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Barbar cinikin bayi

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Kasuwar bayi na Algiers a farkon karni na 17. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman (Arewacin Afirka). 'Yan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa na Barbary corsairs da kuma hare-hare a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gaɓar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Gabashin Ottoman na Bahar Rum ya kasance wurin da ake fama da matsanancin fashin teku.[1] zuwa karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama "barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean"[2]

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo ƙarshe a farkon shekarun karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da ƙawayen Turai na Yammacin Turai suka ci nasara a yakin Barbary na farko da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen kasuwancin a shekarun 1830.[3] [4] [5]

Galibin mutanen da aka kama ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya[6] </ref>


Yawan

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Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.[7] Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su kiyaye bayanan hukuma da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa kusan bayi 35,000 na Turai ana gudanar da su a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers.[8] [9] [10] yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragen ruwansu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya.[11] [12] [13] [14] Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Musulunci, ya yi kiyasin cewa masu sayar da bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai Turawa bayi miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 zuwa Arewacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18.[15] [16] Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da ƴan fashin teku Barbary suka kama ya kasance a kai a kai na tsawon shekaru 250.[[17] [18] Wasu masana tarihi sun kalubalanci lambobin Davis.[[19]


Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684. John Wright ya yi gargaɗin cewa ƙididdiga na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam.[[20] littafi na biyu na Davis, Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Farko-Modern Mediterranean, ya fadada hankalinsa ga bautar da ke da alaƙa.,[21]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, 'yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki a garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kame tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari.,[22][23] A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman. A cikin 1554 ma'aikatan jirgin karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000.[24] An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta.,,[25] A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka kama mutane 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.[26] A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci 466 ga 'yan fashin Barbary.[,[27]

Asali

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Ƙarin bayani: Barbary corsairs Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Hayreddin Barbarossa, wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin daular Usmaniyya kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su an daure su a Algiers kadai.[28] [29]

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da. Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi[30] da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista.

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku. Ma’aikatan jirgin da aka kama ko dai sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa. Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu kishin addini, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair sun kasance ’yan tawaye. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo arewacin Afirka suna neman dama.[31]

Tasowarsu

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Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kimanin shekara 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai a karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 na Turai 'yan fashi sun kama kuma sun sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a haɗa cinikin bayi a Turai a wasu sassan Tekun Bahar Rum a cikin wannan kiyasin. Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis cewa: "Alkalumansa sun yi kadan kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri."[[32] [33] Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambato a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. Wani kaftin dan kasar Holland Jan Janszoon van Haarlem wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger ne ya jagoranci harin. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci harin 1627 akan Iceland. Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su cikin bayi[34] irin wadannan hare-hare a tekun Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna sosai har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga[35] ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an yanke kauna a wurin. Hasali ma an ce: “Ba wanda ya rage ya kama”[36] [37] [38] A shekara ta 1627, ƙungiyar da aka fi sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko) ta mamaye Lundy na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wadannan ’yan fashin Barbary, karkashin jagorancin Janszoon, sun tashi da tutar Ottoman a kan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi.[39] [40] [41] ,[42] [43] [44]

Bauta kafofin ta al'umma

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Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Kowace al'umma na da manufofinta don magance wannan batu, kuma gwamnatoci daban-daban na Turai sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary don biyan kudin fansa ga fursunonin da aka kama, da hana kai hari kan jiragen ruwa ko kai farmaki a kan iyakokinsu.[45] fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu zaman kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani,,[46] . Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni zuwa 20th.[47]

Biritaniya da Ireland

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'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa mafi yawan wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Biritaniya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin James VI da ni mun yi doguwar tattaunawa don hana kai hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba.,[48]

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila mafi shaharar tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Algiers suka yi a kan ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shine hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwar Barbary suka yi a Ireland[49] ],[50] biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani hari da bayi ya kai wa kauyen Dungarvan na Irish wanda ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin.[51]

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya.[52] A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tattara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami'un da ke masarautar don a sami damar siyan su kyauta.[53] Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da mayar da bayi.[54] Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa[[55] [56]

Denmark - Norway

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Danmark – Barbary corsairs sun kai wa Norway hari a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda na Denmark ne, an fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan Barbary sun kai farmaki a tsibirin Faroe inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane da yawa don bauta.[57]

Shahararriyar hare-haren bayi da aka kai a tsibirin Faroe shi ne farmakin da bayi suka kai a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1629, inda aka yi garkuwa da mutane talatin zuwa bauta, inda ba su dawo ba[58]

Yaƙin Danish-Algerian daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deylik na Algiers ya faru a wani bangare saboda fashin teku na Barbary akan jiragen ruwan Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka siyar da ma'aikatansu zuwa bauta.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary har da Hark Olufs.[59]

Iceland

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Iceland ya yi wa Iceland ta hare hare-hare da kuma Corsade. A cikin 1607, Iceland ya kawo karshen Iceland ta da coseland wanda ya sace mutane da yawa zuwa bayi. [60]

