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Ban ruwa

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentBan ruwa

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Ban Ruwa na gonakin noma a Andalusia, Spain. Ruwa na ban ruwa a hagu.

Ban ruwa shine aikin yin amfani da ruwa mai sarrafawa zuwa ƙasar don taimakawa shuka amfanin noma, tsire-tsire masu faɗi, da ciyawa. Ruwa ya kasance muhimmin bangare na aikin gona sama da shekaru 5,000 kuma al'adu da yawa a duk duniya sun bunkasa shi. Ruwa yana taimakawa wajen shuka amfanin gona, kula da shimfidar wurare, da kuma sake farfadowa da ƙasa mai lalacewa a wuraren da suka bushe da kuma lokacin ruwan sama na ƙasa. Baya ga waɗannan amfani, ana amfani da ban ruwa don kare amfanin gona daga sanyi, hana ci gaban ciyawa a cikin gonakin hatsi, da kuma hana Ƙarfafa ƙasa. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don sanyaya dabbobi, rage ƙura, zubar da datti, da tallafawa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Ragewa, wanda ya haɗa da cire ruwa na ƙasa da na ƙasa daga wani wuri da aka ba shi, ana nazarin shi sau da yawa tare da ban ruwa.

Hanyoyi da yawa na ban ruwa sun bambanta da yadda ake samar da ruwa ga shuke-shuke. Rashin Ruwa a saman, wanda aka fi sani da ban ruwa mai nauyi, shine mafi tsufa na ban ruwa kuma ana amfani dashi dubban shekaru. A cikin ban Ruwa mai ban ruwa, ana tura ruwa zuwa wuri ɗaya ko fiye a cikin filin kuma ana rarraba shi ta hanyar na'urorin ruwa masu matsin lamba. Micro-irrigation tsarin ne wanda ke rarraba ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa kuma yana amfani da shi azaman ƙaramin fitarwa ga kowane shuka. Micro-irrigation yana amfani da ƙananan matsin lamba da ruwa fiye da sprinkler irrigation. Ruwa yana ba da ruwa kai tsaye zuwa yankin tushen shuke-shuke. An yi amfani da ban ruwa a cikin amfanin gona a yankunan da ke da teburin ruwa mai yawa na shekaru da yawa. Ya haɗa da ɗaga teburin ruwa don yayyafa ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tushen tushen shuke-shuke.

Ruwa na ban ruwa na iya fitowa daga ruwan kasa (wanda aka cire daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko ta amfani da rijiyoyi), daga Ruwan sama (wanda aka janye daga koguna, tabkuna ko tafkuna) ko daga hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba kamar Ruwan da aka tsabtace, ruwan da aka cire, ruwan da ba a fitar da ruwa, ko Tarin hazo. Ruwa na iya zama kari ga ruwan sama, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a sassa da yawa na duniya kamar aikin gona mai ruwan sama, ko kuma yana iya zama cikakken ban ruwa, inda amfanin gona ba sa dogara da duk wani gudummawa daga ruwan sama. Cikakken ban ruwa ba ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin wuraren da ba su da ruwa sosai ko kuma lokacin da ake shuka amfanin gona a wuraren da ba a san lokacin ruwan sama.

Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa yana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin yawa da ingancin ƙasa da ruwa sakamakon ban ruwa da tasirin da ya biyo baya akan yanayin halitta da zamantakewa a cikin kogin kogin da kuma Tsarin ban ruwa. Sakamakon ya samo asali ne daga Yanayin ruwa wanda ya haifar da shigarwa da aiki na tsarin ban ruwa. Daga cikin wadannan matsalolin shine raguwar ruwa na karkashin kasa ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Za'a iya ban ruwa da ƙasa saboda rashin daidaito na rarraba ko sarrafawa yana ɓata ruwa, sunadarai, kuma yana iya haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Rashin ban ruwa da yawa na iya haifar da zurfin ruwa daga tasoshin ruwa masu tasowa, wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin ruwan gishiri na ban ruwa, yana buƙatar kulawar ruwa ta hanyar wasu nau'ikan magudanar ƙasa.

