Bacan Malay
| Bacan Malay | |
|---|---|
| bahasa Batjan | |
'Yan asalin magana | 6 (2012) |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
btj |
| Glottolog |
baca1243[1] |
Bacan Malay ko Bacan, yare ne na Malayic da ake magana a tsibirin Bacan a lardin Arewacin Maluku, Indonesia, ta ƙananan ƙabilar Bacan.[3][4] Yana da kasancewar da ba ta dace ba a yankin, ana kewaye da Harsunan Austronesian da ba su da alaƙa da Iyalin Arewacin Halmahera. An cire Bacan daga yankin Malay a cikin tsibirin yamma.
Ya bambanta sosai da sauran nau'ikan Malay na gabashin Indonesiya (ciki har da Arewacin Moluccan Malay), ya bambanta da nau'ikansa da asalin tarihi. Ana tunanin mutanen Bacan al'ummar Malayic ne waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Borneo wasu ƙarni da suka gabata, suna adana yarensu na asali. Duk da haka, Bacan Malay ya sami tasiri sosai daga yarukan yankin na Maluku, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ƙamus da ƙamus.
Tsohon bayanai game da Bacan Malay ba su da yawa kuma galibi suna da ƙamus.[1] Wani labarin 1958 ya ba da wasu bayanan harshe da ƙamus, yana kwatanta Bacan da daidaitattun Malay / Indonesian.[9] Ba a yi wani babban ƙoƙari na bayyanawa ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka, amma Bacan ya sami wasu kulawa ta harshe a cikin shekarun 1980.[10] J.T. Collins ya yi aiki mai yawa na bincike a yankin, yana kwatanta Bacan da kuma nuna yanayin Malayic. Ana samun ƙamus na Bacan-Ingilishi na 2022.[11]
Amfani da harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bacan Malay yana magana da kabilun Bacan, wanda ya ƙidaya watakila mutane 3,500.[12] Ana amfani da shi a matsayin yare na farko a ƙauyuka biyar (Indomut, Awanggo, Amasing, Labuha, da Mandawong). [1] Alamar asalin kabilanci ga mutanen Bacan, wasu kabilun ba su san shi ba. [13][4] An lura da cewa da'awar da aka yi game da rawar da harshen ke takawa ba daidai ba ne.[13] Bacan ya kasance a cikin rukuni da harshen gida, tare da 'yan gudun hijira na baya-bayan nan kawai suna da rudimentary, idan akwai, ilimin shi.[14]
Harshen, wanda aka ƙuntata ga ƙaramin al'umma, tabbas yana cikin haɗari, tare da raguwar yawan masu magana. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, har yanzu an ruwaito cewa hanya ce ta sadarwa a yankin Bacan.[15] Buga na 16 na Ethnologue ya ba da rahoton adadi na 1991 na masu magana 2,500.[16] A shekara ta 1996, an kiyasta cewa yana da ƙasa da masu magana 5,000, suna zaune a wasu ƙauyuka.[10] Buga na 22 na Ethnologue ya ba da rahoton cewa mutane shida ne ke magana da shi.[17] Collins (2018) ya kiyasta cewa kusan 5% na yawan baƙi na tsibirin Bacan na 90,000 ne ke magana da shi. Tsibirin Bacan kuma gida ne ga masu magana da yarukan Arewacin Halmahera (musamman Tobelo, Galela, da Ternate), yarukan Kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi, da kuma yarukan Makian guda biyu (Taba da Moi). Harshen da ya fi dacewa a yankin shine Ternate Malay (North Moluccan Malay).[18] Sauran harsuna masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da Indonesian, da kuma yaren yankin na Ternate.[14]
An bayar da rahoton cewa ana magana da yaren da ke da alaƙa da Bacan a cikin Tsibirin Obi, a kudancin Bacan. Koyaya, babu wata alama da ta rage na irin wannan iri-iri, kuma yankunan bakin teku na Obi yanzu wasu al'ummomin ƙaura ne ke zaune.[19][20]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bacan na cikin yarukan Malayic (kuma wani lokacin ana lissafa shi a matsayin yaren Malay).[21][22] Saboda haka ya bambanta da yawancin harsuna a yankin Arewacin Maluku; Bugu da ƙari, yana da alaƙa da sauran nau'ikan Malay na gabashin Indonesiya, kamar Ambonese Malay da Ternate Malay, manyan linguae francae guda biyu na Moluccas.[6][7] Ba kamar waɗancan harsuna ba, waɗanda galibi ana tunanin su a matsayin Creoles na Malay, Bacan Malay ba a san shi da ci gaba a matsayin harshen kasuwanci ba.[23][24] Maimakon haka, ya bayyana cewa wata al'umma mai ƙaura ta Malayic ce ta dasa shi, wanda ya zo daga Borneo shekaru ɗaruruwan da suka gabata. [4][6] Collins (1996) ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin reshe na Brunei Malay kuma dangi ne na kusa da Banjarese, wanda ake magana a Kalimantan.[25]
Ya bambanta da nau'ikan hulɗa na Malay, an ba da shi a matsayin yare na farko daga tsara zuwa tsara, gaskiyar da har yanzu ke nunawa a cikin tsarin jujjuyawar rikitarwa, da kuma adana karin magana na asali na Malay.[4][6] Duk da yake yana nuna sababbin abubuwa da yawa, yana kuma riƙe da wasu siffofi na archaic waɗanda ba a samu a duniya ba a wasu harsunan Malayic (ko misali Malay).[26][27] Magana ta maganganu sun haɗa da lambobi Tolu ('uku"), dulapang ('takwas"), da salapang ('shekaru").[28] Dole ne al'ummar Bacan su ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga harshe, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ga yawancin tarihinta, mai yiwuwa ba ta wuce mutane ɗari ba.[6] Koyaya, tasirin harsunan Moluccan da ke kewaye da su a kan Bacan Malay yana da yawa, kuma dangantakarsa da Brunei Malay ta ɓoye ta hanyar ci gaban harsuna biyu.[11][10] Ƙananan abubuwa da halaye na ilimin lissafi za a iya danganta su da yarukan Taliabu da Sula, amma babu wani daga cikinsu da ke nuna dangantakar asali.[29]
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an haɗa shi da Sula, da kuma wasu harsunan Sulawesi, rarrabuwa da aka nuna a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen harshe, wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin 1914 na N. Adriani da A.C. Kruyt.[30] An yi tunanin cewa "harshe ne mai gauraye" (mengtaal) ko kuma yaren da ba na Malayic ba tare da tasirin Malay mai yawa, kuma halin Malayic ya kasance ba a san shi ba.[30][31] Koyaya, tun farkon 1869, A.R. Wallace ya bayyana shi a matsayin nau'in "Malay mai tsabta" tare da "abu na Papua", kuma an lura da alakarsa da Malay a cikin wata kasida ta 1958 ta R.D. Udinsah.[32][33][15] A shekara ta 1985, K.A. Adelaar ya hada da Bacan a cikin ƙungiyar Malayic.[7] A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, J.T. Collins ya ci gaba da bayani dalla-dalla game da ci gaban tarihi da halaye na Bacan, yana kafa alakarsa da nau'ikan Malay na yamma.[2][34] An kuma samar da ƙamus (2022). [11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Bacan Malay". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.