Batutuwan muhalli a Delhi
 Batutuwan muhalli a Delhi |
|---|
Matsalolin muhalli a Delhi, Indiya, barazana ne ga jin daɗin mazaunan birni da yankin da kuma tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Delhi, birni na tara mafi yawan jama'a a duniya (na biyu mafi girma idan duk NCR ya haɗa da Faridabad da Gurugram- Haryana, yana ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi gurɓata a Indiya, tare da misali ɗayan mafi girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasar. Matsayin ingancin iska na Delhi gabaɗaya yana da gamsarwa (51-100) da matsakaici (101-200) matakan tsakanin Maris da Satumba, sannan kuma yana lalacewa sosai zuwa Talakawa (201-300), Mai tsanani (301-400), ko Matsayi mai haɗari (401-500+) a cikin watanni biyar tsakanin Oktoba da Fabrairu, saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da ƙonewa, ƙone siffofi a lokacin Vijayadashami, fashewar wuta a lokacin Diwali da yanayin sanyi.[1][2][3] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanar da New Delhi a matsayin birni mafi gurɓata a duniya.
A lokacin kullewar cutar COVID-19 a Indiya, ingancin iska a Delhi da ingancin ruwa na kogin Yamuna da Ganges sun inganta sosai yayin da aka rufe masana'antu saboda kullewar.[4][5]
Yawan jama'a da kuma amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa kamar ruwa sun sanya matsin lamba a kan muhalli. Birnin yana fama da gurɓataccen iska wanda ya haifar da ƙurar hanya da masana'antu, tare da ƙananan gudummawa daga injuna marasa tsabta a cikin sufuri, musamman bas da manyan motoci masu amfani da diesel, da masu amfani da ƙafa 2 da masu amfani le ƙafa 3 tare da injuna biyu. Wani sanannen dalilin gurɓataccen shine jinkirin motsi saboda sauye-sauyen masu tafiya.[6]
Jirgin sama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kudancin Delhi duk an rufe shi da jiragen da ke gabatowa zuwa Filin jirgin saman Indira Gandhi. Kowane jet yana fitar da adadi mai yawa na gurɓataccen abu. Musamman fitar da ƙananan abubuwa daga cikin jiragen sama babban lamari ne na damuwa. Kowace shekara yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama yana ƙaruwa, haka kuma yawan hayaki mai guba daga cikin jiragen sama.
Rashin gurɓataccen amo shine sakamakon babur da zirga-zirgar motoci. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin wuraren kula da sharar gida sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga kogin da Delhi ta girma, Yamuna. Baya ga lalacewar mutum da muhalli, gurɓataccen yanayi ya haifar da lalacewar tattalin arziki; Delhi na iya rasa gasar don karɓar bakuncin Wasannin Asiya na 2014 saboda yanayin talauci. Kwamitin Kula da Gurɓataccen Delhi (DPCC) yana da iko don yin ayyuka don sarrafa gurɓataccen a babban birnin.[7][8]
Rashin gurɓata iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin gurɓata iska a Delhi ya samo asali ne daga masana'antu da motoci. Kimanin mutane 10,000 a shekara na iya mutuwa da wuri a Delhi sakamakon gurɓataccen iska. A cewar wani binciken, 'yan ƙasar Delhi za su rayu a matsakaita karin shekaru tara idan Delhi ta cika ka'idodin ingancin iska na WHO. White Paper na 1997 wanda Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka ta tallafawa ya riga ya ba da shawarar matakai daban-daban don rage gurɓataccen zirga-zirga da ke haifar da zirga-zane, gami da daidaita kwararar zirga-zanga tare da ka'idojin ajiye motoci da kuma rage yawan zirga-zarge ta hanyar iyakance a kan tuki. Hukumomin birni sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami nasara wajen saukar da gurɓataccen iska; alal misali, a lokacin aiwatar da tayin don Wasannin Asiya na 2014, kwamitin shirya birni ya yi iƙirin cewa "matakan gurɓatawar sun sauka sosai a Delhi tare da isowar Metro da kuma duk abin hawa na jama'a da ake gudanarwa a kan CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). "
Ga hanyoyin da suka shafi zirga-zirga, ci gaban lambobin motoci da mil yana da alama ya wuce kokarin rage hayaki.[9] Wani binciken da IIT Kanpur ya yi ya bayyana cewa tushen biyu mafi daidaituwa don PM10 da PM2.5 sune barbashi da motoci na biyu. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin kansu suna samuwa ne daga masana'antu da motoci. Turɓin hanya yana ba da gudummawa sosai, musamman a lokacin rani. Rahoton EPCA ya nuna cewa barbashi daga kwal da dizal sun fi cutarwa fiye da ƙurar da iska ta hura.[10]
Yayinda motoci da masana'antu sune tushen gurɓataccen iska, tushen konewa mai mai mai ƙarfi kuma yana ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga gurɓatawar iska a Delhi.[11] Ana ƙone man fetur mai ƙarfi don makamashi don dafa abinci da dumama da kuma zubar da sharar gida. Ana ƙone man fetur da yawa a tsakanin mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuma sun haɗa da katako mai man fetur, kekunan naman shanu, raguwar amfanin gona da sharar gida.[12] An nuna fitarwa daga man fetur mai ƙarfi ya fi dacewa da hydroxyl radical, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da samar da aerosol na biyu kuma ya fi guba fiye da fitarwa daga iskar mai.[13] Fitarwa daga konewar mai mai mai ƙarfi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga aerosol na kwayoyin halitta, yana sakin daruruwan zuwa dubban abubuwan kwayoyin halitta [14]
A lokacin hunturu (Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu) a Arewacin Indiya, sauye-sauyen yanayi yana iyakance yaduwar gurbataccen abu yayin da iska ta sama ke saukowa zuwa matakin ƙasa. Rashin hayaki a wasu lokutan sun fi ko žasa iri ɗaya amma yanayin iska mai sauƙi yana iya watsar da gurbataccen.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Pollution level in Delhi: Day after Diwali, Delhi's air turns 'hazardous". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Delhi breathed easier from January to April". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years". 27 February 2018.
- ↑ "India's coronavirus lockdown reveals fresh air, cleaner rivers". India Today (in Turanci). 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- ↑ "The silver lining: air pollution dips amid the lockdown". India Today (in Turanci). 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- ↑ Tiwari, Geetam (15 June 2022). "Walking in Indian Cities – A Daily Agony for Millions". The Hindu Center (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
- ↑ "DPCC".
- ↑ "DPCC fines govt departments, pvt entities Rs 2.25 crore for pollution". Hindustan Times (in Turanci). 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
- ↑ R. Kumari; A.K. Attri; L. Int Panis; B.R. Gurjar (April 2013). "Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India)". J. Environ. Science & Engg. 55 (2): 127–142.
- ↑ "Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for the National Capital Region (Report No. 71)" (PDF). EPCA. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
- ↑ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Drysdale, Will S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Dunmore, Rachel E.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mullinger, Neil; Langford, Ben (2020-08-13). "Sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in surface air in Delhi, India" (PDF). Faraday Discussions (in Turanci). 226: 409–431. doi:10.1039/D0FD00087F. ISSN 1364-5498. PMID 33336656.
- ↑ Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18). "Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (in English). 21 (4): 2383–2406. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2383S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021. ISSN 1680-7316.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. (2021-02-25). "Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India". Environmental Science: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 1 (2): 104–117. doi:10.1039/D0EA00009D. ISSN 2634-3606.
- ↑ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (2021-02-18). "Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (in English). 21 (4): 2407–2426. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2407S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021. ISSN 1680-7316.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)