Yankunnah

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Kashi na gonar noma wanda ake ban ruwa (2021)
Yankin da aka shirya don ban ruwa ta yanki

Jimlar yankin da ake ban ruwa a duniya ya ninka fiye da sau biyu tsakanin 1964 da 2023 kuma zuwa 2023, kashi 23% na dukkan gonakin amfanin gona an sanye su da ban ruwa. A cikin 2025 gonakin amfanin gona da aka yi ban ruwa suna samar da kashi 48% na dukkan amfanin gona a cikin sharuddan darajar, yana nuna cewa ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita ta ninka sau 3.2 fiye da ƙasar da aka ruwan sama a cikin sharudda masu daraja. A matsakaici, amfanin ƙasar da ake ban ruwa ya fi na ƙasar da ake ciyar da ruwan sama sama sama.

Yankin duniya da aka sanye shi don ban ruwa ya kai hekta miliyan 355 a cikin 2023, karuwar kashi 23% daga hekta miliyan 289 na 2000 kuma fiye da sau biyu yankin ƙasar da aka sanya shi don ban sha'awa a cikin shekarun 1960. Mafi rinjaye suna cikin Asiya (71% a cikin 2023), inda ban ruwa ya kasance babban bangare na juyin juya halin kore; Amurka tana da kashi 16% kuma Turai tana da kashi 8% na jimlar duniya. Indiya (ha miliyan 76) da China (ha miliyan 75), suna da mafi girman yankin da aka samar da shi don ban ruwa, gaba da Amurka (ha miliyan 25). Har ila yau, kasar Sin da Indiya suna da mafi girman riba a cikin kayan aiki tsakanin 2000 da 2023 (+ ha miliyan 21 ga kasar Sin da + ha miliyan 15 ga Indiya).

A shekara ta 2, jimlar ƙasar mai kyau ta kasance 2,788,000 km2 (acre miliyan 689), kuma an sanye shi da kayan aikin ban ruwa a duk duniya. Kimanin kashi 68% na wannan yanki yana cikin Asiya, kashi 17% a Amurka, kashi 9% a Turai, kashi 5% a Afirka, da kuma kashi 1% a Oceania. Ana samun yankuna mafi girma da ke kusa da manyan ban ruwa a Arewa da Gabashin Indiya da Pakistan tare da kogin Ganges da Indus; a cikin kogin Hai He, Huang He, da Yangtze a China; tare da kogun Nilu a Misira da Sudan; da kuma a cikin kogon Mississippi-Missouri, Kudancin Great Plains, da kuma wasu sassan California a Amurka. Ƙananan wuraren ban ruwa sun bazu a kusan dukkanin sassan duniya.  

A shekara ta 2, yankin ƙasar da ake ban ruwa ya karu zuwa kimanin 3,242,917 km2 (acre miliyan 801), wanda kusan girman Indiya ne. Ruwa na kashi 20% na gonar noma yana da asusun samar da kashi 40% na samar da abinci.[1][2]  

Dubi na Duniya

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A karni na 20, girman ban ruwa ya ƙaru sosai. A shekarar 1800, hekta miliyan 8 ne aka yi ban ruwa a duniya; a 1950, hekta miliyan 94; sannan a 1990, hekta miliyan 235. Zuwa 1990, kashi 30% na samar da abinci a duniya ya fito daga ƙasar da ake ban ruwa.[3] Hanyoyin ban ruwa a duniya sun haɗa da amfani da rafuka don karkatar da ruwan sama,[4][5] hako ruwan ƙasa, da karkatar da ruwa daga madatsun ruwa. Gwamnatocin ƙasa ne ke jagorantar yawancin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa a cikin iyakokinsu, amma masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu[6] da wasu ƙasashe,[5] musamman Amurka,[7] China,[8] da ƙasashen Turai kamar Birtaniya,[9] suna tallafawa da shirya wasu shirye-shirye a cikin ƙasashen waje.

Zuwo 2021, yankin ƙasa da aka tanada don ban ruwa ya kai hekta miliyan 352, ƙaruwa da kashi 22% daga hekta miliyan 289 a 2000, kuma fiye da ninki biyu na yankin da aka tanada don ban ruwa a shekarun 1960. Mafi yawan yankin yana Asiya (70%), inda ban ruwa ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na juyin kore; Nahiyar Amurka ta ƙunshi kashi 16%, kuma Turai kashi 8% na jimillar duniya. Indiya (hektar miliyan 76) da China (hektar miliyan 75) suna da mafi girman yankin ban ruwa, suna nesa da Amurka (hektar miliyan 27). China da Indiya suma sun samu mafi girman ƙaruwa tsakanin 2000 da 2020 (+hektar miliyan 21 a China da +hektar miliyan 15 a Indiya). Duk yankuna sun samu ƙaruwa a yankin ban ruwa, inda Afirka ta fi saurin girma (+29%), sai Asiya (+25%), Oceania (+24%), Nahiyar Amurka (+19%), da Turai (+2%).[10]

