Basketball player

Yan Kwallon Kwando wasa ne na ƙungiya inda ƙungiyoyi biyu masu 'yan wasa biyar kowannensu (ban da waɗanda suka maye gurbinsu) ke fafatawa da juna a filin wasa mai kusurwa huɗu. 'Yan wasa suna fafatawa da babban burinsu na harbi ƙwallon kwando ta hanyar amfani da ƙugiya (kwandon da aka ɗora a kan allo ) a kowane ƙarshen filin wasa. Ƙungiyoyi suna canzawa tsakanin harin kai hari (lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin cin kwallo), da kuma tsaron gida (lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙarin hana ɓangaren da ke hamayya da su cin kwallo). Manufar filin wasa tana da maki biyu, sai dai idan an yi ta ne daga bayan layin maki uku, lokacin da take da darajar uku. Bayan an yi kuskure, an dakatar da wasan da aka tsara a lokaci kuma ƙungiyar da aka yi kuskure ko dai ta yi jifa ɗaya zuwa uku na kyauta wanda ya kai maki ɗaya kowanne, ko kuma ta sake fara wasa da izinin shiga . Ƙungiyar da ta fi samun maki a ƙarshen wasan ta yi nasara. Idan wasannin ƙa'idoji suka ƙare da daidaiton maki, yawancin wasannin ƙwallon kwando suna buƙatar ƙarin lokutan wasa ( bayan lokaci ) har sai maki ya daina daidaitawa.'Yan wasa suna ci gaba da buga ƙwallon ta hanyar tsalle ta yayin tafiya ko gudu (dribbling) ko kuma ta hanyar ba wa abokin wasa, waɗanda duka suna buƙatar ƙwarewa sosai. A lokacin harin ƙwallo, 'yan wasa za su iya amfani da nau'ikan bugun ƙwallo iri-iri – layup, harbin tsalle, ko kuma dunk . A fannin tsaron gida, suna iya satar kwallon daga mai bugun dribbler, su katse pass, ko kuma su toshe bugun. Ko dai hari ko kariya na iya samun koma-baya, wanda shine bugun da aka rasa wanda ya tashi daga gefe ko baya. Cin zarafi ne a ɗaga ko ja ƙafar mutum ba tare da ɗiban ƙwallon ba, ko ɗaukarta, ko riƙe ƙwallon da hannu biyu sannan a ci gaba da ɗiban ƙwallon .'Yan wasa biyar a kowane gefe suna faɗuwa cikin matsayi biyar na wasa . Mafi tsayin ɗan wasa yawanci shine tsakiya, na biyu mafi tsayi kuma mafi ƙarfi shine mai ƙarfin gaba . Ƙaramin ɗan wasan gaba yana da ɗan wasa mai sauri amma mai sauri. A ƙarshe, 'yan wasa mafi gajarta ko mafi kyawun masu riƙe ƙwallon su ne mai tsaron harbi da mai tsaron maki . Waɗannan 'yan wasan suna aiwatar da tsarin wasan kocin ta hanyar sarrafa aiwatar da wasannin kai hari da na tsaro (matsayin ɗan wasa). Ba bisa ka'ida ba, 'yan wasa na iya buga wasa uku-da-uku, biyu-da-biyu, da kuma ɗaya-da-ɗaya.An ƙirƙiro wasan ƙwallon kwando a shekarar 1891 ta hannun malamin motsa jiki ɗan ƙasar Kanada ɗan Amurka James Naismith a Springfield, Massachusetts, a Amurka, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da aka fi kallo a duniya. [1] [2] Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasa (NBA) ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru mafi muhimmanci a duniya dangane da shahara, albashi, baiwa, da kuma matakin gasa [3] [4] (wanda ya samo mafi yawan baiwarta daga ƙwallon kwando ta jami'o'in Amurka). A wajen Arewacin Amurka, manyan ƙungiyoyi daga lig-lig na ƙasa sun cancanci shiga gasar zakarun nahiyoyi kamar EuroLeague da Basketball Champions League Americas . Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA da gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Olympics ita ce manyan gasannin kasa da kasa na wasanni kuma suna jan hankalin manyan kungiyoyin kasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Kowace nahiya tana karbar bakuncin gasannin yanki na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, kamar EuroBasket da FIBA AmeriCup .Gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta mata ta FIBA da kuma gasar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Olympics ta ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa daga gasar nahiyar. Babban gasar Arewacin Amurka ita ce WNBA ( Gasannin Kwando na Mata na NCAA Division I kuma sananne ne), yayin da ƙungiyoyin Turai mafi ƙarfi ke shiga cikin gasar EuroLeague Women .

