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Batutuwan muhalli a Pakistan

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Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, gurbatar ruwa, gurbatar hayaniya, sauyin yanayi, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, zaizayar kasa, bala'o'i, kwararowar hamada da ambaliya. Dangane da bugu na 2020 na ƙimar aikin muhalli (EPI) wanda Cibiyar Yale ta Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli & Manufofin ta fitar, Pakistan tana matsayi na 142 tare da maki EPI na 33.1, haɓaka na 6.1 a cikin shekaru 10. Ya yi matsayi na 180 dangane da ingancin iska.[1] Canjin yanayi da dumamar yanayi sune batutuwan da suka fi damun mutane da ke cikin hadari a duk faɗin ƙasar. Babban dalilan wadannan batutuwan muhalli sune hayakin carbon, Fashewar yawan jama'a, da kuma sare daji.[2]

Wadannan matsaloli ne masu tsanani na muhalli da Pakistan ke fuskanta, kuma suna kara tabarbarewa yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke kara habaka da karuwar al'umma. Ko da yake wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatun gwamnati sun dauki matakin dakatar da lalata muhalli, har yanzu al'amuran muhalli na Pakistan suna nan. Pakistan na fuskantar babban kalubale yayin da albarkatun kasa da yanayin muhalli ke fuskantar karuwar gurbatar yanayi da dambarwa. Babban abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a kasar sun shafi wuce gona da iri na amfani da albarkatun kasa, gurbacewar iska da ruwa, rage yawan makamashi, rage gandun daji, da sarrafa sharar gida.[3]

Sakamakon tattalin arziki na lalacewar muhalli

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Yawancin sassan masana'antu na Pakistan, misali kamun kifi da noma, wanda ke samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abin da ake samarwa da kuma kashi biyu cikin biyar na ayyukan yi a Pakistan, sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun ƙasar. Don haka, don dorewar ci gaban tattalin arziki, ana samun buƙatu mai yawa kan albarkatun ƙasa da ba su da yawa. Sai dai abin mamaki shi ne abin da kasar ta dogara da shi don ci gabanta shi ma ke barazana ga zaman lafiya da nasarar kasar nan gaba. A cewar bankin duniya. [4] Kashi 70% na al'ummar Pakistan suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara kuma tuni matsanancin talauci ya afka musu. Wadannan mutane sun dogara ne akan albarkatun kasa don samar da kudin shiga kuma suna da yawa fiye da amfani da waɗannan albarkatun. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewa na muhalli kuma daga baya yana ƙara talauci. Wannan ya haifar da abin da Bankin Duniya ke kira da "mummunan koma baya na talauci da lalata muhalli."[4]

Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi

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An jefa sharar gida a cikin wani makirci mara amfani a Karachi, Pakistan.
Hoton ya nuna sharar gida da ke kwance a tsakiyar titin. Birnin ya sha wahala sosai saboda rashin kulawa. Mutane suna barin sharar gida a kan manyan hanyoyi, amma hukumomin yankin ba sa karɓar shi ko ma kallon shi.

Rahoton na Bankin Duniya a shekara ta 2013 ya bayyana cewa, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, rashin wadataccen ruwan sha, gurbacewar hayaniya da tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya a birane da kauyuka sakamakon gurbacewar yanayi. Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ba wai kawai suna cutar da 'yan Pakistan ba ne har ma suna yin babbar barazana ga tattalin arzikin kasar. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa, karuwar masana'antu, birane da kuma motoci ba makawa za su kara dagula wannan matsala.[5] Pakistan tana da banbancin shakku na kasancewa ƙasa ta uku a duniya mafi ƙazanta idan ana maganar ingancin iska, wanda ke ƙara ƙalubalen muhallinta. Gaggawar haɓakar birane, haɗe da haɓakar yawan jama'a, yana ba da ƙarin ɓarna game da wannan.[6]

Rashin gurɓata ruwa

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Bankin Duniya ya ware Pakistan a matsayin kasa mai fama da matsalar ruwa. Akwai manyan koguna guda bakwai da ke shiga Pakistan daga manyan kogizai, wadanda suka hada da kogin Kabul da ke shigowa daga Afghanistan, da kogin Indus, kogin Jhelum, kogin Chenab, kogin Ravi, da kogin Sutlej da ke shigowa daga Indiya. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana karkatar da Ravi da Sutlej a cikin ƙasar Indiya, wanda aka ba da amfani mai amfani ga Indiya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Indus Waters da Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu a cikin 1960. Hanyoyin sadarwa na Canal daga Indus (babban tushe), Kogin Jhelum, da Kogin Chenab suna ba da ruwa a ko'ina cikin filayen noma a Punjab da Sindh, yayin da sauran ƙasar ke da ɗan samun damar samun sauran ruwa mai daɗi. Karancin ruwa ba wai kawai yana barazana ga tattalin arzikin Pakistan ba har ma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwar miliyoyin 'yan Pakistan.