Shahararrun shahararrun bararrun kance a kan Iceland shine smatsawatun Turkiyya da ta faru a lokacin rani na 1627. [61] kimanin mutane 400 aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi, [62]Wadanda mutane 50 kawai suka dawo daga baqin fansa, 9 zuwa [63] [64] Daga cikin cutar Icelandic wanda ke fama da kasuwancin bayi ya kasance 'ólafur Egilsson. [65]

Italiya

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Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, daya daga cikin kasashen da ya fi shafa da ya fi shafa a cikin mahallin Barrary Clos Charsha Harajada. Baya daga cikin hare-hare a kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, an yi hare-hare da yawa a bakin kasar Italiyawa da coars a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17. ,[66] Italiya, wanda bayan 1550s ya mamaye 1550s wanda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ottoman ta mamaye harin bayi, saboda yawan bashin da aka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni, kuma da sojojinta suka yi rauni a bakin tekun Italiya. [67] Kamar yadda ke Spain, hare-hare na bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin tekun da tsibiran da suka watsar, da masunta a cikin jirgin, kuma [68] [69] ,[70] [71]

Malta

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Malta ta hare Matar hare-hare ta murjushi. A cikin 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha ya sace tsibiran Malta da Gozo, [72] Da yawan 'yan Gozo ne, an sayar da su a Libya. [73] [74] ,[75] ,[76] [77] [78]

Netherlands

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Hare harin bawa da aka yi a bakin iyakar Netherlands. Jirgin ruwan Dutch sun kasance duk da haka akai akai-akai manufa ga cosair pirates. Gwamnatin Dutch ta ba da damar siyan 'yan kasa da Dutch za ta sayi' yan ƙasa na Dutch da kuma ya wa'azin a Arewacin Afirka. A gwargwadon rahoto na Dutch a gwargwadon iko a tsakanin mafi girman farashi, kuma murjushi sun bukaci farashin daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa. [79] [80]

Portugal

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An kuma sanya yankuna na Fortugal sun kasance suna kan hare-haren bakin teku da bargary pires.

A cikin 1617, muryar da aka gudanar daga Algeria ta gudanar da buhu na Madeira, a lokacin da suka jefa tsibirin Portuguese sannan suka sace wa mazaunanta. [81] Harin ya faru ne a lokacin tsayin bautar a kan Barkary Coast. Madeira ya kasance a wannan lokacin wani bangare ne na kungiyar Iberian ta jagorance ta da laifin Spain. [82]

Spaniya

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Kasar Spain dai na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da matsalar hare-haren 'yan ta'adda a duk nahiyar Turai. Dukansu jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya da kuma bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga ma'aikatan jirgin daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Dakarun kasar Tunis sun fi kai farmaki kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsair na Algiers da Maroko ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da yammacin Turai.[83] An fara kai farmakin bayi a Spain a farkon ƙarni na 16. Buhun Cullera a Spain a kan Tekun Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da babban hafsan Ottoman Dragut ya sauka a Cullera, Valencia kuma ya kori birnin yana kwashe mazauna da yawa cikin bauta. Dragut ya kai wa Cullera hari da dare tare da mutane 300.[84] ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga hannun mutane kuma ya kwashe kusan dukkan mazauna birnin a matsayin bayi.[85] ya ajiye mutanen da aka kama a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers[86]

Hare-haren bayi ya yi tsanani musamman a karni na 17, lokacin da barayin suka yi awon gaba da al'ummar kauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, inda suka bar manyan yankunan bakin teku suka zama marasa yawan jama'a.,[87] a cikin 1637 misali, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe[88] lokacin da ƙauyukan da ke bakin teku suka ƙazantar da jama'a, an tilasta wa kambin Mutanen Espanya haɓaka harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina garu don kare gabar teku da hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka a cikin ƙasar.[89]

Jirgin ruwan Spain ma abin ya shafa. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma’aikatan ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque ta yadda waɗannan lardunan ba za su iya cika adadin ma’aikatan ruwa na tekun Spain ba.[90] Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arzikin da ke cikin tekun Mediterrenean gabaɗaya.,[91]

Sweden da Finland

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Babu wani harin bayi da corsairs suka taɓa kai wa gaɓar tekun Sweden da Finland (wanda wani yanki ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da na Finlan sun kai hari da jiragen ruwa a tekun da ke wajen yammacin Turai da kuma cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, babban ma'aji na kasar Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie ya sami wasikar daukaka kara daga wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa takwas na kasar Sweden wadanda 'yan sanda suka yi garkuwa da su a teku kuma suna bautar da su a Algiers.[92]

Dan Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya sadu da magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka nemi taimakonsa don a sayo su kyauta su koma “gidajensu, zuwa ga ’ya’yansu, iyayensu da ƙasar gidansu” [93] kuma ya lissafa sunayen 23 na Swedes sannan aka riƙe su a matsayin bayi [94]