Tarihi

An ambaci wani wasa makamancin ƙwallon kwando a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a Frankfurt am Main a shekarar 1591 wanda ya ba da rahoto game da salon rayuwa da al'adun mazauna bakin teku na Arewacin Amurka, Wahrhafftige Abconterfaytung der Wilden (Jamusanci; an fassara shi a matsayin Bayani na Gaskiya na Masu Saɓo) : [1] "Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, an bayyana wasan ƙwarewa inda dole ne a jefa ƙwallo a kan abin da aka saƙa daga rassan itace, wanda aka ɗora a kan sanda. Akwai ƙaramin lada ga ɗan wasan idan ana harba abin da aka saƙa." [2]

Ƙirƙira

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1891, James Naismith, farfesa ɗan ƙasar Kanada-Amurka a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kuma malami a Makarantar Horar da Ƙungiyar Kiristoci ta Matasan Maza ta Duniya (wanda yanzu ita ce Kwalejin Springfield ) da ke Springfield, Massachusetts, [1] yana ƙoƙarin ci gaba da motsa ajinsa a lokacin da ake ruwan sama. [2] Ya nemi wani wasa mai ƙarfi a cikin gida don ci gaba da shagaltar da ɗalibansa da kuma kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya a lokacin hunturu mai tsawo a New England . Bayan ya ƙi amincewa da wasu ra'ayoyi a matsayin waɗanda suka yi tsauri ko kuma waɗanda ba su dace da wuraren motsa jiki na bango ba, ya ƙirƙiro wani sabon wasa inda 'yan wasa za su ba wa abokan wasansu kwallo su kuma yi ƙoƙarin samun maki ta hanyar jefa ƙwallon a cikin kwandon da aka ɗora a bangoNaismith ya rubuta ƙa'idodi na asali kuma ya sanya kwandon peach a kan wani tsayin hanya. Da farko Naismith ya kafa kwandon peach tare da ƙasansa a cike, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a dawo da ƙwallon da hannu bayan kowace "kwando" ko maki ta ci. Wannan ya zama abin gajiya da sauri, don haka Naismith ya cire ƙasan kwandon don ba da damar a fitar da ƙwallan da doguwar dowel bayan kowace kwando ta ci. [1]Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Senda Berenson, mai koyar da al'adun motsa jiki a Kwalejin Smith da ke kusa, ta je Naismith don ƙarin koyo game da wasan. [1] Saboda sha'awar sabon wasan da kuma ɗabi'un da zai iya koyarwa, ta fara shirya wasanni tare da ɗalibanta, suna bin ƙa'idodi da aka gyara. [2] An buga wasan farko na mata na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban watanni 11 bayan haka, tsakanin Jami'ar California da Makarantar Miss Head. [3] A shekarar 1899, an kafa kwamiti a taron horar da motsa jiki da aka yi a Springfield don tsara ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya ga ƙwallon kwando na mata. Saboda haka, wasan ya bazu cikin sauri a cikin makarantu, kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka tare da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya ga maza da mata. [4]Da farko ana buga ƙwallon kwando da ƙwallon ƙafa . An yi waɗannan ƙwallon zagaye daga " ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar " a lokacin, tare da saitin igiyoyi don rufe ramin da ake buƙata don saka mafitsara mai hura iska bayan an juya sauran sassan murfin ƙwallon da aka ɗinka a waje-ciki. [1] [2] Waɗannan igiyoyin na iya haifar da bugun da ba za a iya tsammani ba. [3] Daga ƙarshe aka ƙirƙiro hanyar gina ƙwallon da ba ta da lace, kuma wannan canjin ga wasan ya samu amincewar Naismith (yayin da a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka, gina lace ya zama da amfani wajen kamawa kuma har zuwa yau.  ). Kwallayen farko da aka yi musamman don ƙwallon kwando launin ruwan kasa ne, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 ne Tony Hinkle, yana neman ƙwallon da za ta fi bayyana ga 'yan wasa da masu kallo, ya gabatar da ƙwallon lemu wadda yanzu ake amfani da ita a ko'ina. Dribbling ba ya cikin wasan farko sai dai "buɗewa" ga abokan wasansa. Wucewa ƙwallon ita ce babbar hanyar motsa ƙwallon. Daga ƙarshe aka fara amfani da dribbling amma an takaita shi da siffar da ba ta dace ba ta ƙwallo ta farko.  Dribbling ya zama ruwan dare a shekarar 1896, tare da wata doka da ta hana dribble sau biyu a shekarar 1898. [4]An yi amfani da kwandunan peach har zuwa 1906 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsu da ƙarfe masu kauri da allon baya. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake samun wani sauyi, don haka ƙwallon ta wuce ta cikin raga. Duk lokacin da mutum ya sami ƙwallo a cikin kwandon, ƙungiyarsa za ta sami maki ɗaya. Duk ƙungiyar da ta sami maki mafi yawa ta lashe wasan. [1] Da farko an yi wa kwandon ƙusa ne a kan baranda mai tsayi a filin wasa, amma wannan bai yi amfani ba lokacin da masu kallo a baranda suka fara katse harbin. An gabatar da allon baya don hana wannan tsangwama; yana da ƙarin tasirin barin harbin da aka yi da baya. [2] Littattafan tarihin Naismith da aka rubuta da hannu, waɗanda jikarsa ta gano a farkon 2006, sun nuna cewa yana cikin damuwa game da sabon wasan da ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idodi daga wasan yara da ake kira agwagwa a kan dutse, kamar yadda da yawa suka gaza a baya. [3]Frank Mahan, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fito daga wasan farko na farko, ya tuntuɓi Naismith bayan hutun Kirsimeti, a farkon 1892, yana tambayarsa abin da yake son kira sabon wasansa. Naismith ya amsa cewa bai yi tunanin hakan ba saboda ya mayar da hankali kan fara wasan kawai. Mahan ya ba da shawarar a kira shi "Naismith ball", inda ya yi dariya, yana cewa suna irin wannan zai kashe kowace wasa. Sai Mahan ya ce, "Me zai hana a kira shi ƙwallon kwando?" Naismith ya amsa, "Muna da kwando da ƙwallo, kuma a gare ni hakan zai zama kyakkyawan suna." [1] [2] An buga wasan farko na hukuma a gidan motsa jiki na YMCA da ke Albany, New York, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1892, tare da 'yan wasa tara. Wasan ya ƙare da ci 1-0; an yi bugun daga 25 feet (7.6 m), a filin wasa mai girman rabin filin wasan Streetball ko National Basketball Association (NBA) na yanzu.A lokacin, ana buga ƙwallon ƙafa da 10 ga kowace ƙungiya (wanda aka ƙara zuwa 11). Lokacin da yanayin hunturu ya yi ƙanƙara sosai don buga ƙwallon ƙafa, an kai ƙungiyoyi cikin gida, kuma ya dace a raba su gida biyu a buga ƙwallon kwando da biyar a kowane gefe. A tsakanin shekarun 1897 zuwa 1898, ƙungiyoyi biyar sun zama na yau da kullun.