Ƙananan kwararar ruwa saboda Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, da kuma karkata zuwa magudanar ruwa, na nufin cewa ana samun raguwar kwararar ruwa a cikin kogunan Pakistan. A daya hannun kuma, samar da gurbacewar ruwa na karuwa sosai saboda karuwar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karancin maganin ruwa. Hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sun hada da yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari, zubar da gurbatattun masana'antu a cikin tabkuna da koguna, da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, ana zubar da su cikin koguna da teku, da gurbatattun bututun da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa.[7] Cutar ruwan sha mai kyau yana sa mutane su sami rigakafi don samun ruwa mai tsabta kuma yana ƙara yaduwar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da aka ruwaito a Pakistan ko dai sakamakon kai tsaye ne ko a kaikaice na gurɓataccen ruwa. 45% na mutuwar jarirai saboda zawo ne kuma 60% ga cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.[8]

A cewar masu bincike, ana sa ran Pakistan za ta zama kasar da ta fi damuwa da ruwa a yankin a shekara ta 2040. [9]

Rashin gurɓataccen amo

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Manyan biranen Pakistan, irin su Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad da Rawalpindi, na fuskantar matsalar gurbatar hayaniya. Babban tushen wannan gurbatar yanayi shi ne hayaniyar motoci da motocin bas, motoci, manyan motoci, raksha da tankunan ruwa. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Karachi, matsakaicin amo ya kai 90 dB kuma yana iya kaiwa kusan 110 dB. Wannan ya fi girman ma'aunin amo na ISO na 70 dB, wanda ba ya nufin ya zama cutarwa ga kunnen ɗan adam. Duk da haka, binciken ya kuma kammala da cewa a Pakistan, "matsayin hayaniyar zirga-zirga kamar yadda ka'idodin ingancin muhalli ya tsara, Hukumar Kare Muhalli shine 85 dB".[10]   

Wannan yawan gurɓataccen amo na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya na sauraro da marasa sauraro. Abubuwan da ke cikin saurare sun haɗa da asarar sel masu ji; al'amurran kiwon lafiya da ba na sauraro ba sun haɗa da damuwa barci, amo da cututtukan zuciya, amsawar endocrine ga hayaniya da ciwon hauka.[11] Akwai ƴan ƙalilan, dokoki da tsare-tsare marasa fa'ida dangane da matakan hayaniya. Babu wani abin da ya dace, kuma yayin da hukumomin kare muhalli na tarayya da na larduna ke karbar korafe-korafe da dama kan gurbacewar hayaniya daga jama’a, wadannan hukumomin ba su iya daukar mataki ba saboda takurewar doka da kuma rashin ka’idojin hayaniyar kasa.[12]

Rashin gurɓata iska

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Gurbacewar iska matsala ce da ke kara ta'azzara a yawancin manyan biranen Pakistan. A cewar wani rahoto na Bankin Duniya, " Gurbacewar iska a biranen Karachi na cikin mafi muni a duniya kuma yana haifar da babbar illa ga lafiyar bil'adama da tattalin arziki". Rashin amfani da makamashi, da karuwar motocin da ake amfani da su a kullum, da karuwar hayakin masana'antu ba tare da ka'ida ba, da kona shara da robobi ne suka fi taimakawa wajen gurbata iska a birane. A cewar wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, Sashen Kare Muhalli na Sindh ya yi iƙirarin cewa matsakaita na gurɓacewar muhalli a manyan biranen ya kai kusan sau huɗu fiye da iyakokin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Wadannan hayaki suna da illa masu illa, wadanda suka hada da "cututtukan numfashi, rage gani, asarar ciyayi da kuma tasiri ga ci gaban tsirrai".

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurbatar iska shine ayyukan masana'antu. Rashin isassun magunguna masu fitar da iska da kuma rashin kulawar ka'idoji kan ayyukan masana'antu sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar iskar iska a manyan biranen kasar. Bugu da kari, al'adar da aka saba kona dumbin shara, da suka hada da robobi da roba, a kan tituna da jama'a ke yi, na fitar da iskar gas mai guba, wadanda ke da matukar illa ga mazauna yankin.