Ban ruwa yana ba da damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona, musamman amfanin kasuwanci a yankunan da ba za su iya tallafawa su ba. Ƙasashe sau da yawa suna saka hannun jari a ban ruwa don ƙara samar da alkama, shinkafa, ko auduga, sau da yawa da manufar ƙara dogaro da kai.[9]

Misalan ƙimomi na amfanin gona

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Kimomin kusan na bukatun ruwan amfanin gona na yanayi[11]
Amfanin gona Bukatar ruwan mm / duk lokacin girma
Alkama mai zaki 1500–2500
Ayaba 1200–2200
Lemun tsami 900–1200
Dankali 500–700
Tumatur 400–800
Sha’ir/rogo/alkama 450–650
Kabeji 350–500
Albasa 350–550
Wake 350–500

Tushen Ruwa

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Ruwan ƙasa da ruwan sama

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Ruwan ban ruwa na iya fitowa daga ruwan ƙasa (ta hanyar rijiyoyi ko ruwan famfo), daga ruwan sama (koguna, tafkuna ko madatsun ruwa) ko daga hanyoyin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar ruwan da aka tace daga shara, ruwan da aka tsarkake daga gishiri, ruwan magudanar ruwa, ko tarin hazo.

Duk da yake tara ruwan ambaliya ana ɗauka a matsayin hanyar ban ruwa, tara ruwan sama yawanci ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ban ruwa ba. Tara ruwan sama yana nufin tattara ruwan da ya zubo daga rufin gidaje ko ƙasa da ba a amfani da ita.

Ruwan da aka tace ko ba a tace ba

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Ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka sake sarrafa daga birane wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke ƙunshe da sinadarai masu amfani ga tsire-tsire (nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium). Amfanin amfani da ruwan da aka sake sarrafa shi ya haɗa da rage kuɗi da kuma samun ruwa a kowane lokaci ba tare da la’akari da yanayi ba.[12]

Sauran hanyoyin ruwa

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Ruwan ban ruwa na iya fitowa daga hanyoyin da ba na gargajiya ba kamar ruwan da aka tace daga shara,[13] ruwan da aka tsarkake daga gishiri, ruwan magudanar ruwa, ko tarin hazo.

A ƙasashen da iska mai ɗumi ke yawo da dare, ana iya samun ruwa ta hanyar **condensation** a kan sanyi. Ana yin hakan a gonakin inabi na Lanzarote ta amfani da duwatsu don tara ruwa. Ana kuma yin tarin hazo ta amfani da zane ko takardar ƙarfe. Haka kuma ana amfani da ruwan da injin sanyaya iska ke fitarwa a birane.

A shekarar 2019, wani kamfani daga Glasgow ya taimaka wa manomi a Scotland wajen noman tsire-tsire masu jure gishiri da ruwan teku. An yi amfani da filin da ba a amfani da shi don noman tsire-tsire kamar **samphire**, **sea blite**, da **sea aster**. Ana ban ruwa sau biyu a rana don kwaikwayon ambaliyar teku, kuma ana amfani da wutar iska wajen fitar da ruwan daga teku. Wannan ya kuma taimaka wajen gyaran ƙasa da kuma tara carbon.[14][15]

Gasa wajen amfani da albarkatun ruwa

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Har zuwa shekarun 1960, adadin mutane a duniya bai kai rabin na yanzu ba. Mutane ba su da arziki sosai, suna cin abinci kaɗan, kuma ba sa cin nama da yawa, don haka ana buƙatar ruwa kaɗan wajen samar da abinci. Amma yanzu sama da mutane biliyan 7 suna buƙatar ruwa, wanda ya ƙara gasa wajen amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙara gasa daga masana’antu, birane, da noman amfanin gona na biofuel. Manoma dole su ƙara yawan amfanin gona don biyan buƙatar abinci, yayin da masana’antu da birane ke ƙoƙarin amfani da ruwa yadda ya dace.[16]

Noman nasara yana dogara da samun isasshen ruwa. Amma karancin ruwa ya riga ya zama babban ƙalubale ga noma a sassa da dama na duniya.