Kwallon Kwando na kwaleji

An aika magoya bayan ƙwallon kwando na farko zuwa YMCAs a ko'ina cikin Amurka, kuma ta bazu cikin sauri a cikin Amurka da Kanada. Zuwa shekarar 1895, an kafa ta sosai a makarantun sakandare na mata da dama. Duk da cewa YMCA ce ke da alhakin haɓaka da yaɗa wasan da farko, cikin shekaru goma ya hana sabon wasan, yayin da wasan kwaikwayo da taron jama'a suka fara rage himma ga babban aikin YMCA. Duk da haka, sauran ƙungiyoyin wasanni na 'yan koyo, kwalejoji, da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sun cike gibin da sauri. A shekarun da suka gabata kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Amateur da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaleji ta Amurka (wanda ya riga NCAA ) sun yi takara don samun iko kan ƙa'idodin wasan. An kafa ƙungiyar kwararru ta farko, wato National Basketball League, a shekarar 1898 domin kare 'yan wasa daga cin zarafi da kuma haɓaka wasan da ba shi da wahala. Wannan gasar ta ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyar kacal.James Naismith ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙwallon kwando a jami'a . Abokin aikinsa CO Beamis ya fitar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta farko ta kwaleji shekara guda kacal bayan wasan Springfield YMCA a Kwalejin Pittsburgh Geneva da ke kewayen birnin. [1] Daga baya Naismith ya yi horo a Jami'ar Kansasna tsawon shekaru shida, kafin ya mika ragamar ga fitaccen kocin Forrest "Phog" Allen . Almajirin Naismith Amos Alonzo Stagg ya kawo ƙwallon kwando zuwa Jami'ar Chicago, yayin da Adolph Rupp, ɗalibi na Naismith's a Kansas, ya sami babban nasara a matsayin koci a Jami'ar Kentucky . A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1895, an buga wasan farko na tsakanin kwalejoji 5-on-5 a Jami'ar Hamline tsakanin Hamline da Makarantar Noma, wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Minnesota . [1] [2] [3] Makarantar Aikin Gona ta yi nasara a wasa 9-3.A shekarar 1901, kwalejoji, ciki har da Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar Minnesota, Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, Jami'ar Colorado da Jami'ar Yale sun fara daukar nauyin wasannin maza. A shekarar 1905, yawan raunuka da ake samu a filin ƙwallon ƙafa ya sa Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya ba da shawarar cewa kwalejoji su kafa hukumar gudanarwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejoji ta Amurka (IAAUS). A shekarar 1910, wannan hukumar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejoji ta Ƙasa (NCAA). An buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na farko na Kanada tsakanin jami'o'i a YMCA da ke Kingston, Ontario a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1904, lokacin da Jami'ar McGill ta fara – Ɗaliban makarantar Naismith – ya ziyarci Jami'ar Sarauniya . McGill ya yi nasara da ci 9-7 a karin lokaci; maki ya kasance 7-7 a ƙarshen wasan, kuma lokacin ƙarin lokaci na mintuna goma ya tabbatar da sakamakon. Mutane da yawa sun halarci kallon wasan. [1]Gasar cin kofin kasa ta maza ta farko, gasar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙungiyar ƙasa ta ƙungiyoyin kwalejoji, wadda har yanzu take a matsayin gasar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta ƙungiyoyin kwalejoji ta ƙasa (NAIA), an shirya ta ne a shekarar 1937. An shirya gasar farko ta ƙasa ga ƙungiyoyin NCAA, wato Gasar Gayyatar Ƙasa (NIT) a New York, a shekarar 1938; gasar ƙasa ta NCAA ta fara shekara guda bayan haka. Wasan ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji ya yi Áta'azzara sakamakon badakalar caca daga 1948 zuwa 1951, lokacin da aka samu ɗimbin 'yan wasa daga manyan ƙungiyoyi da hannu a cikin gyaran wasanni da aske maki . Sakamakon wani ɓangare na alaƙa da maguɗi, NIT ta rasa goyon bayanta ga gasar NCAA.