A cikin 2018, wani matashi dan kasuwa a Karachi, Abid Omar, ya ƙaddamar da shirin Pakistan Air Quality Initiative don saka idanu kan ingancin iska a manyan biranen Pakistan. Aikin yana da niyyar kara yawan bayanan ingancin iska a Pakistan da kuma sa 'yan ƙasa su fi sanin tasirin lafiyar gurɓataccen iska.[13] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kafa tashoshin sa ido guda uku masu ingancin iska a wurare uku a Pakistan.[14]

Musamman, bincike ya bayyana mummunan sakamakon gurɓacewar iska zai iya haifar da jin daɗin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Bincike ya nuna yadda sauyin yanayi a koda yaushe ke haifar da babbar barazana ga ‘yan kasar Pakistan wadanda a lokuta da dama sukan fallasa illar gurbacewar iska. An sami dakatarwar Particulate Matter, wanda aka danganta da cututtukan numfashi a cikin adadi mai cutarwa a cikin manyan biranen Pakistan. Wasu dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa yadda ya kamata a magance matsalolin gurɓacewar iska a biranen Pakistan sun haɗa da ci gaban ƙirar hanyoyi da inganta dorewar sufuri, ƙarin amfani da manufofin ragewa da gwamnatin Pakistan ke yi, da jujjuya zuwa hanyoyin makamashi mai tsabta kamar CNG.

Canjin yanayi

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Page 'Climate change in Pakistan' not found

Bala'o'i na halitta

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  Saboda yanayi daban-daban na Pakistan da yanayin yanayi, yana fuskantar bala'o'i daban-daban da suka hada da girgizar kasa, ambaliya, tsunami, fari, guguwa da guguwa. Wani rahoton kula da bala'o'i ya yi iƙirarin cewa lardunan Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Balochistan da AJK suna cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa kuma don haka suna da saurin kamuwa da girgizar ƙasa, yayin da Sindh da Punjab ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa a koyaushe saboda suna da ƙananan wurare.[15]

Wasu daga cikin munanan bala'o'in da Pakistan ta fuskanta sun hada da girgizar kasa Quetta a 1935 lokacin da aka kashe mutane kusan 60,000, ambaliya ta 1950 lokacin da aka kiyasta mutane 2900 suka mutu yayin da mutane 900,000 suka rasa matsuguni, girgizar Hunza ta 1974 inda girgizar kasar ta Hunza ta 1974, Kashmir da aka kashe kusan mutane 5300, girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa a kalla 200000. fiye da mutane miliyan 1.5, da kuma ambaliyar ruwa na 2010, inda mutane miliyan 20 suka shafa.

dazuzzuka

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Pakistan tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.42/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 41 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.[16] Duk da haka, sare daji yana faruwa da matukar damuwa a Pakistan. Kasar a halin yanzu ta dogara sosai da kayayyakin katako da aka shigo da su saboda rashin wadatar kai a wannan bangare, wanda ya haifar da kudaden da ake kashewa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan albarkatun suna raguwa a kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari, wanda ke da tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin jama'ar Pakistan.[17][18]

Kokarin kiyayewa

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Gwamnati ta nuna damuwa game da barazanar muhalli ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa kuma tun farkon shekarun 1990 ta magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sabbin dokoki da cibiyoyi irin su Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan. Duk da haka, masu ba da lamuni na kasashen waje suna ba da mafi yawan kudaden kare muhalli, kuma kashi 0.04 cikin 100 na kasafin ci gaban gwamnati ne ke zuwa wajen kare muhalli. Don haka, ikon gwamnati na aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli yana da iyaka, kuma masana'antu masu zaman kansu sau da yawa ba su da kudaden da za su cika ka'idojin muhalli da kungiyoyin cinikayya na kasa da kasa suka kafa. Gwamnatin Pakistan ta fara sabon kamfen tare da Tsabtace da Green Pakistan don shawo kan matsalolin muhalli.

Shirye-shiryen Indus mai rai

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Initiative na Living Indus wani shiri ne na muhalli wanda ma'aikatar sauyin yanayi ta Pakistan, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ke da nufin karewa, adanawa, da kuma maido da yanayin yanayin da ke cikin Basin Indus.

Shirin Gwarzon Green Mai Tsarki

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Gwamnatin Pakistan ta kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna Clean Green Pakistan a cikin 2019. [19] Manufar shirin ita ce gudanar da gasa tsakanin biranen Pakistan a cikin tsabta da ciyayi. An ƙaddamar da tashar yanar gizo inda 'yan ƙasa za su iya yin rajista kuma su ba da rahoton ayyukansu don samun maki. Za a kuma ba 'yan ƙasa lambobin yabo lokacin da suka kai wani ƙofar maki.

