

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Lokaci na haifuwa a cikin tsuntsaye da ke dogaro da haifuwa. Layin da aka yi amfani da shi yana nuna misali na mutum yana ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin, yayin da layin mai ƙarfi yana nuna ƙofar lokacin da mutum ya haifa.
Lokaci na kiwo a cikin tsuntsaye da ke dogaro da kiwo na samun kudin shiga. Lines ɗin da aka zana suna nuna misalai biyu na mutane da ke ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin (ɗaya da sauri fiye da ɗayan), yayin da layin mai ƙarfi yana nuna ƙofar lokacin da mutum ya haifa.

Kiwon kuɗi da Kiwon kudin shiga suna nufin hanyoyin da wasu kwayoyin ke yin kiwon lokaci [1] kuma suna amfani da albarkatu don tallafawa kiwon su. [2] Tsohon "ya bayyana halin da ake ciki inda ake samun kudin haifuwa ta amfani da babban birnin da aka adana; [yayinda na ƙarshe] [...] yana nufin amfani da cin abinci a lokaci guda don biyan ƙoƙarin haifuwa. "[3]

Masu kiwon kudin shiga waɗanda ke girma musamman da sauri suna hana ci gaban 'ya'yansu bayan an kai ƙofar don su iya samar da ƙarin' ya'ya, kodayake wannan ba ya faruwa a cikin masu kiwon kudin haya masu saurin girma.[1] Kwayar halitta na iya zama babban birni da mai samar da kudaden shiga; parasitoid Eupelmus vuilletti, alal misali, mai samar da kudin shiga ne dangane da sukari, amma mai samar da babban birni dangane da lipids.[4] Misali daban-daban na hulɗa tsakanin babban birnin da kiwon kudin shiga ana samunsa a cikin Vipera aspis; kodayake waɗannan macizai masu kiwon babban birnin ne, suna sa manyan litters lokacin da abinci yake da yawa, wanda shine halayyar masu kiwon kudin.[5]

R. H. Drent da S. Daan ne suka gabatar da rarrabuwa tsakanin masu samun kudin shiga da masu kiwon kuɗi a cikin 1980 [6] don bayyana dalilin da ya sa tsuntsaye galibi suna sa qwai daga baya fiye da lokacin da zai kara yawan rayuwa ga yawan jama'a. [1]

Ectotherms yawanci masu kiwon kuɗi ne, yayin da endotherms sun dogara da kiwon kuɗi sau da yawa. Wannan bambancin mai yiwuwa ne saboda bambancin farashin kulawa, kuma ta haka ne a cikin makamashi da za a iya rarrabawa ga shagunan.[7]

Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade babban birnin da kuma samar da kudin shiga

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin kwayoyin da ke haifuwa sau da yawa kuma suna rayuwa a wuraren da wadatar abinci da mutuwa ke canzawa sosai bisa ga kakar, an yi hasashen cewa haihuwar babban birnin za ta fi yawa, kamar yadda lokacin da kwayoyin ba su haifuwa amma lokacin da yanayin har yanzu yana da kyau za a sadaukar da su don sake gina shagunan, sabili da haka yana ba su damar cimma mafi girman yawan haifuwa. Har ila yau, kiwon babban birnin yana ƙaruwa tare da girman (aƙalla a cikin kwayoyin da ke da ajiya mafi kyau da ci gaba mara ƙayyadewa), yayin da makamashi da aka keɓe don ci gaba yana ba da ƙasa da dawowa, don haka yana nufin cewa makamashi wanda aka keɓe ga ajiya zai sami ƙarin dawowa idan aka kwatanta da wanda aka keɓa don ci gaba.[8] Amma, a cikin kangaroos masu launin toka na gabas, ana amfani da kiwon babban birnin a lokutan karancin abinci, yayin da ake amfani da kiwo na samun kudin shiga a lokutan wadatar abinci na yau da kullun.[9] Kiwon kiwo, a gefe guda, gabaɗaya za a fi son shi a cikin yanayin da ba na yanayi ba, saboda dakatar da kiwo ba zai ƙara damar da 'ya'yan za su tsira ba.[10] Bugu da ƙari, buƙatu masu yawa ko waɗanda ba a iya tsammani ba yayin haifuwa, wanda zai haifar da makamashi da ake buƙata don wuce makamashi wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dabarun kiwon kuɗi, na iya ƙarfafa kiwon kuɗi. Hakazalika, yiwuwar rage saurin ko karuwar bayyane da ke da alaƙa da, alal misali, ɗaukar kwai na iya ƙara haɗari a kan haihuwar mutane, yana yin dabarun da suka danganci haihuwar babban birnin da ya fi dacewa, don kauce wa samun abinci yayin haifuwa.[11]