ƙwararrun yan wasa

Ƙungiyoyi sun yi yawa a duk tsawon shekarun 1920. Akwai ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando na maza a garuruwa da birane a faɗin Amurka, kuma ba a tsara wasannin ƙwararru sosai ba. 'Yan wasa suna tsalle daga ƙungiya zuwa ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi kuma suna wasa a cikin ɗakunan sulke da kuma gidajen rawa masu hayaƙi. Ligogi sun zo sun tafi. Ƙungiyoyin Barnstorming kamar Original Celtics da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Afirka-Amurka, New York Renaissance Five ("Rens") da Harlem Globetrotters (har yanzu suna nan) suna buga wasanni har zuwa ɗari biyu a kowace shekara a rangadin ƙasarsu.A shekarar 1946, aka kafa Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Amurka (BAA). An buga wasan farko a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada tsakanin Toronto Huskies da New York Knickerbockers a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1946. Bayan shekaru uku, a shekarar 1949, BAA ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Wasan Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBL) don kafa Ƙungiyar Wasan Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA). Zuwa shekarun 1950, ƙwallon kwando ta zama babban wasan kwaleji, wanda hakan ya share fagen karuwar sha'awar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru. A shekarar 1959, an kafa wani zauren wasan ƙwallon kwando mai suna a Springfield, Massachusetts, wurin da aka fara wasan. Jerin sunayen 'yan wasa masu kyau, masu horarwa, alkalai da kuma mutanen da suka bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen ci gaban wasan. Zauren shahara yana da mutanen da suka cimma burinsu da yawa a wasan ƙwallon kwando. Wata ƙungiya mai tasowa, Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Amurka, ta bunƙasa a shekarar 1967 kuma ta yi barazana ga rinjayen NBA na ɗan lokaci har zuwa lokacin da ABA-NBA suka haɗu a shekarar 1976. A yau NBA ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru a duniya dangane da shahara, albashi, baiwa, da kuma matakin gasa.Basketball playerNBA ta ƙunshi shahararrun 'yan wasa da yawa, ciki har da; George "Big Man" Mikan, mayen sarrafa ƙwallo Bob Cousy, ƙwararren mai tsaron baya Bill Russell da kuma cibiyar bajinta, Wilt Chamberlain . Taurarin da suka fito a fina-finai sun hada da; Oscar Robertson da Jerry West, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal, Hakeem Olajuwon, da Karl Malone . Sauran fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar John Stockton, Isiah Thomas da Steve Nash . Manyan 'yan wasan gaba masu kayatarwa sune Julius Erving da Charles Barkley . Jerin sunayen ya haɗa da taurarin Turai; Dirk Nowitzki, Pau Gasol, Nikola Jokić, da Tony Parker ; tauraron Latin Amurka Manu Ginobili, da kuma jaruman zamani masu goyon bayan taurari kamar Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, Tim Duncan, LeBron James, Stephen Curry, Giannis Antetokounmpo, da sauransu. 'Yan wasa uku da mutane da yawa suka yaba da su wajen shigar da wasan ƙwararru zuwa ga mafi girman shahararsa a shekarun 1980 da 1990: Larry Bird, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, da Michael Jordan .A shekara ta 2001, NBA ta kafa ƙungiyar ci gaban wasanni, National Basketball Development League (wanda daga baya aka san shi da NBA D-League sannan kuma NBA G League bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Gatorade ). Tun daga kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Gasar G tana da ƙungiyoyi 31.

