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Bashi na waje na Haiti

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Bashi na waje na Haiti

Juyin Juya Hali na faransa da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon a Turai sun ƙyale bayin Haiti na tawaye su rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Faransa tare da samun 'yanci a cikin juyin juya halin Haiti na 1791-1804. Masarautar Faransa da aka maido, da sarakunan Turai suka goyi bayan, ta aika da balaguron 1825 na Faransa zuwa Haiti don buƙata, tare da barazanar soji, diyya mai yawa: Haiti dole ne ta biya gwamnatin Faransa da tsoffin masu bautar bayi kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 105 na zamani, daga baya an rage zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 21 don asarar kadarorin bayi masu tarin yawa da kudaden shiga. Bankunan Faransa da bankin Citibank na Amurka ne suka dauki nauyin wannan farashin na yancin kai, kuma a ƙarshe ya biya a cikin 1947.

Daga baya, daular Duvalier mai cin hanci da rashawa ta kara yawan basussukan kasar. An yi imanin Duvaliers sun yi amfani da kuɗin don faɗaɗa ikonsu da kuma wadatar kansu. A farkon karni na 21, musamman bayan mummunar girgizar kasa a shekara ta 2010, bankin duniya da wasu gwamnatoci sun shirya yafe bashin. Maimakon haka, an dage sauran sassan bashin Haiti. Faransa ta yafe wani lamuni na baya-bayan nan tare da ma'auni na dalar Amurka miliyan 77, amma ta ki yin la'akari da biyan bashin 'yancin kai.

Ana yin Allah wadai da waɗannan basussuka a matsayin tushen talaucin Haiti na wannan zamani da kuma shari'ar bashi mai banƙyama, bashin da aka tilasta wa jama'a da ƙarfi. A cikin 2022, The New York Times ta buga jerin bincike da aka sadaukar akan wannan lamarin.[[1]


Jerin bashi

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Bashin 'yancin kai Babban labarin: Rikicin lamuni na Haiti Haiti ita ce mafi arziƙi kuma mafi fa'ida a Turai a cikin duniya zuwa cikin 1800s.[2] Haiti.[3] ta gado na bashi ya fara jim kadan bayan wani [4] tartsatsi na bawa ga Faransawa, tare da Haiti sun sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a 1804. Shugaban Amurka Thomas Jefferson - tsoron cewa bayi samun 'yancin kai za su bazu zuwa Amurka - ya daina aika taimakon da ya fara karkashin magabacinsa John Adams kuma ya bi kasa da kasa keɓewar Haiti a lokacin mulkinsa. Faransa ma ta bi manufar da ta hana Haiti shiga harkokin kasuwanci a tekun Atlantika[5] Wannan keɓancewa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ya sa Haiti ta ɗokin neman agajin tattalin arziki.[6]

Faransa, tare da jiragen ruwa a shirye, ta tashi zuwa Haiti a cikin 1825 kuma ta bukaci Haiti da ta biya Faransa diyya saboda asarar da ta yi na bayi da mulkin mallaka.[7] [8] Domin samun amincewar Faransa ga Haiti a matsayin jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta, Faransa ta bukaci a biya ta francs miliyan 150[9] Baya ga biyan kuɗin, Faransa ta buƙaci Haiti ta ba da rangwamen kashi hamsin cikin ɗari kan kayayyakin da take fitarwa zuwa gare su, wanda hakan zai sa biyan kuɗi ya yi wahal[10] A shekara ta 1838, Faransa ta amince ta rage bashin zuwa franc miliyan 90 da za a biya na tsawon shekaru 30 don rama tsoffin masu shukar da suka yi hasarar dukiyarsu; 2004 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 21.[11] [12] [13] Masana tarihi sun gano takardun lamuni tun daga lokacin dokar ta 1825, ta hanyar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce daban-daban na sake kuɗaɗen kuɗi, zuwa aika kuɗi na ƙarshe zuwa Babban Bankin City (yanzu Citibank) a cikin 1947.[14]

Duvalier bashi

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Daga 1957 zuwa 1986 Haiti ta kasance karkashin lalatattun dangin Duvalier azzalumai. Lamunin da aka samu a wannan lokacin kadai an kiyasta kusan kashi 40% na bashin Haiti a shekara ta 2000, kafin a ba da sassaucin bashi. An yi amfani da waɗannan kudade don ƙarfafa ikon Duvaliers akan Haiti da kuma makirci daban-daban na yaudara. Duvaliers ne kawai suka sace adadi mai yawa. Jean-Claude Duvalier, wanda ya jagoranci kasar daga 1971 zuwa 1986 an yi masa gudun hijira zuwa Faransa bayan an hambarar da shi kuma ana tuhumarsa da laifin sata da almubazzaranci a lokacin mulkinsa.[15]

Ƙoƙarin soke bashi

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Haiti yana da bashin waje na dala biliyan 2.1 a kololuwar sa.[16] [17] [18] [dubious - tattauna] Jubilee USA, Jubilee Debt Campaign (Birtaniya) [19] da sauransu, sun yi kira da a soke bashin Haiti nan take ga cibiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Bankin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), da hujjar Inter-American Development Bank.Ƙoƙarin soke bashi[20] [21] Haiti yana da bashin waje na dala biliyan 2.1 a kololuwarsa. bashi mai banƙyama) da kuma cewa Haiti za ta iya amfani da kuɗin da ke zuwa sabis na bashi don ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayan more rayuwa.[22] kungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Amurka sun ba da faɗakarwa game da Ƙaddamar Bashin Haiti, da wasiƙar Majalisa zuwa Baitulmalin Amurka, [23] ciki har da Jubilee Amurka, Cibiyar Shari'a & Dimokiradiyya a Haiti da Pax Christi Amurka.