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙarin kare jiragen ruwansu ta hanyar yin amfani da inshorar yaƙi da bautar, jerin gwano, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗar abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin. ‘Yan uwansu kuma sun saye wadanda aka kama kyauta. Wannan ba kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: yawancin mata matalauta an san sun karbi kuɗi don siyan mazansu da 'ya'yansu kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya kasance bawa a Algiers bayan an kama shi daga jirgin Wibus daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya "zauna cikin bautar wahala" a cikin Algi. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kuɗi don siyan ’yancinsa, amma ta roƙi sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don neman kuɗi a tara a coci-coci don siyan mijinta bawa, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacenta; wannan ba wani sabon abu ba ne, domin an san yawancin mata matalauta sun yi haka[95] [96] Kusan duk 'yan Sweden da Finn da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suka kama a teku ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan kasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 'yan bautar sun kasance bayi a tsakanin 1650 da 1763[97]

Daya daga cikin mutanen Sweden wadanda cinikin bayi na Barbary ya shafa shine Marcus Berg (1714-1761).,[98]

Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka

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Duba kuma: Barbary Wars Babu wani hari na Barbary a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka daga baya. Sai dai 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka, sun kama Amurkawa da suka yi garkuwa da su tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani mawallafin tarihin ya rubuta "na dogon lokaci a baya kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna cikin bauta."[99]

A lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, Sarkin Maroko Mohammed III ya bayyana cewa jiragen ruwa na sabuwar al'ummar Amurka za su kasance a karkashin kariya daga sultanate kuma ta haka za su iya jin dadin shiga cikin tekun Bahar Rum da bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar abokantaka ta Moroccan-Amurka ta tsaya a matsayin yarjejeniya ta abokantaka mafi tsufa da ba a karye a Amurka tare da wata ikon kasashen waje.[100][101] A shekara ta 1787, Maroko ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da ƙasar Amurka.[102]

Tun daga shekarun 1780, sanin cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba su da kariya daga sojojin ruwan Burtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kame jiragen Amurka a tekun Bahar Rum. Da yake Amurka ta wargaza sojojin ruwanta na Nahiyar, kuma ba ta da karfin soji, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekara ta 1786 ta ba da yabo don dakatar da hare-haren.[103] A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa bukatar Shugaba George Washington, Majalisa ta kada kuri'ar ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida tare da kafa rundunar sojan ruwan Amurka, domin dakile wadannan hare-hare da neman karin kudi.[104]

{Asar Amirka ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da dukkan jihohin Barbary, bayan da aka amince da samun 'yancin kai tsakanin shekarun 1786 zuwa 1794, don bayar da kyauta ta musanya ta barin 'yan kasuwan Amirka, kuma a shekara ta 1797, {asar Amirka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin shekara na gwamnati, sannan ta biya haraji.[105]

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka ya kasance dalilin da ya sa Amurkawa suka shiga yakin Barbary.

Rashin jituwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani balaguron sojan ruwa na Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga cikin jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli, 1804 A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, da ke kawance da kasashen Turai, sun yi yaki kuma suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yakin sun kasance martani ne kai tsaye na kasashen Amurka da Birtaniya da Faransa da kuma Holand game da hare-hare da cinikin bayi da ‘yan fashin Barbary suka yi musu, wanda ya kare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a tekun Bahar Rum ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya ɓace bayan mamaya na Turai[106] [107] Bayan wani harin bam na Anglo-Dutch a 1816 na Algiers a ranar 27 ga Agusta, wanda Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth ya jagoranta, ya naƙasa yawancin jiragen ruwa na 'yan fashin teku, Dey na Algiers ya tilasta amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (mafi yawa daga Sardinia) da kuma bautar da su na Turai. Bayan da aka ci galaba a kansu a wannan lokacin da ake gwabza yaki tsakanin kasashen Turai da Amurka, jihohin Barbary sun koma koma baya,[108]

'Yan fashin Barbary sun ki daina ayyukan bautar da suke yi, wanda hakan ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy suka kai wa Algiers a shekara ta 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekara ta 1830, inda ta mayar da ita karkashin mulkin mallaka. Hakazalika kasar Faransa ta mamaye kasar Tunisiya a shekarar 1881. Tripoli ta koma karkashin ikon Ottoman a shekara ta 1835, kafin ta fada hannun Italiya a yakin Italiya da Turkiyya a 1911. Don haka, ’yan kasuwar bayi sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki daidai da dokokin gwamnonin su, kuma ba za su iya yin la’akari da yadda ake sarrafa kansu ba. An daina cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da na 20 ko kuma lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokokin da ke ba da 'yantar da bayi[109] [110]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  4. ↑ Second Barbary War: The Algerine War". UM Clements Library. Retrieved 2025-,
  5. ↑ By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria
  6. ↑ The Sultan's Renegades: Christian-European Converts to Islam and the Making of the Ottoman Elite, 1575–1610
  7. ↑ Diego de Haedo, Topografía e historia general de Argel, 3 vols., Madrid, 1927–29.
  8. ↑ Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
  9. ↑ Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World
  10. ↑ A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500–1650
  11. ↑ "British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
  12. ↑ Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
  13. ↑ Eisenberg, "¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?", in Ingeniosa invención: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday, Newark, Delaware, Juan de la Cuesta, 1999, ISBN 978-0936388830, pp.
  14. ↑ "British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
  15. ↑ Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
  16. ↑ "When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed"
  17. ↑ "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe"
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  20. ↑ ISBN
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  30. ↑ Gerber, Jane (1992). The Jews of Spain. US: The Free Press
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