Kwallon Kwando ta ƙasa da ƙasa

An kafa FIBA (Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Duniya) a shekarar 1932 ta hanyar ƙasashe takwas da suka kafa ta: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Girka, Italiya, Latvia, Portugal, Romania, da Switzerland . A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar tana kula da 'yan wasan da ba su da sha'awar wasan. Takaitaccen sunanta, wanda aka samo daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Faransa Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball Amateur, shine "FIBA". An fara shigar da ƙwallon kwando na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Berlin ta 1936, kodayake an gudanar da gasar nuna kwazo a 1904. Amurka ta doke Kanada a wasan karshe na farko, inda ta buga wasa a waje. Amurka ce ta mamaye wannan gasar, wacce ƙungiyarta ta lashe dukkan kofunan gasar sai uku. Na farko daga cikinsu ya zo ne a wasan ƙarshe mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce a Munich a shekarar 1972 da Tarayyar Soviet, inda aka sake buga ƙarshen wasan sau uku har sai da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi nasara a ƙarshe. [1] A shekarar 1950, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ta maza ta farko, wacce yanzu ake kira gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA, a Argentina. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ta mata ta farko a Chile, wacce yanzu ake kira gasar cin kofin duniya ta kwallon kwando ta mata ta FIBA . An ƙara ƙwallon kwando ta mata a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1976, wanda aka gudanar a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, inda ƙungiyoyi kamar Tarayyar Soviet, Brazil, da Ostiraliya ke fafatawa da ƙungiyoyin Amurka .A shekarar 1989, FIBA ta ba wa ƙwararrun 'yan wasan NBA damar shiga gasar Olympics a karon farko. Kafin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992, ƙungiyoyin Turai da Kudancin Amurka ne kawai aka ba wa izinin ɗaukar ƙwararru a gasar Olympics. Mulkin Amurka ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da gabatar da ƙungiyar Mafarki ta asali. A gasar Olympics ta Athens ta 2004, Amurka ta sha kashi a karon farko a gasar Olympics yayin da take amfani da 'yan wasa na ƙwararru, inda ta faɗi a hannun Puerto Rico (a cikin rashin maki 19) da kuma Lithuania a wasannin rukuni, sannan Argentina ta fitar da ita a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Daga ƙarshe ta lashe lambar tagulla ta doke Lithuania, inda ta kare a bayan Argentina da Italiya . Ƙungiyar 'Yan fansho, ta lashe zinare a gasar Olympics ta 2008, kuma ƙungiyar B-Team, ta lashe zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ta 2010 da aka yi a Turkiyya duk da cewa babu ɗan wasa a cikin tawagar 2008. Amurka ta ci gaba da mamaye gasar yayin da ta lashe zinare a gasar Olympics ta 2012, gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ta 2014, gasar Olympics ta 2016, gasar Olympics ta 2020, da kuma gasar Olympics ta 2024 .A duk duniya, ana gudanar da gasar ƙwallon kwando ga yara maza da mata na kowane mataki na shekaru. Shahararriyar wasan a duniya ta bayyana a cikin ƙasashen da aka wakilta a NBA. 'Yan wasa daga dukkan nahiyoyi shida da ake zaune a cikinsu a halin yanzu suna wasa a NBA. Manyan 'yan wasa na ƙasashen duniya sun fara shiga NBA a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ciki har da 'yan Croatia Dražen Petrović da Toni Kukoč, ɗan Serbia Vlade Divac, ɗan Lithuania Arvydas Sabonis da Šarūnas Marčiulionis, ɗan Holland Rik Smits, da kuma ɗan Jamus Detlef Schrempf .A ƙasar Philippines, an buga wasan farko na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Philippines a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1975, a Araneta Coliseum da ke Cubao, birnin Quezon, Philippines. An kafa ta ne a matsayin "tawaye" na ƙungiyoyi da dama daga Ƙungiyar Wasannin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci ta Manila, wadda yanzu ta daina aiki, wadda Ƙungiyar Wasan Kwando ta Philippines (wadda ta daina aiki), wadda ƙungiyar ƙasa da FIBA ta amince da ita a lokacin, ke iko da ita sosai. Ƙungiyoyi tara daga MICAA sun shiga kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar wadda aka buɗe a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1975. NBL ita ce gasar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararrun maza ta Ostiraliya. Gasar ta fara ne a shekarar 1979, inda aka fara kakar hunturu (Afrilu-Satumba) kuma ta yi hakan har zuwa kammala kakar wasa ta 20 a shekarar 1998 . Kakar wasa ta 1998-99, wadda ta fara watanni kaɗan bayan haka, ita ce kakar wasa ta farko bayan an sauya zuwa tsarin kakar wasa ta bazara na yanzu (Oktoba-Afrilu). Wannan sauyi wani yunƙuri ne na gujewa yin gogayya kai tsaye da dokokin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ostiraliya daban-daban . Tana da ƙungiyoyi takwas daga ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya da kuma ɗaya a New Zealand. Wasu 'yan wasa kaɗan ciki har da Luc Longley, Andrew Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey, da Andrew Bogut sun yi fice a duniya, inda suka zama fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Ostiraliya. Gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙasa ta fara ne a shekarar 1981.