Wannan samfurin ba ya riƙe ga kwayoyin da ke da lokacin ciyarwa bayan lokacin haifuwa.[8] Copepods, alal misali, suna da lokacin kiwo kafin lokacin ciyarwa, kuma an raba su da farko zuwa babban birnin ko galibi masu kiwon kudin shiga bisa ga yanayin ƙasa.[10]

A cikin endotherms

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Endotherms suna da matakin makamashi mafi girma wanda ke buƙatar a sadaukar da shi don kulawa, don haka ya bayyana karuwar dogaro da su akan kiwon kudin shiga.[7]

A cikin tsuntsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmomin kiwo na jari da kiwo sun samo asali ne don bayyana dalilin da yasa yawancin mutane ke kwanciya bayan lokacin da ciyayi za su iya rayuwa.  Dukansu tsarin sun dace da mafi kyawun lokacin kwanciya don ƙananan inganci da mutane masu inganci.  Mutane masu inganci na iya zaɓar su daina kwanciya har sai an samar da wani kwai, saboda raguwar yuwuwar rayuwa ga kowane kwai yana samun diyya ta ƙarin kwan.  Wannan shi ne akasin haka a cikin mutane marasa inganci, wanda lokacin yin ƙarin kwai yana rage rayuwar kowane kwai har ta kai ga ƙarin kwai ba zai iya rama wannan asarar ba.[1]

A cikin pinnipeds

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dogaro da jari da kiwo a cikin pinnipeds da farko ya dogara ne da wadatar abinci, tare da ƙarin abinci da ke ba da ƙarin dogaro ga kiwo. Wannan shi ne saboda karuwar wadatar abinci yana ba da damar tara jari, wanda ke ba da damar jinsi don amfani da kiwo, wanda ya fi dacewa saboda akwai ƙarancin kuzarin da ke tattare da shi. Ƙarfafa yanayi wani abu ne na babban jari da kiwo, tare da mafi yawan lokutan yanayi da ke da alaƙa da karuwar dogaro ga kiwo, saboda dalilan da aka tattauna a baya. Ƙara rashin tabbas kuma yana shafar dogaron pinnipeds akan kiwo; ƙarancin tsinkaya yana ƙara dogaro ga kiwo, saboda nau'in na iya amfani da shagunan da ya tara don kiwo lokacin da ƙarancin abinci ya ragu, yayin da mai kiwo ba zai iya yin kiwo ba..[12]

A cikin ectotherms

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ectotherms gabaɗaya masu kiwon kuɗi ne, mai yiwuwa saboda suna da ƙananan matakan kula da jiki, ma'ana cewa ana iya canza ƙarin makamashi zuwa ɗakunan ajiyar jiki.[7]