Tsakanin 2006 da 2009, Haiti ta kasance cikin shirin bankin duniya da IMF mai cike da lamuni na HIPC.[m[24] Ƙididdigar soke bashin Haiti[25] tana da masu ba da tallafi na 66 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka tun daga watan Fabrairun 2008. A cikin watan Satumba na 2009, bayan wani shiri na sake fasalin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, Haiti ya cika ka'idojin kammala shirin HIPC, wanda ya cancanta don soke ayyukan bashi na waje. Wannan ya rage darajar fuskar bashin da dala miliyan 757[[26] da kuma hidimar bashi nan gaba (ciki har da riba) da dala biliyan 1.2.£[27] gwamnatin Amurka), soke bashin ba zai taimaka wa kasar ta farfado daga girgizar kasa ba, kuma bai kamata ya zama fifiko ga fafutuka ba.[28]

Kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa Press ya bayar da rahoton a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2010 cewa, shugaban kasar Venezuela Hugo Chavez ya bayyana cewa, Petrocaribe, kungiyar hadin gwiwar makamashin da ake yi a Venezuela, za ta yafe bashin Haiti. Bashin Haiti da Venezuela ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 295, kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na bashin kasashen waje na dala biliyan 1.25, a cewar alkaluman asusun lamuni na duniya.@[29]

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2010, bankin duniya ya sanar da yafe sauran basussukan Haiti ga bankin.[30] darajar iznin ya kai dala miliyan 36.[[31]

A cikin 2015, Faransa ta yafe kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 77 (~ $96.8 miliyan a cikin 2023) a cikin bashi na zamani, wanda ba ya da alaƙa da 'yancin kai.[32] A shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Haiti ta bukaci Faransa ta biya Haiti na miliyoyin daloli da aka biya tsakanin 1825 zuwa 1947 a matsayin diyya na asarar dukiyoyin da Faransawa bayi da masu mallakar filaye suka yi a sakamakon 'yancin da bayi suka samu.[33] A cikin 2015, gwamnatin Faransa ta ƙi wannan buƙatar da kuma duk wani ramuwar gayya gabaɗaya.[[34] [35]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Porter, Catherine; Méheut, Constant; Apuzzo, Matt; Gebrekidan, Selam (2022-05-20). "The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved
  2. ↑ Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime
  3. ↑ "The Case for Haitian Reparations"
  4. ↑ "Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian"
  5. ↑ "The Case for Haitian Reparations"
  6. ↑ "Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles"
  7. ↑ "Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt"
  8. ↑ "Odious Debts - Impoverished Haiti pins hopes for future on a very old debt"
  9. ↑ "Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt"
  10. ↑ Barnes, Joslyn (2010-01-19). "Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  11. ↑ The Wall Street Journal
  12. ↑ ]"Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles"
  13. ↑ Sommers, Jeffrey. Race, Reality, and Realpolitik: U.S.-Haiti Relations in the Lead Up to the 1915 Occupation. 2015. ISBN 1498509142. Page
  14. ↑ "The Case for Haitian Reparations"
  15. ↑ "Repay historic debt to Haiti"
  16. ↑ "Jubilee Debt Campaign UK : Country information : Haiti"
  17. ↑ "Haiti the land where children eat mud"
  18. ↑ "Haiti the land where children eat mud"
  19. ↑ "Jubilee Debt Campaign UK"
  20. ↑ "IDB - Haiti and the IDB"
  21. ↑ "World Bank cancels remaining Haiti debt"
  22. ↑ "Advocacy Our Work"
  23. ↑ "Jubilee USA Network | take_action | haiti06.HTML"
  24. ↑ "Haiti : Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: Completion Point Document"
  25. ↑ "109hr888ih"
  26. ↑ "For Haitians' Sake, Drop the "Drop the Debt""
  27. ↑ ]"Haiti: Debt Statistics and IMF support - Background Note"
  28. ↑ "For Haitians' Sake, Drop the "Drop the Debt""
  29. ↑ "Haiti: Debt Statistics and IMF support - Background Note"
  30. ↑ "World Bank cancels Haiti's debt"
  31. ↑ "World Bank cancels Haiti's debt"
  32. ↑ "Hollande pledges Haiti investment"
  33. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Haiti
  34. ↑ ["France's refusal to pay Haiti reparations is a symptom of an even wider issue"
  35. ↑ "Is it time for France to pay its real debt to Haiti?"
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