Kwallon Kwando na mata

Mata sun fara wasan ƙwallon kwando a kaka ta 1892 a Kwalejin Smith ta hannun Senda Berenson, mataimakiyar darakta ta sabuwar makarantar motsa jiki da kuma malamar ilimin motsa jiki, bayan ta gyara dokokin mata. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an ɗauki Berenson aiki a Smith, ta ziyarci Naismith don ƙarin koyo game da wasan. [1] Saboda sha'awar sabon wasan da kuma ɗabi'un da zai iya koyarwa, nan take ta gabatar da wasan a matsayin darasi na aji kuma jim kaɗan bayan an tsara ƙungiyoyi. An buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na mata na farko a kwaleji a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1893, lokacin da ɗalibanta na farko da na biyu na Smith suka fafata da juna. [2] [3] An buga wasan farko na mata na hukuma tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga baya a wannan shekarar tsakanin Jami'ar California da Makarantar Miss Head. [4] A shekara ta 1899, an kafa kwamiti a taron horar da motsa jiki da aka yi a Springfield don tsara ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya ga ƙwallon kwando na mata. [5] An buga waɗannan ƙa'idodi, waɗanda Berenson ya tsara, a cikin 1899. [6] A shekarar 1902, Berenson ya zama editan littafin Jagorar Kwando ta Mata ta farko ta AG Spalding . [2] A wannan shekarar ne matan Mount Holyoke da Sophie Newcomb College (wanda Clara Gregory Baer ke horar da su), suka fara buga ƙwallon kwando. Zuwa shekarar 1895, wasan ya bazu zuwa kwalejoji a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da Wellesley, Vassar, da Bryn Mawr . Wasan farko na mata tsakanin kwalejoji ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1896. Matan Stanford sun buga wasa da Berkeley, 9-on-9, inda suka ƙare da nasara 2-1 a Stanford.Ci gaban ƙwallon kwando na mata ya fi tsari fiye da na maza a farkon shekarun. A shekarar 1905, ƙungiyar ilimin motsa jiki ta Amurka ta kafa kwamitin zartarwa kan Dokokin Kwallon Kwando (Kwamitin Kwando na Mata na Ƙasa). [1] Waɗannan ƙa'idoji sun bukaci 'yan wasa shida zuwa tara a kowace ƙungiya da kuma jami'ai 11. Ƙungiyar Wasannin Mata ta Duniya (1924) ta haɗa da gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata. An gudanar da gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta jami'ar sakandare guda 37 a shekarar 1925. Kuma a shekarar 1926, ƙungiyar 'yan wasan motsa jiki ta Amateur ta goyi bayan gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta farko ta ƙasa, wadda ta cika da dokokin maza. [1] Ƙungiyar Edmonton Grads, ƙungiyar mata 'yan ƙasar Kanada da ke yawon buɗe ido a Edmonton, Alberta, ta gudanar da ayyukanta tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1940. 'Yan digiri sun yi rangadin ko'ina a Arewacin Amurka, kuma sun yi nasara sosai. Sun yi rikodin nasarori 522 da rashin nasara 20 kacal a cikin wannan lokacin, yayin da suka haɗu da kowace ƙungiya da ke son ƙalubalantar su, suna ba da kuɗin rangadinsu daga rasitin shiga. [2] 'Yan makarantar digiri sun kuma yi fice a tafiye-tafiye da dama na baje kolin zuwa Turai, kuma sun lashe gasannin Olympics guda huɗu a jere, a 1924, 1928, 1932, da 1936; duk da haka, ƙwallon kwando ta mata ba ta kasance wasan Olympics na hukuma ba har sai 1976. 'Yan wasan Grads ba su da albashi, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da zama marasa aure. Salon 'yan makarantar Grades ya mayar da hankali kan wasan ƙungiya, ba tare da jaddada ƙwarewar 'yan wasa ba. An zaɓi ƙungiyar mata ta farko ta AAU All-America a shekarar 1929. [1] Gasar masana'antu ta mata ta bunƙasa a ko'ina cikin Amurka, inda ta samar da shahararrun 'yan wasa, ciki har da Babe Didrikson na Golden Cyclones, da kuma All American Red Heads Team, waɗanda suka fafata da ƙungiyoyin maza, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin maza. Zuwa shekarar 1938, gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta mata ta sauya daga wasan kotu uku zuwa wasan kotu biyu tare da 'yan wasa shida a kowace ƙungiya . [1]Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙasa (WNBA) wadda NBA ke marawa baya ta fara aiki a shekarar 1997. Duk da cewa yana da yawan masu halarta da ba su da tabbas, 'yan wasa da dama ( Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi, Sue Bird, da Candace Parker da sauransu) sun taimaka wa shaharar gasar da kuma matakin gasa. Sauran gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta ƙwararru a Amurka, kamar American Basketball League (1996–98), sun faɗi wani ɓangare saboda shaharar WNBA. Mutane da yawa suna kallon WNBA a matsayin wani babban gasa. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki matakai a kwanan nan. A watan Yunin 2007, WNBA ta tsawaita kwangilarta da ESPN . Sabuwar yarjejeniyar talabijin ta fara ne daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2016. Tare da wannan yarjejeniyar, an fara biyan kuɗin haƙƙoƙin mata na ƙungiyar wasanni ta ƙwararru. A cikin shekaru takwas na kwangilar, "miliyoyin daloli" an "rufe su ga ƙungiyoyin gasar." A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2009, kwamishinan NBA David Stern ya ce a cikin mummunan tattalin arziki, "NBA ba ta da riba sosai fiye da WNBA. Muna asarar kuɗi mai yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Muna tsara kasafin kuɗi don WNBA ta karye ko da a wannan shekarar." [1]