A cikin copepods

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Copepods gabaɗaya suna da dabarun haifuwar su ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa, waɗanda ke cikin manyan latitude galibi sune masu kiwo, kuma waɗanda ke cikin ruwa kusa da equator suna bin dabarun samun kuɗin shiga. Wannan shi ne saboda mafi yawan ruwan zafi yana ba da damar lokacin ciyarwa mai tsawo, wanda ke ba da damar tsararraki masu yawa a cikin masu shayarwa (waɗanda suke haifuwa a lokacin lokacin ciyarwa), yayin da ruwan sanyi tare da gajeren lokacin ciyarwa ya fi dacewa da masu shayarwa, waɗanda ba su da tasiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da masu shayarwa ta hanyar samun 'ya'yansu zuwa balaga kafin lokacin ciyarwa ya ƙare. Tsawon lokacin ciyarwa kuma yana zaɓar girman a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta; Masu kiwon kuɗaɗen shiga ba su da ƙanƙanta sosai don haka za su iya yin amfani da damar samun tsararraki da yawa a kowane lokacin kiwo, sabanin masu kiwo, waɗanda suke da girma gwargwadon iyawa don kama mafi yawan abincin da za a saka a cikin ajiyarsu..[10]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Drent, R. H.; Daan, S. (1980). "The prudent parent: energetic adjustments in avian breeding" (PDF). Ardea. 38–90: 225–252. doi:10.5253/arde.v68.p225. ISSN 0373-2266.
  2. ↑ Houston, Alasdair I.; Stephens, Philip A.; Boyd, Ian L.; Harding, Karin C.; McNamara, John M. (2007). "Capital or income breeding? A theoretical model of female reproductive strategies". Behavioral Ecology. 18 (1): 241–250. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl080. ISSN 1465-7279.
  3. ↑ Stephens, Philip A.; Boyd, Ian L.; McNamara, John M.; Houston, Alasdair I. (August 2009). "Capital breeding and income breeding: their meaning, measurement, and worth". Ecology (in Turanci). 90 (8): 2057–2067. doi:10.1890/08-1369.1. ISSN 0012-9658.
  4. ↑ Casas, Jérôme; Pincebourde, Sylvain; Mandon, Nicole; Vannier, Fabrice; Poujol, Rémi; Giron, David (2005). "Lifetime nutrient dynamics reveal simultaneous capital and income breeding in a parasitoid". Ecology. 86 (3): 545–554. doi:10.1890/04-0812. ISSN 0012-9658.
  5. ↑ Lourdais, Olivier; Bonnet, Xavier; Shine, Richard; DeNardo, Dale; Naulleau, Guy; Guillon, Michael (2002). "Capital-breeding and reproductive effort in a variable environment: a longitudinal study of a viviparous snake". Journal of Animal Ecology. 71 (3): 470–479. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00612.x. ISSN 0021-8790.
  6. ↑ Winkler, David W.; Allen, Paul E. (1996). "The seasonal decline in tree swallow clutch size: physiological constraint or strategic adjustment?". Ecology. 77 (3): 922–932. doi:10.2307/2265512. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 2265512. S2CID 84919928.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bonnet, Xavier; Bradshaw, Don; Shine, Richard (1998). "Capital versus income breeding: An ectothermic perspective". Oikos. 83 (2): 333. doi:10.2307/3546846. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3546846.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ejsmond, Maciej Jan; Varpe, Øystein; Czarnoleski, Marcin; Kozłowski, Jan (2015). "Seasonality in offspring value and trade-offs with growth explain capital breeding". The American Naturalist. 186 (5): E111–E125. doi:10.1086/683119. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 87515085.
  9. ↑ MacKay, Allison E.; Forsyth, David M.; Coulson, Graeme; Festa-Bianchet, Marco (2017). "Maternal resource allocation adjusts to timing of parturition in an asynchronous breeder". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (1). doi:10.1007/s00265-017-2419-9. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 253817079 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sainmont, Julie; Andersen, Ken H.; Varpe, Øystein; Visser, André W. (2014). "Capital versus income breeding in a seasonal environment". The American Naturalist. 184 (4): 466–476. doi:10.1086/677926. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 25226182. S2CID 28848120.
  11. ↑ Jönsson, K. Ingemar (1997). "Capital and income breeding as alternative tactics of resource use in reproduction". Oikos. 78 (1): 57–66. doi:10.2307/3545800. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3545800.
  12. ↑ Stephens, Philip A.; Houston, Alasdair I.; Harding, Karin C.; Boyd, Ian L.; McNamara, John M. (2014). "Capital and income breeding: the role of food supply" (PDF). Ecology. 95 (4): 882–896. doi:10.1890/13-1434.1. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 24933808.
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