Hanyoyin Ban Ruwa

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Akwai hanyoyi da dama na ban ruwa. Suna bambanta dangane da yadda ake kai ruwa ga tsire-tsire. Manufar ita ce a kai ruwa ga tsire-tsire daidai, ba yawa ba kuma ba kaɗan ba. Ban ruwa na iya zama kari ga ruwan sama, ko kuma cikakken ban ruwa inda tsire-tsire ba sa dogaro da ruwan sama.

Ban ruwa ta saman ƙasa

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Ban ruwa ta saman ƙasa, wanda ake kira ban ruwa ta nauyin ƙasa, shi ne tsohon salo da aka fi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru. Ana karkatar da ruwa a saman filin noma don ya shiga ƙasa. Ana iya rarrabe shi zuwa furrow, border strip, ko basin irrigation. Yana da ƙarancin kuɗi da makamashi, amma ba shi da inganci sosai wajen sarrafa adadin ruwa.[17]

Wani salo na musamman shi ne spate irrigation, inda ake karkatar da ruwan ambaliya zuwa kwaruruka da aka bushe don noma a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa.

Ban ruwa ƙarami

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Ban ruwa ƙarami, wanda ake kira localized irrigation ko trickle irrigation, yana amfani da bututun ƙarami da matsa lamba kaɗan don kai ruwa ga tsire-tsire. Ya haɗa da drip irrigation, subsurface drip, micro-sprinklers, da mini-bubblers.[18]

Ban ruwa ta digo

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Ban ruwa ta digo yana kai ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen tsiro a digo ɗaya-ɗaya. Wannan hanya ce mafi inganci wajen adana ruwa idan aka sarrafa da kyau.[19] Ana haɗa shi da plastic mulch da taki (fertigation).

Ban ruwa ta feshi

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A wannan hanyar, ana fesawa ruwa daga bututun da ke sama da filin noma. Ya haɗa da solid-set systems, rotors, da guns. Ana amfani da su a gonaki, filayen wasanni, da wuraren shakatawa.[20]

Center pivot

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Center pivot irrigation yana amfani da bututun da ke juyawa a zagaye, yana fesawa ruwa a cikin da’ira. Ana amfani da shi a duk duniya. Sabbin tsarin suna da drop sprinklers da GPS.[21]

Ban ruwa ta motsi (wheel line)

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Ana amfani da bututun da aka haɗa da ƙafafun da ke motsawa a layi. Yana buƙatar aiki da hannu sosai, kuma ana amfani da shi a ƙananan gonaki ko yankunan da ke da tsaunuka.[22][23]

Ban ruwa daga ƙasa

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Wannan hanyar tana ɗaga matakin ruwan ƙasa don ya jike ƙasa daga ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi a gonaki da kuma a cikin greenhouses. Ana iya amfani da shi wajen tsire-tsire a tukwane, inda ruwa da sinadarai ke shiga daga ƙasa kuma ake sake amfani da shi.[24]

Inganci

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Hanyoyin ban ruwa na zamani suna da inganci sosai wajen kai ruwa daidai ga dukkan tsire-tsire, suna tabbatar da cewa kowace tsiro ta samu adadin da ta ke buƙata, ba yawa ba kuma ba kaɗan ba.[25] Ana iya auna ingancin amfani da ruwa a filin kamar haka:

  • Ingancin Ruwan Filin (%) = (Ruwan da tsiro ya sha ÷ Ruwan da aka kai filin) x 100

Ƙara ingancin ban ruwa yana da fa’idodi da dama ga manomi, al’umma, da muhalli. Ƙananan inganci yana nuna cewa ruwan da aka kai filin ya wuce buƙatar tsire-tsire. Ƙara inganci yana nufin cewa yawan amfanin gona da ake samu daga kowace raka’a ta ruwa ya ƙaru. Ana iya cimma hakan ta hanyar rage yawan ruwan da ake kai filin ko amfani da shi yadda ya dace. A wasu ƙasashe, manoma suna biyan kuɗi don ruwan ban ruwa; don haka yin amfani da ruwa fiye da buƙata yana da kuɗin kai tsaye. Ban ruwa sau da yawa yana buƙatar makamashi (wutar lantarki ko man fetur) don kai ruwa filin. Don haka, ƙara inganci yana rage kuɗin ruwa da makamashi. Rage amfani da ruwa a filin ɗaya na iya ba da damar manomi ya ban ruwa ƙarin filaye, yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona gaba ɗaya. Ƙananan inganci yawanci yana nufin asarar ruwa ta hanyar zubewa ko gudu, wanda zai iya jawo asarar sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari tare da illa ga muhalli.