Tsunami na itatuwa biliyan

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Gwamnatin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) ta kaddamar da Tsunami na Billion Tree a shekarar 2014 a matsayin martani ga kalubalen dumamar da duniya. Tsunami na Billion Tree na Pakistan ya dawo da kadada 350,000 na gandun daji da kuma lalacewar ƙasa don shawo kan jajircewar Bonn Challenge.[20] Aikin ya yi niyyar inganta yanayin halittu na gandun daji masu rarraba, da kuma sharar gida masu zaman kansu da filayen gona, sabili da haka yana haifar da aiki tare da al'ummomin da ke da damuwa da masu ruwa da tsaki don tabbatar da sa hannunsu ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan ingantawa da fadada ayyukan.[21] A cikin shekara guda kawai ya kara kashi uku cikin hudu na sabbin bishiyoyi biliyan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na "tsunami na itace" da nufin juyar da mummunar asarar gandun daji.[22] An kammala aikin ne a watan Agustan 2017, a gaban jadawalin.[23]

Kafofin yada labarai na duniya sun amince da shirin, wato The Washington Post, VoA News, [24] The Hindu, Reuters, Al Jazeera, [22] da sauransu da yawa. Gajerun fina-finai irin su Green Election Campaign da Stop suna daga cikin Clean Green Pakistan Effort .

Dabarun Kare Kasa

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Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa yana da fayyace maƙasudai guda uku: kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa, haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa, da haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da sarrafa albarkatun. Tana kallon kanta a matsayin "kira don daukar mataki" da ake yiwa gwamnatocin tsakiya da na larduna, kasuwanci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), al'ummomin gida, da daidaikun mutane.

Abubuwan gurɓataccen tushen noma na farko sune abubuwan gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus), laka, sharar dabbobi, magungunan kashe qwari, da gishiri. Maɓuɓɓugan da ba na noma ba suna shiga cikin ruwan saman ta hanyar zubar da ruwa kai tsaye ko ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ruwan ƙasa wanda ke fitowa zuwa mashigar ruwa. Ayyukan noma iri-iri suna haifar da zazzagewar barbashi na ƙasa. Labewar da zaizayar kasa ke haifarwa na iya lalata muhallin kifin da dausayi, kuma galibi yana jigilar sinadarai masu yawa na aikin gona wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan zubar da jini, bi da bi, yana rinjayar canje-canje ga wuraren zama na ruwa kamar yawan zafin jiki da rage iskar oxygen. Mafi yawan tushen abubuwan da ake samu na abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ruwa na sama daga tushe mara tushe sune takin sinadari da taki daga wuraren dabbobi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki suna haifar da eutrophication a cikin ruwan saman. Magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su don magance kwari a ayyukan noma kuma na iya gurɓata ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa. Komawar ruwa, zubar da ruwa, da leach da aka ci daga wuraren da aka ban ruwa na iya jigilar ruwa, sinadarai, gishiri, da sauran kayan. A ƙarshe, rashin yin kiwo mara kyau a yankunan magudanan ruwa, da kuma yankunan tudu, na iya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. Ana kallon ci gaban Pakistan a matsayin sana'a mai yawa.

A cikin neman canza halaye da ayyuka, dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa sun fahimci cewa ana buƙatar sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci guda biyu a cikin dabi'u: maido da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa da aka samo daga kyawawan halaye na Musulunci, wanda ake kira Qantas, da farfaɗo da ruhi da alhakin al'umma, Haqooq ul Ibad.

Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa ya ba da shawarar fannonin shirye-shirye goma sha huɗu don aiwatar da fifiko: kiyaye ƙasa a cikin filayen noma, haɓaka haɓakar ban ruwa, kare magudanar ruwa, tallafawa gandun daji da shuka, maido da filayen kiwo da inganta kiwo, kiyaye raƙuman ruwa da kiyaye kamun kifi, kiyaye rayayyun halittu, haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi na hana ci gaba, haɓaka cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi, rage ɓangarorin cibiyoyi, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su, da rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su a birane. don sarrafa albarkatun gama gari, haɗa shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a da muhalli, da kiyaye abubuwan al'adu. Yana bayyana takamaiman shirye-shirye sittin da takwas a cikin waɗannan fagage, kowanne yana da dogon buri da abubuwan da ake sa ran da kuma saka hannun jari na zahiri da ake buƙata cikin shekaru goma. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli, kungiyoyin mata, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa suke takawa wajen yin aiki tare da gwamnati a kokarinta na kiyaye muhalli. Shawarwari daga Rahoton Dabarun Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa an haɗa su a cikin Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na takwas (1993-98).

A wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da kungiyar Global CLEAN ta gudanar, an gano cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki a Pakistan ya karu da digiri 0.2 cikin shekaru biyu kacal. Wannan babban sauyi ne kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfen ɗin sauyin yanayi.

Amfani da ƙasa

  • Yankin noma - 27%
  • Amfanin gona na dindindin - 1%
  • Filaye na dindindin - 6%
  • dazuzzuka da gandun daji - 5%
  • Sauran - 61% (1993 ya kasance)
  • Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa - 171,100 km2 (1993 est.)  

Yankunan da aka kare

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Pakistan tana da wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda 14, wuraren ajiyar namun daji guda 72, wuraren adana namun daji guda 66, wuraren kariya na ruwa da na ruwa guda 9, wuraren dausayi mai kariya 19 da sauran ciyayi masu karewa, ciyayi, gandun daji da abubuwan tarihi na halitta.

Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa

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Pakistan jam'iyya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa da suka shafi muhalli da yanayi. Mafi shahararrun su sune:

Yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi
Takamaiman yankuna da Tekuna Dokar Tekun, Ƙazantar da Jirgin (MARPOL 73/78)
yanayi da yanayi Canjin yanayi, Kare Layer na Ozone, haramta gwajin nukiliyaHana gwajin nukiliya
Biodiversity, muhalli, da gandun daji Yaduwar hamada, nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Yankin Ruwa, Kare Rayuwar Ruwa
Rashin da aka yi Rashin Kasuwanci Mai Hadari
Koguna Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus

Dubi kuma

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  • Tattalin arzikin kore
  • Yanayin Pakistan
  • Kula da lafiya a Pakistan
  • Tattalin arzikin hydrogen
  • Tsalle daga iskar gas zuwa hydrogen
  • Jerin batutuwan muhalli
  • Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan
  • Yankunan da aka kare a Pakistan
  • Dabbobin daji na Pakistan

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ "Pakistan | Environmental Performance Index". epi.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  2. ↑ "The environmental issues in Pakistan". The Frontier Post (in Turanci). 2018-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  3. ↑ "Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022". dw.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  4. 1 2 "11. Environmental Issues - World Bank" (PDF). worldbank.org. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  5. ↑ Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto; Enriquez, Santiago; afzal, Javaid; Nakagawa, Akiko; Shuja Khan, Asif (2014). "Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution" (PDF). www.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  6. ↑ "Pakistan's Path to Climate Action Needs Strong Political Leadership". thediplomat.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  7. ↑ "Brief on Water Pollution" (PDF). environment.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  8. ↑ "Satellite Based Monitoring of Groundwater Storage Variations Over Indus Basin" (PDF). www.pcrwr.gov.pk. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resource, Ministry of Science & Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-13.
  9. ↑ "Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022". dw.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  10. ↑ "Traffic Noise Pollution in Karachi, Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. 09.
  11. ↑ "Exploring Noise Pollution, Source and its impacts: an anthropological Study of rawalpindi city" (PDF). Pakistan Association of Anthropology. ISSN 1013-5316. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  12. ↑ "Position Paper for environmental quality standards of noise in pakistan" (PDF). environment.gov.ok. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  13. ↑ Rehman, Sonya (2018-09-01). "Pakistan's Rising Air Pollution Crisis". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  14. ↑ "U.S. Mission Pakistan Starts Publishing Air Quality Data". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Pakistan (in Turanci). 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  15. ↑ Irshad, Muhammad; Ali, Arshad; Iqbal, Shahid (April–June 2015). "Disaster Management System of Pakistan". Acta Technica Corvininesis- Bulletin of Engineering. 8 (2). ISSN 2067-3809.
  16. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  17. ↑ "Deforestation in Pakistan". The Nation (in Turanci). 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  18. ↑ Hussain ·, Tasawar (2023-02-02). "Post-flood demand for firewood piles pressure on Pakistan's forests". The Third Pole (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  19. ↑ Ansari, Ramiz (2019-11-25). "PM Launches Clean Green Champion Program". Blog by Ramiz Ansari (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  20. ↑ "Pakistan (KPK)". Bonn Challenge (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  21. ↑ "About Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project". few.kp.gov.pk. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  22. 1 2 "Pakistan investing $150m in billion-tree reforestation". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  23. ↑ "Pakistan has planted over a billion trees". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  24. ↑ "Pakistan to Plant '10 Billion Trees'". VOA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-03-27.
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