Dokoki da ƙa'idoji

Ma'auni da iyakokin lokaci da aka tattauna a wannan sashe galibi sun bambanta tsakanin gasa da ƙungiyoyi; ana amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da NBA a cikin wannan sashe.Manufar wasan ita ce a fi abokan hamayyar mutum cin kwallaye ta hanyar jefa kwallon ta cikin kwandon abokan hamayya daga sama yayin da ake hana abokan hamayya yin hakan da kansu. Ana kiran ƙoƙarin cin kwallo ta wannan hanyar harbi. Harbin da ya yi nasara yana da darajar maki biyu, ko maki uku idan aka ɗauko shi daga saman baka mai maki uku 6.75 metres (22 ft 2 in) daga kwandon a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa [1] da 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) a wasannin NBA. [2] Ana iya samun bugun maki ɗaya idan aka harbi daga layin kuskure bayan an yi laifi. Bayan ƙungiya ta ci kwallo daga bugun daga raga ko kuma daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, ana ci gaba da wasan tare da bayar da jifa ga ƙungiyar da ba ta ci kwallo ba daga wani wuri da ya wuce ƙarshen filin wasa inda aka ci maki. [3]

Dokokin wasa

Ana buga wasanni a cikin kwata huɗu na 10 ( FIBA ) [1] ko minti 12 (NBA). [2] Wasannin maza na kwaleji suna amfani da rabi biyu na mintuna 20, [3] wasannin mata na kwaleji suna amfani da kwata na mintuna 10, [4] kuma yawancin wasannin jami'o'in sakandare na Amurka suna amfani da kwata na mintuna 8; duk da haka, wannan ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. [5] [6] An ba da izinin mintuna 15 don hutun rabin lokaci a ƙarƙashin dokokin FIBA, NBA, da NCAA [3] [7] [8] da mintuna 10 a makarantun sakandare na Amurka. [5] Lokacin ƙarin lokaci yana da tsawon mintuna biyar [3] [9] [10] sai dai makarantar sakandare, wacce take da tsawon mintuna huɗu. [5] Ƙungiyoyi sun yi musayar kwanduna don rabin lokaci na biyu. Lokacin da aka yarda shine ainihin lokacin wasa; agogon yana tsayawa yayin da wasan ba ya aiki. Saboda haka, wasanni gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo fiye da lokacin da aka ƙayyade na wasan, yawanci kimanin sa'o'i biyu.'Yan wasa biyar daga kowace ƙungiya za su iya kasancewa a filin wasa a lokaci guda. [1] [2] [3] [4] Sauyawar ba ta da iyaka amma ana iya yin ta ne kawai idan an dakatar da wasa. Ƙungiyoyi kuma suna da koci, wanda ke kula da ci gaba da dabarun ƙungiyar, da sauran ma'aikatan ƙungiyar kamar mataimakan koci, manajoji, masu kididdiga, likitoci da masu horarwa.Ga ƙungiyoyin maza da mata, kayan sawa na yau da kullun sun ƙunshi wandon wando da riga mai lamba a bayyane, ta musamman a cikin ƙungiyar, wacce aka buga a gaba da baya.An yarda da takaitaccen adadin lokacin hutu, dakatarwar agogo da koci ya nema (ko kuma wani lokacin da aka wajabta a NBA) don ɗan gajeren ganawa da 'yan wasa. Galibi ba sa wuce minti ɗaya (daƙiƙa 100 a NBA) sai dai idan, a wasannin talabijin, ana buƙatar hutun kasuwanci.Jami'an da suka ƙunshi alkalin wasa (wanda ake kira shugaban ma'aikata a NBA), alkalai ɗaya ko biyu (wanda ake kira alkalai a NBA) da kuma jami'an tebur suna da iko a kan wasan. Ga kwaleji, NBA, da makarantun sakandare da yawa, akwai jimillar alkalai uku a kotun. Jami'an teburin suna da alhakin lura da yawan kwallayen da kowace ƙungiya ta ci, kiyaye lokaci, kurakuran da aka yi wa mutum ɗaya da ƙungiya, canjin 'yan wasa, kibiya mai riƙe da ƙungiyar, da kuma agogon harbi .