Inganta inganci yawanci ana cimma shi ta hanyoyi biyu: inganta tsarin ban ruwa (misali daga furrow zuwa drip irrigation) ko kuma tsara jadawalin ban ruwa daidai.

Ban ruwa a lambuna

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Lambuna da wuraren shakatawa a wuraren jama’a sau da yawa suna da tsarin ban ruwa a yankunan da ke da bushewa.[26]

A Ostiraliya, ƙananan sprayers da aka haɗa da bututu sun zama mashahuri tun daga shekarun 1960, sau da yawa ana sarrafa su da timers. Kamfanin Hugall & Hoile ya ƙirƙiri tsarin da suka kira “reticulation”, inda aka raba lambu zuwa sassa tare da solenoids da timers. Wannan tsarin ya zama mashahuri sosai, kuma cikin shekaru 20, kusan rabin gidaje a Perth suna da tsarin ban ruwa ta atomatik. Robert Hugall ya samu suna a matsayin “uban ban ruwa na lambu”, yayin da Wally Edwards daga baya ya kafa Holman Industries a 1966 don kasuwar DIY.[27][26]

Saboda sauyin yanayi da ke haifar da zafi da bushewa, sabbin drip irrigation da ke amfani da ruwa kaɗan sun fara amfani. Haka kuma, an gina ko sake kunna **desalination plants** a Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, da Brisbane don samar da ruwa ga tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi.[26]

Ƙalubale

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Tasirin muhalli

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A cikin dogon lokaci na raguwar ruwan ƙasa a Central Valley na Kalifoniya, gajerun lokutan farfaɗowa galibi suna faruwa ne saboda matsanancin yanayin yanayi wanda yawanci ke haifar da ambaliya kuma yana da mummunan tasiri na zamantakewa, muhalli da tattalin arziki.[28]

Mummunan tasiri sukan biyo bayan manyan ayyukan ban ruwa.[29] Wasu ayyukan da suka karkatar da ruwan saman ƙasa domin ban ruwa sun busar da hanyoyin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da tsananin canjin yanayin yanki.[30]

Ayyukan da suka dogara da ruwan ƙasa kuma suka yi yawan fitar da ruwa daga ƙasa sun haifar da nutsewar ƙasa da ƙamshin gishiri. Gishirin ruwan ban ruwa yana lalata amfanin gona kuma yana shiga ruwan sha.[30]

Kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta suna bunƙasa a cikin magudanan ban ruwa ko tafkuna masu tsayayyen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da barkewar cututtuka kamar malaria da schistosomiasis.[31][32][33]

Haka kuma gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da tsare-tsaren ban ruwa wajen ƙarfafa ƙaura, musamman shigar wasu rukunin jama’a da ake ganin sun fi dacewa zuwa wani yanki.[34][35][36]

Bugu da ƙari, wasu manyan tsare-tsaren ƙasa baki ɗaya sun gaza samun riba, inda suka fi kashe kuɗi fiye da amfanin da aka samu daga ƙarin amfanin gona.[37][38]

Tarihi

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Tarihin Dā

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Noman da dabbobi ke jawo ruwa, Ƙasar Masar ta Sama, kusan 1846

Binciken kayan tarihi ya gano shaidar ban ruwa a wuraren da ba su da isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa noma da ruwan sama. Wasu daga cikin farkon amfani da wannan fasaha sun fara ne tun ƙarni na 6 BCE a Khuzistan a kudu maso yammacin Iran.[39][40] Wurin Choga Mami, a Iraki na yau a kan iyaka da Iran, ana ɗauka shine mafi tsohon wurin da aka nuna ban ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa tun kusan 6000 BCE.[41]

An yi amfani da ban ruwa wajen sarrafa ruwa a filayen kogin Indus Valley Civilization, wanda aka kiyasta ya fara kusan 4500 BCE kuma ya ƙara girman da wadata na ƙauyukan noma.[42] Al’ummar Indus Valley sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da adana ruwa mai inganci, ciki har da tafkunan wucin gadi a Girnar tun 3000 BCE, da tsarin magudanar ruwa tun kusan 2600 BCE. An yi noma mai faɗi tare da babbar hanyar magudanar ruwa.[42][43]