Kayan aiki

Kayan aiki masu mahimmanci kawai a wasan ƙwallon kwando shine ƙwallon da filin wasa: saman da aka yi da murabba'i mai faɗi da kwanduna a ƙarshensa. Matakan gasa suna buƙatar amfani da ƙarin kayan aiki kamar agogo, zanen maki, allon maki, kiban mallaka na madadin, da tsarin agogon tsayawa da ake amfani da shi wajen busawa.Filin wasan ƙwallon kwando na dokoki a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da tsawon 28 metres (92 ft) da faɗin 15 metres (49 ft) . A gasar NBA da NCAA, filin wasan yana 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m) . [1] Yawancin kotuna suna da benayen katako, galibi ana gina su ne da allunan maple waɗanda ke gudana a daidai da girman farfajiyar da ta fi tsayi. [2] [3] Suna da tambarin ƙungiyar gida galibi ana fentin su a tsakiyar da'irar ko a kusa da ita.Kwandon gefen ƙarfe ne mai 18 inches (46 cm)diamita tare da raga da aka haɗa a kan allon baya wanda girmansa ya kai 6 by 3.5 feet (1.8 by 1.1 m) kuma kwando ɗaya yana a kowane ƙarshen filin. Akwatin fari da aka zana a kan allon baya shine 18 inches (46 cm)tsayin santimita da 2 feet (61 cm) faɗi. A kusan dukkan matakan gasa, saman gefen yana daidai da 10 feet (3.05 m) sama da filin wasa da 4 feet (1.22 m) a cikin tushen filin. Duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar bambance-bambance a girman filin wasa da kuma bayan gida, ana ganin yana da muhimmanci a sanya kwandon ya kasance daidai tsayinsa - gefen da aka cire da inci kaɗan zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga harbi. Dole ne raga ta "duba ƙwallon na ɗan lokaci yayin da take wucewa ta cikin kwandon" don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da gani cewa ƙwallon ta wuce. [1] Aikin duba ƙwallon yana da ƙarin fa'idar rage gudu da ƙwallon ta yadda dawowar ba za ta yi nisa ba. [2]Ana kuma tsara girman ƙwallon kwando. Ga maza, ƙwallon hukuma ta hukuma ita ce 29.5 inches (75 cm) a zagaye (girman 7, ko kuma "ƙwallo 295") kuma yana da nauyin 22 ounces (620 g) . Idan mata suna wasa, girman ƙwallon kwando na hukuma shine 28.5 inches (72 cm) a zagaye (girman 6, ko kuma "ƙwallo 285") mai nauyin 20 ounces (570 g) . A cikin 3x3, sigar wasan halfcourt 3-on-3, ƙwallon da aka keɓe tare da kewaye da ƙwallon girman 6 amma nauyin ƙwallon girman 7 ana amfani da shi a duk gasa (na maza, na mata, da ƙungiyoyin gauraye). [1]

Keta haddi

Ana iya tura ƙwallon zuwa ga kwandon ta hanyar harbi, wucewa tsakanin 'yan wasa, jefa ta, taɓa ta, birgima ko kuma dribbled (buga ƙwallon yayin gudu).Dole ne ƙwallon ta kasance a cikin filin wasa; ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ta taɓa ƙwallon kafin ta yi tafiya daga kan iyaka za ta rasa mallakarta. Kwallon ba ta da iyaka idan ta taɓa layin iyaka, ko kuma ta taɓa kowane ɗan wasa ko wani abu da ya fita daga iyaka.Ba za a iya buga ƙwallon ba, ko kuma a buge shi da dunkulallen hannu. A kan harin, karya waɗannan ƙa'idodi yana haifar da asarar mallakar kwallo; ga masu tsaron gida, yawancin lig suna sake saita agogon harbi kuma ana ba wa ƙungiyar masu kai hari ikon mallakar ƙwallon daga waje.Akwai iyaka da aka sanya kan lokacin da aka ɗauka kafin a ci gaba da ƙwallon bayan rabin lokaci (daƙiƙa 8 a FIBA da NBA; daƙiƙa 10 a NCAA da makarantar sakandare ga dukkan jinsi), kafin a yi ƙoƙarin harbi (daƙiƙa 24 a FIBA, NBA, da U Sports (jami'o'in Kanada) suna wasa ga dukkan jinsi, da kuma daƙiƙa 30 a NCAA suna wasa ga dukkan jinsi), riƙe ƙwallon yayin da ake tsare shi sosai (daƙiƙa 5), da kuma kasancewa a yankin da aka takaita wanda aka sani da layin jefa ƙwallo kyauta, (ko " maɓallin ") (daƙiƙa 3). An tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don ƙara yawan aikata laifuka.Akwai kuma iyaka kan yadda 'yan wasa za su iya toshe yunƙurin jefa ƙwallo a filin wasa ko kuma taimaka wa yunƙurin jefa ƙwallo a filin wasa. Mai tsaron raga shine taɓa ƙwallon da mai tsaron baya ke yi da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ƙasa zuwa ga kwandon, yayin da keta katsalandan na kwandon ke da alaƙa da taɓa ƙwallon da ke kan gefen ko sama da kwandon, ko kuma ta hanyar ɗan wasa ya miƙa ta cikin kwandon daga ƙasa. Tsangwamar mai tsaron raga da kuma tsangwamar da mai tsaron baya ya yi yana haifar da ba wa kwandon damar kai hari, yayin da tsangwamar da mai tsaron baya ya yi ke haifar da soke kwallon idan aka ci daya. 'Yan wasan tsaron gida suna samun damar mamaye duk wani lamari na tsaron gida ko kuma tsoma baki a cikin kwando.