Manoma a filin Mesopotamia sun yi amfani da ban ruwa tun akalla ƙarni na 3 BCE.[44] Sun ƙirƙiri ban ruwa na dindindin, suna shayar da amfanin gona a duk lokacin girma ta hanyar jawo ruwa ta cikin ƙananan hanyoyi.[45]

Masarawa na dā sun yi amfani da ban ruwa ta hanyar ambaliyar Nilu, inda ruwan ambaliya ke cika filaye da aka kewaye da katanga. Ruwan ya tsaya har sai laka mai albarka ta zauna kafin a mayar da ragowar ruwa.[46] Shaida ta nuna cewa Sarkin Masar Amenemhet III a ƙarni na 12 BCE ya yi amfani da tafkin Faiyum Oasis a matsayin tafki don adana ruwa.[47]

Matasa injiniyoyi suna gyara tsohon tsarin ban ruwa na Mughal a 1847

Nubians na dā sun ƙirƙiri ban ruwa ta hanyar na’urar kamar keken ruwa da ake kira sakia. Ban ruwa ya fara a Nubia tsakanin ƙarni na 3 da na 2 BCE.[48] Ya dogara da ambaliyar Nilu da sauran koguna a Sudan.[49]

A Afirka ta ƙasa da Sahara, ban ruwa ya kai yankin kogin Niger tun ƙarni na 1 ko na 2 BCE, ya dogara da ambaliyar damina da tara ruwa.[50][51] Shaida ta ban ruwa a matakai (terrace irrigation) ta bayyana a Amurka kafin Kolombiya, Siriya, Indiya, da China.[46] A kwarin Zana na Andes a Peru, an gano ragowar magudanar ruwa tun ƙarni na 4 BCE, na 3 BCE da na 9 CE.[52]

Persia ta dā (Iran na yau) ta yi amfani da ban ruwa tun ƙarni na 6 BCE don shuka sha’ir a wuraren da ba su da isasshen ruwan sama.[53] Qanat, wanda aka ƙirƙira kusan 800 BCE, har yanzu ana amfani da shi a Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.[54] Noria, keken ruwa da tukwane a gefensa, ya fara amfani kusan wannan lokaci a Afirka ta Arewa.[55]

Tarihin Zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawan ban ruwa a duniya ya ƙaru sosai a ƙarni na 20. A shekara ta 1800, an ban ruwa hekta miliyan 8; a 1950, hekta miliyan 94; kuma a 1990, hekta miliyan 235. Zuwa 1990, kashi 30% na abincin duniya ya fito daga ƙasar da ake ban ruwa.[3] Hanyoyin ban ruwa sun haɗa da magudanar ruwa daga saman ruwa,[4][5] hako ruwan ƙasa, da karkatar da ruwa daga dam. Gwamnatocin ƙasa ne suka jagoranci yawancin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa, amma masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu[6] da sauran ƙasashe,[5] musamman Amurka,[7] China,[8] da ƙasashen Turai kamar Birtaniya,[9] sun tallafawa wasu shirye-shirye a ƙasashen waje. Ban ruwa ya ba da damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona, musamman amfanin kasuwanci a wuraren da ba za su iya tallafawa ba. Ƙasashe sun zuba jari don ƙara samar da alkama, shinkafa, ko auduga, da nufin samun cin gashin kai.[9] A ƙarni na 20, damuwar duniya, musamman game da mallakar auduga ta Amurka, ta sa ƙasashe da dama suka fara manyan ayyukan ban ruwa: Birtaniya a Indiya, Ottoman a Masar, Faransa a Aljeriya, Portugal a Angola, Jamusawa a Togo, da Soviet a Asiya ta Tsakiya.[5]

Illolin Ban Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawanci manyan ayyukan ban ruwa suna da illa. Wasu ayyuka da suka karkatar da ruwan saman sun busar da hanyoyin ruwa, suna haifar da yanayi mai tsanani.[30] Ayyukan da suka dogara da ruwan ƙasa kuma suka hako da yawa sun haifar da faduwar ƙasa da gishirin ruwa. Gishirin ya lalata amfanin gona kuma ya shiga ruwan sha.[30] Kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta sun bunƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa da tafkunan ruwa, suna haifar da cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da schistosomiasis.[31][32][33] Gwamnatoci kuma sun yi amfani da ban ruwa don ƙarfafa hijira, musamman na al’umma da suke so.[34][35][36] Wasu manyan shirye-shiryen ƙasa ma sun kasa, suna kashe kuɗi fiye da ribar da aka samu daga amfanin gona.[37][38]

Hotuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "On Water". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  2. ↑ "Water in Agriculture". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  3. 1 2 McNeill 2000 pp.180–181.
  4. 1 2 McNeill 2000 pp.174.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Peterson 2016
  6. 1 2 McNeill 2000 pp.153.
  7. 1 2 Ekbladh 2002 pp.337.
  8. 1 2 Bosshard 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 4 McNeill 2000 pp.169-170.
  10. ↑ World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 (in Turanci). 2023. doi:10.4060/cc8166en. ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2. Retrieved 2023-12-13 – via FAODocuments.
  11. ↑ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  12. ↑ "Reclaimed water – Agricultural reuse". Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ↑ Moreira da Silva, Manuela (January 2022). "Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes". Sustainability. 14 (17). doi:10.3390/su141710715. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ McDill, Stuart (November 27, 2019). "Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water". Reuters. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ↑ O'Toole, Emer (29 July 2019). "Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change". The National. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Chartres, C. and Varma, S. Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems, FT Press (USA), 2010
  17. ↑ "Flood Irrigation Service". City of Tempe, Arizona. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  18. ↑ Frenken, K. (2005). "Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005". Water Report 29. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  19. ↑ Provenzano, Giuseppe (2007). "Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 133 (4): 342–350.
  20. ↑ "Center pivot irrigation evolutionizes agriculture". The Fence Post Magazine. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2026.
  21. ↑ "GPS Swing Arms Prove Their Worth". January 7, 2017. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2026.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Peters".
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Hill".
  24. ↑ "Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique".
  25. ↑ "Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info".
  26. 1 2 3 Purtill, James (31 January 2026). "Sprinklers made Australia green. But what happens when the water runs out?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2026. Retrieved 15 February 2026.
  27. ↑ "About Us: Australian Family Owned". Holman Industries. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2026.
  28. ↑ Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (19 Disamba 2022). "Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought". Nature Communications. 13 (7825): 7825. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.7825L. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x. PMC 9763392 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36535940 Check |pmid= value (help). Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  30. 1 2 3 4 McNeill 2000 shaf. 164–165.
  31. 1 2 McNeill 2019.
  32. 1 2 Worster 1992 shaf. 112–113.
  33. 1 2 McNeill 2000 shaf. 171.
  34. 1 2 Parker 2020
  35. 1 2 Visser 2018
  36. 1 2 Worster 1992 shaf. 156–157.
  37. 1 2 Pisani 2002 shafi na 5.
  38. 1 2 McNeill 2000
  39. ↑ Flannery, Kent V. (1969). Ucko, Peter John (ed.). The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (published 2007). p. 89. ISBN 978-0-202-36557-2.
  40. ↑ Lawton, H. W.; Wilke, P. J. (1979). Agriculture in Semi-Arid Environments. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2012). p. 13. ISBN 978-3-642-67328-3.
  41. ↑ Alexander R. Thomas, Gregory M. Fulkerson (2021), City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems. Rowman & Littlefield. p.137
  42. 1 2 The Basis of Civilization--water Science?. International Association of Hydrological Science. 2004. ISBN 978-1-901502-57-2.
  43. ↑ "Ancient India Indus Valley Civilization". Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  44. ↑ The Sumerian World. Routledge. 2013.
  45. ↑ Hill, Donald (1984). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. p. 18.
  46. 1 2 Hill, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
  47. ↑ "Amenemhet III".
  48. ↑ Ancient civilizations of Africa. Unesco. 1981. p. 309.
  49. ↑ The Earth and Its Peoples, Volume I. Wadsworth. 2008.
  50. ↑ "Traditional technologies".
  51. ↑ "Africa, Emerging Civilizations In Sub-Sahara Africa".
  52. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Dillehay, 2005".
  53. ↑ The History of Technology – Irrigation. Encyclopædia Britannica.
  54. ↑ "Qanat Irrigation Systems and Homegardens (Iran)". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  55. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 and 1989 editions

Tushe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Free-content attribution

Samfuri:Free-content attribution

Majiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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